菜籽粕硫甙生物降解和脱毒研究进展

饲用菜籽粕中硫甙降解产物是引起动物甲状腺肿大主要因素,利用微生物发酵脱除硫甙成为开发蛋白饲料资源热点;该文对生物降解菜籽粕硫甙机理及近年国内外生物脱毒研究进行综述。     

不同异位修复工艺对高浓度铬渣污染土壤中Cr的去除特性

以我国某铬盐厂的两种不同污染特性铬渣污染土壤（A土和B土）为研究对象,探讨了三种异位修复工艺（淋洗、稳定化、湿法解毒）去除铬渣污染土壤中总Cr和Cr（Ⅵ）的效果,并采用改进BCR顺序提取法分析了不同修复工艺对土壤中各形态Cr的去除效果。实验结果表明,三种异位修复工艺对铬污染土壤中Cr（Ⅵ）的去除效果为湿法解毒 > 稳定化 > 淋洗,湿法解毒工艺对A土、B土中Cr（Ⅵ）的去除率分别高达83.26%、92.94%;对铬污染土壤总铬去除效果最佳的是异位淋洗工艺,异位淋洗工艺对A土、B土总铬消减分别达54.87%、80.16%。异位淋洗工艺实现了对水溶态Cr（Ⅵ）、酸溶态Cr（Ⅵ）的泥水分离,是总铬消减的主要原因;稳定化工艺和湿法解毒工艺降低了土壤pH,促进了水溶态Cr、酸溶态Cr及可还原态Cr向可氧化态Cr的转化,因此土中总Cr并未发生显著消减。高浓度铬渣污染土壤经三种异位修复工艺处理后,A土Cr（Ⅵ）仍然残留736.6 mg·kg^-1,B土Cr（Ⅵ）仍然残留245.47 mg·kg^-1,酸溶态Cr的残留是导致三种工艺修复Cr（Ⅵ）效果受限的主要原因。     

Zinc removal from hyperaccumulator Sedum alfredii Hance biomass

Leaching of heavy metals from Sedum alfredii Hance biomass was studied with ammonia-ammonium chloride solution as leaching agent. The research was carried out in two phases: 1) a leaching study to determine the zinc extraction efficiency of this leaching agent, and 2) a thermodynamic analysis to identify the likely reactions and stable Zn(II) species formed in the leaching systems. Taguchi orthogonal experiment, with four variable parameters, leaching temperature, molar ratio of NH₄Cl to NH_3, leaching time and solid-to-liquid(L/S) ratio, and each at three levels, was used to optimize the experiment parameters by the analysis of variances. The results indicate that leaching temperature has the most dominant effect on metal extraction performance, followed by molar ratio of NH₄Cl to NH₃, solid-to-liquid ratio and leaching time. The optimum condition was obtained as follows: temperature of 60°C, molecular ratio of NH₄Cl to NH₃ of 0.6, leaching time of 2 h and solid-to-liquid ratio of 5:1. The total zinc leaching efficiency under optimum conditions reaches 97.95%. The thermodynamic study indicates that the dominant species produced by the leaching process should be the soluble Zn(NH₃)₄₂⁺.     

天然植物资源扯根菜预防醉酒及解酒的效果观察

观察扯根菜在防醉酒及醒酒方面的作用。方法：通过观察小鼠翻正反射消失情况以及分析血液中乙醇含量，研究扯根菜不同剂量组对小鼠的醉酒时间、耐受时间及对血中乙醇的消除情况。结果高剂量组小鼠无论是在酒前还是酒后给予扯根菜均可明显延迟小鼠发生醉酒的时间，各剂量组对小鼠血液中乙醇浓度有降低的趋势。结论扯根菜具有一定的防醉解酒作用。     

油茶粕脱茶皂素后的混菌发酵去毒工艺及饲养试验研究

从油茶粕中提取茶皂素后的固渣进行去毒处理和生物混菌发酵,获得饲养安全性高的饲料原料,部分替代价格高昂的玉米和大豆粕,并用获得的配合饲料对外三元肥猪及夏洛莱肉牛的饲养试验。从试验结果来分析,脱茶皂素后的油茶粕经过处理,能够显著改善25 kg左右小猪的生长速度,对肉牛的生长促进作用也很明显。     

