Predictive formulas for different measures of cheese yield using milk composition from individual goat samples

The objective of this study was to develop formulas based on milk composition of individual goat samples for predicting cheese yield (%CY) traits (fresh curd, milk solids, and water retained in the curd). The specific aims were to assess and quantify (1) the contribution of major milk components (fat, protein, and casein) and udder health indicators (lactose, somatic cell count, pH, and bacterial count) on %CY traits (fresh curd, milk solids, and water retained in the curd); (2) the cheese-making method; and (3) goat breed effects on prediction accuracy of the %CY formulas. The %CY traits were analyzed in duplicate from 600 goats, using an individual laboratory cheese-making procedure (9-MilCA method; 9 mL of milk per observation) for a total of 1,200 observations. Goats were reared in 36 herds and belonged to 6 breeds (Saanen, Murciano-Granadina, Camosciata delle Alpi, Maltese, Sarda, and Sarda Primitiva). Fresh %CY (%CY_CURD), total solids (%CY_SOLIDS), and water retained (%CY_WATER) in the curd were used as response variables. Single and multiple linear regression models were tested via different combinations of standard milk components (fat, protein, casein) and indirect udder health indicators (UHI; lactose, somatic cell count, pH, and bacterial count). The 2 %CY observations within animal were averaged, and a cross-validation (CrV) scheme was adopted, in which 80% of observations were randomly assigned to the calibration (CAL) set and 20% to the validation (VAL) set. The procedure was repeated 10 times to account for sampling variability. Further, the model presenting the best prediction accuracy in CrV (i.e., comprehensive formula) was used in a secondary analysis to assess the accuracy of the %CY predictive formulas as part of the laboratory cheese-making procedure (within-animal validation, WAV), in which the first %CY observation within animal was assigned to CAL, and the second to the VAL set. Finally, a stratified CrV (SCrV) was adopted to assess the %CY traits prediction accuracy across goat breeds, again using the best model, in which 5 breeds were included in CAL and the remaining one in the VAL set. Fitting statistics of the formulas were assessed by coefficient of determination of validation (R²_VAL) and the root mean square error of validation (RMSE_VAL). In CrV, the formula with the best prediction accuracy for all %CY traits included fat, casein, and UHI (R²_VAL = 0.65, 0.96, and 0.23 for %CY_CURD, %CY_SOLIDS, and %CY_WATER, respectively). The WAV procedure showed R²_VAL higher than those obtained in CrV, evidencing a low effect of the 9-MilCA method and, indirectly, its high repeatability. In the SCrV, large differences for %CY_CURD and %CY_WATER among breeds evidenced that the breed is a fundamental factor to consider in %CY predictive formulas. These results may be useful to monitor milk composition and quantify the influence of milk traits in the composite selection indices of specific breeds, and for the direct genetic improvement of cheese production.     

Thermal and photon effects on the reaction of H2 and O2 to water over Ag–Pd/TiO2

The reaction of H₂ and O₂ to water are studied over a Ag–Pd/TiO₂ anatase catalyst, under dark and photo-irradiation conditions in the gas and liquid phases. The catalyst consisted of metal particles of mean size of ca.1 nm dispersed over 10–15 nm TiO₂ particles. Kinetic parameters including order of reaction (n), rate constant (k), and activation energy (E_a), were evaluated. E_a for the thermal reaction was found to be 49-47 kJ mol^?1. The oxidation reaction rate constant was found to be ca. 3 times higher in the presence of photons when compared to dark reaction at room temperature. The overall quantum yield of the reaction in the slurry phase was found to be 0.09. Considering the number of metal particles on TiO₂, the photon yield per metal particle was found to be 0.16. A possible explanation of the changes in kinetics with respect to experimental conditions is given.     

