低温真空膨化与自然干制对红枣抗氧化活性的影响

目的：研究低温真空膨化和自然干制对红枣抗氧化成分及活性的影响,为生产加工优质枣产品和低温真空膨化技术在红枣加工方面应用提供科学依据。方法：以矮化密植枣树所得枣果为材料,采用Folin-Ciocalteu与NaNO2-Al(NO3)3法测定总酚、总黄酮含量;通过DPPH自由基清除率、ABTS+•清除能力、总还原力和抗亚油酸过氧化能力等指标表征枣果抗氧化能力;采用高效液相色谱法对酚类化合物进行定性定量分析。结果：红枣经膨化后总酚含量显著增加,而总黄酮未发生明显变化,自然干制使总酚、总黄酮含量显著降低。膨化枣DPPH自由基清除能力和总还原力显著优于鲜枣和自然干制枣,自然干制处理使红枣ABTS+•清除能力和β-胡萝卜-亚油酸抗氧化活性显著低于膨化枣与鲜枣。膨化枣中总酚、总黄酮和抗氧化能力显著高于自然干制枣。干制处理使枣果中酚类化合物组成发生明显变化,膨化枣中没食子酸、对羟基苯甲酸、咖啡酸、对香豆酸、阿魏酸、芦丁、肉桂酸和槲皮素的含量最高。相关性研究表明鲜枣与干制枣中抗氧化活性与总酚、总黄酮显著相关。结论：低温真空膨化枣含有丰富的酚类化合物与最高抗氧化能力,且加工时间短,口感酥脆香甜。综上所述,低温真空膨化技术可作为一种可用于规模化干制枣的现代化加工技术。     

红枣酱的体外抗氧化作用

以总酚含量、总黄酮含量、原花青素含量、DPPH.清除能力及总抗氧化能力为试验指标,研究了红枣酱中酚类化合物的组成及其抗氧化活性。结果表明:红枣酱中主要的酚类化合物为酚酸类物质,多以酯键合态形式存在。与红枣原料相比,红枣酱的总酚和原花青素含量均下降,而总黄酮含量升高,抗氧化活性增强,表明红枣酱具有强抗氧化活性。     

微波真空干制加工对荷叶茶酚类物质含量及其抗氧化活性的影响

干制脱水加工被广泛应用于农副产品的保藏和精深加工,但是干制加工会影响产品活性物质的含量,导致其生物活性发生改变。为了研究微波真空干制功率对荷叶酚类物质的影响,比较了300,400,500 W等不同微波功率真空干制及热风干燥、日晒条件下,荷叶酚类物质含量变化;采用DPPH和FRAP方法比较不同微波功率产品的抗氧化活性差异。结果表明,荷叶经微波真空干制加工后,总酚和总黄酮含量较热风干燥法显著提高,分别是后者的1.79和1.76倍;荷叶提取物抗氧化活性显著提高,微波真空干制荷叶清除DPPH·活性优于热风干燥方式,300,400,500 W微波功率干制荷叶清除DPPH·IC50值分别是62.52,49.31,43.59μg/m L;微波功率500 W干制荷叶提取物FRAP抗氧化活性分别是日晒荷叶和热风干燥荷叶的3.18和1.82倍。抗氧化活性指标与酚类物质含量相关性分析发现,荷叶总黄酮含量与FRAP和DPPH为极显著相关,表明微波真空干制能够显著影响荷叶酚类物质含量,进而增强其抗氧化活性。     

不同干燥方法对红枣黄烷-3-醇、黄酮醇含量及抗氧化活性的影响

为提高红枣干燥品质,将4种不同干燥技术(分段热风干燥、真空冷冻干燥、中短波红外干燥、微波-热风联合干燥)应用于红枣的干燥中,利用液相色谱-质谱连用技术探究不同干燥条件下红枣中黄烷-3-醇、黄酮醇的种类及含量并对枣果中总酚、总黄酮含量及抗氧化能力进行分析比较。结果表明:干燥枣果中共鉴定出的7种黄烷-3-醇(2种原花青素单体,1种原花青素二聚体,2种原花青素三聚体,2种原花青素四聚体),2种黄酮醇(7种槲皮素衍生物,1种山奈酚衍生物),枣果经中短波红外干燥后4种黄烷-3-醇、1种黄酮醇(槲皮素衍生物)含量显著升高且枣果总酚、总黄酮含量较高,具有较强的抗氧化能力,这表明中短波红外干燥是一种优良的红枣干燥方法。     