不同贮藏条件下大麦中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇含量变化趋势及加工去除效果分析

通过人工模拟多种不同贮藏环境,探究大麦中脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇（DON）含量变化趋势及多种加工工艺去除效果,并建立相关预测模型。在不同温度（5、15、25、35 ℃）、相对环境湿度（55%、65%、75%、85% RH）条件下贮藏大麦180、270、360 d后,运用蒸制、煮制、发酵工艺加工后,采用酶联免疫法检测其含量变化趋势,以遗传算法优化径向基核函数参数构建支持向量机（SVM）污染预测模型。结果表明,在整个贮藏过程中DON含量呈上升趋势,75% RH是DON产生的最适环境。在加工脱毒方面发现三种工艺对DON的去除效果均有所不同,且在加工过程中添加碳酸钠能够有效促进降解,但当添加到一定程度时,去除效果降低。其中煮制工艺去除效果最好,去除率达到了50.81%~70.99%;蒸制工艺去除率较低仅为9.99%~24.37%;而在啤酒酿造全过程中（发芽、糖化、发酵）,呈现先降低后升高的趋势,去除率为-13.15%~41.67%。该研究对大麦的安全贮藏条件优化及加工过程中有效降低DON含量提供了技术指导。     

库拉索芦荟对黄曲霉毒素B1致大鼠急性肝损伤的保护作用

目的：研究库拉索芦荟在黄曲霉毒素B1（aflatoxin B1,AFB1）致大鼠急性肝损伤中的干预作用及机理。方法：采用单次灌胃2.0 mg/kg（以体质量计）AFB1建立大鼠急性AFB1肝损伤模型,通过体质量、肝功能指标、肝组织病理学变化评价库拉索芦荟的干预效果,并通过测定肝组织脂质过氧化产物、各抗氧化物水平,探讨库拉索芦荟拮抗急性AFB1肝毒性的作用机理。结果：库拉索芦荟具有显著降低急性AFB1肝毒性的功效,能有效抑制急性AFB1中毒大鼠体质量下降,降低血清谷丙转氨酶（glutamate pyruvate transaminase,GPT）、谷草转氨酶（glutamicoxalacetic transaminase,GOT）和碱性磷酸酶（alkaline phosphatase,ALP）活性以及总胆红素（total bilirubin,TBIL）含量;同时能显著改善肝脏组织病变情况,降低丙二醛（malondialdehyde,MDA）生成量,提高还原型谷胱甘肽（reduced glutathione,GSH）含量以及谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶（glutathione peroxidase,GSH-Px）、超氧化物歧化酶（superoxide dismutase,SOD）、谷胱甘肽-S-转移酶（glutathione-S-transferases,GST）活力,增强机体抗氧化及解毒能力。     

Identification of the Main Degradation Products of Patulin Generated Through Heat Detoxication Treatments

The chemical stability of patulin (PAT) was studied in model aqueous media at different temperatures and pH values in the presence and absence of sulfites. At pH 6, 50% was degraded within one hour at 100°C. At lower pH the detoxication efficiency was strongly reduced. The compound 3‐keto‐5‐hydroxy‐pentanal was shown to be the main degradation product of patulin. As the hemiacetal function has to be transformed into an aldehyde before retroaldolization and lactone hydrolysis, sulfites, as expected, improved detoxication, especially at high pH. At pH 7 in the presence of 50 ppm sulfite, PAT was completely degraded within 3 h at 25°C.     

Does excretion of secondary metabolites always involve a measurable metabolic cost? Fate of plant antifeedant salicin in common brushtail possum, Trichosurus vulpecula

Salicin was administered orally to six brushtail possums by incorporation in food for six days at three dose levels (0.05, 0.5, and 1.5% wet weight), giving mean ± SD daily intakes of 0.31 ± 0.09, 2.76 ± 0.75, and 6.04 ± 1.12 mmol salicin. Metabolites were identified by mass spectrometry and assayed by HPLC. Salicyl alcohol glucuronide accounted for 56–64% of urinary metabolites over the three doses, salicyluric acid 15–26%, salicin 10–18%, and there were smaller amounts of free (2–4%) and conjugated (0–6%) salicylic acid. ,2-Dihydroxyphenylpropionic acid was a minor metabolite. The hydrolysis of dietary salicin enabled reconjugation of its aglycone, salicyl alcohol, with a more polar sugar, glucuronic acid, thus enhancing its renal excretion and resulting in little net loss of substrates for conjugation and a low measurable metabolic cost of excretion.     

含水丙酮浸出棉籽油及脱除棉酚的研究

用含水丙酮浸出预榨棉饼提油及去毒的最佳工艺条件是:浸出时间120min、丙酮含水10％、棉饼/溶剂=1∶1.1。在此条件下可使浸出棉籽粕中残留游离棉酚小于0.045％,粕中残油率低于1％。