日本の寒地，北海道における2030年代の水稲生育への温暖化の影響予測とその対応(日语原文)

北海道では1980年代から2010年代まで，水稲圃場栽培期間である5–9月の気温は年代とともに上昇した。そこで，直近の2010年代（2010—2019年平均）と比べて， 2つの2030年代の予測気象から，既報の関係式より水稲生育を予測した。その結果，2030年代では2010年代に比べ，限界移植日（移植早限）が水稲栽培17地域の平均で8～9日早い。また，早限出穂期が1～5日早く，晩限出穂期が1～5日遅く，安全出穂期間が2～10日長い。出穂期は1～3日早い。出穂期から晩限出穂まで2～9日長いため，遅延型冷害の発生がやや少ない。生育期別気象は，出穂前24日以降30日間では生育が早いため平均気温が同じかやや低い。出穂前10日以降40日間および出穂期以降40日間では平均気温がやや高く，日射量はやや少ない。そのため，玄米収量は96～98％とやや低く，潜在収量性を示す気候登熟量示数は同じである。障害不稔発生に関係する穂ばらみ期冷害危険期の平均気温はわずかに低いかほぼ同じであるため，冷害発生の危険性は残る。一方，不稔発生をもたらす低温域の出現頻度には，地域間で差異がある。精米蛋白質含有率は同じであるが，アミロース含有率はやや低く，やや良食味である。米粒外観品質では被害粒歩合と着色粒歩合は一定の傾向がなく，未熟粒歩合はやや高い。精米白度は同じであるが，玄米白度はやや高い。以上の予測に対する技術的対応方向を示した。     

Experimental study and numerical modeling of mixing by air injection in yield stress fluids using the OpenFOAM software

Mixing by gas injection is an operation used in industrial processes such as wastewater treatment, metallurgy, or methanization in which pressurized gas is injected into a fluid in order to reduce concentrations and temperatures gradients. This study demonstrates how the CFD toolbox OpenFOAM can be used to simulate such flows. Experimental measurements and observations have been performed on a pilot-scale reactor where pressurized air is injected in a yield stress fluid. The volume of fluid method and an adaptive mesh with refinement at the interface have been used to track the gas inclusions. The numerical model accuracy has been assessed by comparing experimental and numerical results related to the bubble's frequency, dimensions, and rising velocities as well as the fluid recirculation, yielded, and unyielded regions in the tank. The influence of injection parameters such as the injection flow rate and the fluid rheological parameters has been quantified.     

Facile synthesis of a carbon-rich SiAlCN precursor and investigation of its structural evolution during the polymer-ceramic conversion process

A liquid carbon-rich SiAlCN precursor is facilely synthetized by hydrosilylation between liquid polyaluminocarbosilane (LPACS) and 1,3,5,7-tetravinyl- 1,3,5,7-tetramethylcyclotetrasilazane {[CH₃(CH₂CH₂)SiNH]₄} (TeVSZ). The structural evolution during the polymer-ceramic conversion process is investigated by various methods. The results show that the main cured mechanism is β-addition on hydrosilylation, although α-addition on hydrosilylation, polymerization of vinyl groups and dehydrocoupling reaction between N–H bonds also occur during the cured process. During the pyrolysis process, dehydrogenation and dehydrocarbonation condensation reactions, transamination reactions occur, leading to formation of a three-dimensional network inorganic structure at 400–800 °C, where part of Al–O bonds convert to Al–N bonds. Then the network inorganic structure undergoes demixing and separation into amorphous SiAlCN(O) phase, where the amorphous turbostratic free carbon phase also form at 800–1200 °C. With demixing and decomposition of the amorphous carbon-rich SiAlCN(O) phase, the crystalline β-SiC and graphitic carbon start to form at about 1400 °C, the crystalline sizes of them both enlarge with increasing temperature. However, the crystal growth of β-SiC is distinctly inhibited due to existence of the rich carbon phase, tiny amounts of Al₂O₃ and AlN. In addition, a small amount of AlN can promote the formation of α-SiC at 1800 °C.     

利用表面硬度值间接获取镐形截齿钎焊层力学性能的方法研究

利用维氏硬度实验和数值模拟相结合的方法,间接得出了截齿表面各区域材料所对应的屈服强度值,建立了一种由实验硬度值HV获取截齿焊接接头等不易测量区域力学性能参数的方法。     

喷雾干燥条件对果蔬粉加工特性影响研究进展

果蔬粉加工是果蔬综合利用的重要方法之一。果蔬因富含糖类和热敏性成分,普通干燥无法制备性能优良的果蔬粉产品。喷雾干燥因效率高,出风温度低,产品性能好,是目前果蔬粉常用方法。喷雾干燥中,不同干燥条件对果蔬粉产率、品质有着重要影响。该文综述进风温度、助干剂种类和添加量、进料浓度、进料流量、热空气流量对果蔬粉产率和品质的影响,分析果蔬粉产率、性质变化的原因,以期为喷雾干燥法制备果蔬粉提供参考。     