蒸制对红枣主要活性成分的影响

以新疆主栽红枣品种骏枣为原料,分别对鲜骏枣和干骏枣进行蒸制处理,测定蒸制不同时间后红枣中c AMP、c GMP、总黄酮、总酚、原花青素和总三萜的含量,研究蒸制对红枣中这些主要活性成分含量的影响。结果表明,经蒸制,鲜枣中总酚、总黄酮、原花青素含量均显著下降,c AMP、c GMP和总三萜含量随蒸制时间延长先增加再下降,蒸制10 min和蒸制20 min,c AMP、c GMP和总三萜含量均有显著增加;干枣经蒸制一定时间后,其c AMP、总酚、原花青素和总三萜含量均有显著增加,c GMP和总黄酮含量无显著变化。     

干燥方式对红枣色素活性成分含量及抗氧化活性的影响

为研究枣渣干燥方式对红枣色素活性成分含量及抗氧化活性的影响,选用自然、50℃热风、70℃热风、微波和真空冷冻干燥方式处理枣渣,采用Folin-Ciocalteu法、pH示差法和NaNO_2-Al(NO_3)_3-NaOH法分别测定红枣色素总多酚、花色苷和总黄酮含量,并比较其清除DPPH·、·OH、O_2~-·的能力和还原力。结果表明,不同干燥方式处理提取的红枣色素活性成分含量存在显著差异(P0.05),其中真空冷冻干燥提取的红枣色素总多酚、花色苷和总黄酮含量均最高,分别为2.46、5.10、9.84 mg/g,微波干燥次之,50℃热风干燥最低。不同干燥方式处理提取的红枣色素抗氧化活性差异显著(P0.05),真空冷冻干燥和微波干燥提取的红枣色素清除DPPH·、·OH、O_2~-·的能力和还原力较强,而50℃热风干燥提取红枣色素清除DPPH·和O_2~-·的能力最低,70℃热风干燥提取红枣色素清除·OH的能力和还原力最低。表明不同干燥方式处理枣渣对红枣色素活性成分含量及抗氧化活性的影响差异较大,其中真空冷冻干燥提取的红枣色素活性成分损失最少,抗氧化活性最强,微波次之,热风干燥相对较差。     

不同加热温度和处理方式对灰枣活性成分和抗氧化活性的影响

为比较不同加热温度和处理方式对灰枣活性成分和抗氧化活性影响,分别对60 ℃热风干燥、80 ℃巴氏杀菌、110~140 ℃烘烤、100 ℃隔水蒸制及100 ℃煮制灰枣的总酚、总黄酮、总原花青素、单体酚、三萜酸含量和抗氧化活性进行测定。结果表明,灰枣经60 ℃热风干燥、80 ℃巴氏杀菌、100 ℃隔水蒸制和100 ℃煮制后,其活性成分含量和抗氧化活性下降。110~140 ℃烘烤灰枣活性成分含量随温度升高呈现上升趋势,经140 ℃烘烤后,其总酚、总黄酮、总原花青素和总三萜酸含量分别达到341.3、473.8、659.3和560.4 mg UAE/100 g m_d。烘烤处理增强了灰枣的抗氧化活性,经130 ℃烘烤灰枣DPPH·清除能力为62.97 mmol TE/100 g m_d,ABTS+·清除能力为47.96 mmol TE/100 g m_d。经130和140 ℃烘烤后,灰枣中活性成分含量较高,抗氧化活性较强,因此烘烤也是较为合适的灰枣加工方式。     

不同品种山楂活性成分及其抗氧化活性的研究

本文以产自山东地区的山里红和大金星这两个常见山楂品种作为研究对象,山楂冻干制成粉末后测定它们的总酚、总黄酮含量及抗氧化活性(DPPH、ORAC和PSC),并采用HPLC分析抗氧化活性成分的差异。结果显示不同品种山楂中的总酚和总黄酮含量各异,其中山里红果实的总酚(61.91 mg GA equiv./g DW)和总黄酮(55.96 mg catechin equiv./g DW)含量均显著高于大金星。山楂果实提取物均有较好的抗氧化活性,其中山里红品种表现出更好的抗氧化活性,其ORAC及PSC值分别是大金星的1.54和2倍。山楂果实提取液经HPLC法分析,鉴定出7种多酚类化学成分,最主要的酚类化合物为原花青素B2以及表儿茶素,且山里红果实多酚类化合物的含量显著高于大金星。综合比较发现山楂中的活性成分含量及种类各异,且山里红的抗氧化活性较强,是天然抗氧化剂的潜在原料。     

草莓、黑莓、蓝莓中多酚类物质及其抗氧化活性研究

研究草莓、黑莓、蓝莓3种小浆果的总酚、总黄酮、原花青素含量及其总抗氧化能力。结果表明:蓝莓全果的总酚、总黄酮、原花青素含量在所测3种浆果全果中最高,分别为9.44mg没食子酸/g干质量、36.08mg芦丁/g干质量、24.38mg儿茶素/g干质量;其总抗氧化能力也最强,达14.98mmol Trolox/100g干质量。草莓的总酚、总黄酮、原花青素含量则最低,抗氧化能力也最弱。此外,3种浆果果渣中的总酚、总黄酮、原花青素含量以及总抗氧化能力均高于全果和果汁,即果渣>全果>果汁。总酚含量、总黄酮含量以及原花青素含量与总抗氧化能力之间的相关性分析表明,总酚含量与总抗氧化能力之间存在显著线性相关,相关系数r达到0.9704,表明酚类物质是其抗氧化作用的主要物质基础。     

紫外辐射对红枣色素抗氧化活性的影响

为探究紫外辐射对红枣色素抗氧化活性的影响,测定紫外辐射处理后红枣色素中总多酚、花色苷和总黄酮含量及其清除DPPH·、·OH、O_2~-·能力和还原能力,评价紫外辐射对红枣色素抗氧化活性成分及抗氧化活性的影响,并分析红枣色素中活性成分含量与抗氧化活性间的相关性。结果表明:紫外辐射对红枣色素中抗氧化活性成分含量和抗氧化活性有明显影响,且随紫外辐射时间延长,辐射距离缩短,红枣色素中总多酚、花色苷和总黄酮含量及清除DPPH·、·OH、O_2~-·能力和还原能力均逐渐降低。相关性研究显示,紫外辐射处理后红枣色素中总多酚、花色苷含量与红枣色素抗氧化活性的正相关性较强,总黄酮含量与抗氧化活性的相关性相对较弱,表明紫外辐射能明显降低红枣色素的抗氧化活性。     

干燥方法对番石榴活性物质含量及抗氧化能力的影响

为研究干燥方式、工艺参数对番石榴活性物质含量及抗氧化能力的影响,采用热风干燥、热风-红外联合干燥、真空干燥和真空冷冻干燥技术,比较其对番石榴总酚、黄酮、抗坏血酸含量、清除1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼（1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH）自由基能力、清除2,2’-联氮-二（3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸）二铵盐（2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)diammonium salt,ABTS）自由基能力和铁离子还原能力（ferric reducing antioxidant power,FRAP ）以及抑制亚油酸过氧化能力的影响。结果表明,与鲜果相比,干燥后番石榴总酚含量显著增加,黄酮和抗坏血酸含量显著降低（P＜0.05）,抗氧化能力显著降低。真空干燥和真空冷冻干燥得到的总酚、抗坏血酸含量较高,清除自由基及FRAP较高。热风干燥得到的番石榴干制品抑制亚油酸过氧化能力较高。随干燥温度升高,热风和热风-红外联合干燥后的黄酮保留量增加,抗坏血酸含量、清除自由基及FRAP降低。综合来看,真空冷冻干燥和中低温热风干燥（60 ℃和75 ℃）得到的番石榴干制品抗氧化能力较高。Spearman相关性分析表明,DPPH、ABTS、FRAP法测定的抗氧化能力及抗氧化效能综合指数分别与总酚含量的相关系数较高,且DPPH自由基清除能力、抗氧化效能综合指数与总酚含量呈显著正相关（P＜0.05）,说明多酚可能是番石榴干制品主要抗氧化物质。     