不同产量对山西乡宁产区赤霞珠葡萄与葡萄酒品质的影响

通过疏穗处理设置不同产量（450 kg/667 m2、720 kg/667 m2和990 kg/667 m2），探究不同产量对山西乡宁地区赤霞珠葡萄果实及葡萄酒品质的影响，以期在保产的基础上通过限产为山西乡宁地区生产优质酿酒葡萄原料提供理论基础。结果表明，赤霞珠葡萄在产量为720 kg/667 m2、果穗数为16穗/株时，成熟葡萄果实中总酚、单宁含量及葡萄酒中酚类物质含量与其他两种产量无显著差异（P＞0.05），但葡萄果实成熟度最好（成熟系数31.45），成熟葡萄果实中总糖含量最高（211.00 g/L），总酸含量最低（6.72 g/L），总花色苷含量最高（33.33 mg/L），酿造的干红葡萄酒基本理化指标符合GB 15037—2006《葡萄酒》要求，感官评分最高（80.8分），说明该产量下赤霞珠葡萄品质和酿酒品质最优。表明通过疏穗适度控制产量有利于提高山西乡宁地区的赤霞珠葡萄品质和葡萄酒质量。     

Field‐based robotic phenotyping of sorghum plant architecture using stereo vision

Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) is known as a major feedstock for biofuel production. To improve its biomass yield through genetic research, manually measuring yield component traits (e.g. plant height, stem diameter, leaf angle, leaf area, leaf number, and panicle size) in the field is the current best practice. However, such laborious and time‐consuming tasks have become a bottleneck limiting experiment scale and data acquisition frequency. This paper presents a high‐throughput field‐based robotic phenotyping system which performed side‐view stereo imaging for dense sorghum plants with a wide range of plant heights throughout the growing season. Our study demonstrated the suitability of stereo vision for field‐based three‐dimensional plant phenotyping when recent advances in stereo matching algorithms were incorporated. A robust data processing pipeline was developed to quantify the variations or morphological traits in plant architecture, which included plot‐based plant height, plot‐based plant width, convex hull volume, plant surface area, and stem diameter (semiautomated). These image‐derived measurements were highly repeatable and showed high correlations with the in‐field manual measurements. Meanwhile, manually collecting the same traits required a large amount of manpower and time compared to the robotic system. The results demonstrated that the proposed system could be a promising tool for large‐scale field‐based high‐throughput plant phenotyping of bioenergy crops.     

Psychrophilic hydrogen production from petrochemical wastewater via anaerobic sequencing batch reactor: techno-economic assessment and kinetic modelling

Independent hydrogen production from petrochemical wastewater containing mono-ethylene glycol (MEG) via anaerobic sequencing batch reactor (ASBR) was extensively assessed under psychrophilic conditions (15–25 °C). A lab-scale ASBR was operated at pH of 5.50, and different organic loading rates (OLR) of 1.00, 1.67, 2.67, and 4.00 gCOD/L/d. The hydrogen yield (HY) progressed from 134.32 ± 10.79 to 189.09 ± 22.35 mL/gMEG_initial at increasing OLR from 1.00 to 4.00 gCOD/L/d. The maximum hydrogen content of 47.44 ± 3.60% was achieved at OLR of 4.0 gCOD/L/d, while methane content remained low (17.76 ± 1.27% at OLR of 1.0 gCOD/L/d). Kinetic studies using four different mathematical models were conducted to describe the ASBR performance. Furthermore, two batch-mode experiments were performed to optimize the nitrogen supplementation as a nutrient (C/N ratio), and assess the impact of salinity (as gNaCl/L) on hydrogen production. HY substantially dropped from 62.77 ± 4.09 to 6.02 ± 0.39 mL/gMEG_initial when C/N ratio was increased from 28.5 to 114.0. Besides, the results revealed that salinity up to 10.0 gNaCl/L has a relatively low inhibitory impact on hydrogen production. Eventually, the cost/benefit analysis showed that environmental and energy recovery revenues from ASBR were optimized at OLR of 4.0 gCOD/L/d (payback period of 7.13 yrs).