Changes in bioactive compounds and antioxidant activity during convective drying of murta (Ugni molinae T.) berries

Murta (Ugni molinae T.) berries were air‐dried at five temperatures (40, 50, 60, 70 and 80 °C), and the changes in β‐carotene, phenolic acids, total phenolic and flavonoid contents and antioxidant capacities (DPPH and ORAC) were investigated. The berries showed a high content of β‐carotene, which decreased during drying temperature between 40 °C and 80 °C. Free and bound phenolic acids were also determined, showing gallic acid to be the prevalent phenolic acid. Total phenolic and flavonoid contents in the dried berries showed a higher decrease at lower temperature due to longer drying time. The radical‐scavenging activity also showed higher antioxidant activity at higher drying temperatures (70–80 °C) than at lower drying temperatures (40–50 °C). Total phenolic content (TPC) and flavonoids showed good correlation with antioxidant capacity. Murta berries proved to be an excellent source of antioxidants and bioactive compounds and are therefore a potential ingredient for new functional food products.     

Effects of different drying methods on phenolic contents,antioxidant, and tyrosinase inhibitory activity of peach blossoms

Fresh peach blossoms of two varieties were dried by using different methods, which include shade drying, freeze drying, microwave drying and hot air drying (at 30, 60, 90, 120 °C). The effects of different drying methods on phenolic contents, antioxidant and tyrosinase inhibitory activity were evaluated. Among the seven drying treatments, microwave drying yielded the highest contents of total phenolics, flavonoids, anthocyanins, proanthocyanidins and individual phenolic compounds in dried peach blossoms, while hot air drying at 30 °C gave the lowest retention of total phenolics, flavonoids, anthocyanins. As compared with shade drying and freeze drying, hot air drying at 60, 90, 120 °C resulted in higher retention of phenolic content. The highest antioxidant activity in dried peach blossoms was obtained by microwave drying, while hot air drying at 30 °C gave the lowest. The effect of different drying methods on antioxidant activity of dried peach blossoms was consistent with that of phenolic content. The highest tyrosinase inhibitory activity was achieved by hot air drying at 120 °C for variety ‘yingchun’ and 90 °C for variety ‘huangjinmeili’, but there was no significant difference among hot air drying at 60, 90, 120 °C for both varieties. The tyrosinase inhibitory activities of peach blossoms by microwave drying and freeze drying were comparable and much lower than that of shade drying. The results indicated that microwave drying was a desirable method for the preservation of phenolic compounds and antioxidant activity in peach blossoms, while shade drying and hot air drying at high temperature were favorable for tyrosinase inhibitory activity.     

5 种梅干菜的酚类化合物及抗氧化能力比较分析

以市售5 种梅干菜为研究对象,测定梅干菜酚类化合物的含量,用高效液相色谱-串联质谱（high performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry,HPLC-MS/MS）法鉴定梅干菜酚类化合物的种类,并用4 种抗氧化能力评价方法评价梅干菜。结果表明,市售5?种梅干菜所含的酚类化合物含量和各酚类化合物所占的比例及其抗氧化能力差异显著。其中咕咕鲜牌梅干菜（GGX）的总酚含量为14.18?mg?GAE/g,总黄酮含量为7.10?mg?RE/g,2,2’-联氮-双-（3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸）二铵盐（2,2’-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonate),ABTS）法、铁离子还原（ferric reducing antioxidant power,FRAP）法、1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼法和氧自由基吸收能力（oxygen radical absorbance capacity,ORAC）法测得的抗氧化能力分别为28.09、32.88、31.72?μmol?TE/g和445.55?μmol?TE/g,显著高于其他4?种梅干菜。其次,利用HPLC-MS/MS法分析鉴定出梅干菜中共含有17?种酚类化合物,包括9?种类黄酮和8?种酚酸。其中,梅干菜中的类黄酮主要有野漆树苷、山柰酚、异鼠李素、柚皮素等;酚酸主要有阿魏酸、香豆酸和肉桂酸等。此外,4?种抗氧化能力评价方法中,ABTS与FRAP相关性最高,相关系数为0.967;ORAC法测得的梅干菜抗氧化能力显著高于其他3?种方法;而ABTS法与梅干菜的抗氧化剂相关性最高,最适合评价梅干菜的总抗氧化能力。综上所述,不同种类市售梅干菜的酚类化合物含量和抗氧化能力均不同,其中,GGX总酚含量最高、抗氧化能力最强。     

Effects of infrared heating on drying kinetics,antioxidant activity,phenolic content,and color of jujube fruit

This study investigated the effects of different infrared power (IP) levels (62, 88, and 125 W) and a pretreatment (soaking in a solution of 5 % potassium carbonate and 0.5 % olive oil) on the drying kinetics and some quality parameters of jujube fruit. The drying characteristics of jujube were greatly influenced by the pretreatment and IP level. The models of Lewis, Logarithmic, Page, and Aghbashlo et al. were fitted to the obtained experimental data using nonlinear regression analysis. The Page model showed a better fit to the experimental drying data when compared to the other models. The effective moisture diffusivity, calculated using Fick’s second law, ranged from 4.75 × 10^?10 to 4.17 × 10^?9 m²/s. Significantly, higher total phenolic content (TPC) and antioxidant capacity values were obtained for the pretreated samples subjected to higher IP levels. The total color change (ΔE) of the dried samples significantly increased with increasing IP level. Jujube fruits should be pretreated and then dried at 88 W IP to reduce phenolic degradation and undesired color changes and to increase the quality of the dried product.     

中短波红外干燥对桑葚干燥特性、营养品质及抗氧化活性的影响

为探究中短波红外干燥对桑葚干燥特性、能耗、营养品质及抗氧化活性的影响,将新鲜桑葚在不同干燥温度条件下（50、60、70 ℃）进行中短波红外干制,以相同干燥温度条件下（50、60、70 ℃）的热风干燥为对照,探究不同干燥条件下桑葚的干燥特性、能耗、单体酚类物质、总酚、总黄酮、维生素C、总花色苷的含量及抗氧化活性,并建立桑果中短波红外干燥数学模型。结果表明,中短波红外干燥能够显著（P<0.05）提高桑果的干制效率（50 ℃下干燥效率提高55.7%,60 ℃下干燥效率提高46.1%,70 ℃干燥效率提高33.3%）,Weibull分布模型能够较好地模拟桑果在不同干燥温度下的中短波红外干燥过程,且桑果经中短波红外干燥后能耗较低。干制后桑果共检测出12种酚类物质,其中绿原酸、芦丁、儿茶素为主要的酚类物质。相比传统的热风干燥,中短波红外干燥效率高,且干燥后桑葚的总酚、总黄酮、维生素C、总花色苷含量较高,总酚含量为463.1～568.8 mg/100 g;总黄酮含量为312.6～402.6 mg/100 g;维生素C含量为30.1～37.8 mg/100 g;总花色苷含量为153.6～195.6 mg/100 g。且与热风干燥相比桑果经中短波红外干燥后抗氧化活性显著增强（P<0.05）（DPPH自由基清除能力较热风干燥提高了32.8%～42.6%;铁离子还原能力较热风干燥提高21.1%～34.1%）。中短波红外干燥桑果干燥效率较高,能耗较低,干制品品质较好,故中短波红外干燥是一种优良的桑果干燥方式,可为桑果干制加工提供理论参考。     

Effect of different drying methods on drying characteristics,colour, total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of Goldenberry (Physalis peruviana L.)

In this study, the effects of convective, microwave and microwave–convective drying methods on the drying characteristics, colour, total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of goldenberry fruits were investigated. To select the most appropriate thin‐layer drying model for drying treatments, nine mathematical drying models were fitted to the experimental data. Based on the statistical tests used for evaluation, the Midilli et al. and Wang and Singh models were considered the best models to describe the drying behaviours of goldenberry fruits in all drying methods. The colour values (L*, a* and b*) of fresh fruit were decreased by drying. Compared with the fresh sample, the dried samples exhibited a 64–75% and 65–75% decrease in total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity, respectively. Among the different drying treatments, the values closest to those of fresh samples with respect to colour values, total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity were achieved with the 160 W microwave drying method.     

Effect of vacuum‐drying,hot air‐drying and freeze‐drying on polyphenols and antioxidant capacity of lemon (Citrus limon) pomace aqueous extracts

The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of freeze‐drying, hot air‐drying and vacuum‐drying at 70, 90 and 110 °C, on dried lemon pomace polyphenols and antioxidant capacity. The total phenolic content and antioxidant capacity were higher in lemon pomace dried by hot air or under vacuum than those dried by freeze‐drying and increased as the temperature increased. The highest total flavonoid content was recorded in the pomace dried under vacuum at 70 and 90 °C. Lemon pomace dried by freeze‐drying had the highest neohesperidin content, whereas pomace dried under vacuum at 70 °C had the highest rutin and p‐coumaric acid content. The highest gallic acid content was recorded in the pomace dried by hot air at 110 °C. The results of this study indicate that drying technique should be carefully selected according to the bioactive compounds aimed to be extracted.     

Effect of Blanching and Drying Temperature on Polyphenolic Compound Stability and Antioxidant Capacity of Apple Pomace

The effects of blanching and drying treatments on stability, physical properties, and antioxidant activity of apple pomace polyphenols were evaluated. Blanched and unblanched apples were extracted, and the pomace was dried in a cabinet dryer at a speed of 3 m/s at 50 °C, 60 °C, 70 °C, and 80 °C. The color, total phenolics, flavonoids, individual polyphenolic compounds, anthocyanins, and total antioxidant activity were analyzed. The blanching process caused a major retention in color, total polyphenolic content, and total flavonoid content for fresh apple pomace when compared with fresh unblanched pomace. Drying of either fresh blanched or fresh unblanched pomace caused a significant reduction (P < 0.05) in total polyphenol and flavonoid content leading to a reduction in the total antioxidant activity. When compared with the unblanched treatment, drying the blanched pomace at 80 °C resulted in a product with significant amounts of total phenolics, flavonoids, and antioxidant activity. The individual phenolic compounds were significantly increased (P < 0.05) in blanched pomace that was not dried when compared with unblanched samples. Drying blanched apple pomace did not cause a significant change in the concentration of individual polyphenolic compounds, but drying unblanched apple pomace caused a reduction in the concentrations of epicatechin and caffeic acid, with an important reduction in p-coumaric acid at temperatures higher than 60 °C. However, the drying process caused a significant reduction in the antioxidant capacity. Therefore, a combination of blanching and drying processes for apple pomace results in a product that maintains antioxidant capacity.     

The Effect of Microwave-Vacuum Pretreatment on the Drying Kinetics,Color and the Content of Bioactive Compounds in Osmo-Microwave-Vacuum Dried Cranberries (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Vaccinium macrocarpon</Emphasis>)

The aim of this study was to compare the effectiveness of microwave-vacuum pretreatment conducted at 100, 500 and 800 W on the drying kinetics of whole cranberries (Vaccinium macrocarpon) during hybrid osmotic and microwave-vacuum drying. Additionally, the effect of microwave-vacuum pretreatment and subsequent osmo-microwave-vacuum drying on selected quality indicators of dried cranberries, including phenolic content, antioxidant activity and color, was studied, and the quality of samples was compared with freeze dried, microwave-vacuum dried and osmo-microwave-vacuum dried samples. Irrespective of microwave power, the initial pretreatment accelerated mass transfer during osmotic dehydration of cranberries, and the Weibull model well fitted the experimental data. Final microwave-vacuum drying of cranberries was a two-stage process involving a relatively long phase with a constant drying rate, followed by a short period with a decreasing drying rate. Microwave-vacuum and osmo-microwave-vacuum drying resulted in similar retention of polyphenols and similar antioxidant activity, both of which were relatively higher than in freeze-dried cranberries. However, microwave-vacuum pretreatment at low microwave power (100 W) before dehydration also resulted in high retention of phenolic compounds, high antioxidant activity and attractive color, which were consistent with the high content of total anthocyanins and flavonoids. Microwave-vacuum, osmo-microwave-vacuum and osmo-microwave-vacuum drying combined with microwave-vacuum pretreatment at low microwave power (100 W) were the most suitable methods for the production of high-quality dried whole cranberries.