绿茶面包加工工艺优化及贮藏稳定性评价

以超微绿茶粉为原料进行茶面包的制作,采用色彩色差仪辅助感官评定法,通过单因素和正交试验研究超微绿茶粉添加量、发酵时间、烘烤温度、烘烤时间对绿茶面包色泽变化和感官品质的影响,优化得出绿茶面包的最佳加工工艺条件:超微绿茶粉添加量4%,发酵时间90 min,烘烤温度190℃,烘烤时间8 min。在此工艺条件下加工的绿茶面包感官评分达到93分,色差值10.89,具有茶叶独特的口感风味和外观色泽。同时考察绿茶面包加工过程中茶多酚含量的变化,探明茶多酚含量损失主要发生在发酵和烘烤工序中。贮藏稳定性试验表明,超微绿茶粉的添加能延长面包的保质期且对面包的色泽变化差异影响不大。     

超微绿茶粉对绿茶面包加工过程中色泽的影响

以超微绿茶粉为原料,研究绿茶面包加工过程中和面、发酵、烘烤3个加工工序关键节点处色泽和茶多酚含量的变化。结果表明,在加工过程中,烘烤工序对色泽变化影响较大;当超微绿茶粉的添加量增加时,L~*、a~*值都显著下降,而b~*值却先显著上升而后缓慢下降,在超微绿茶粉添加量(质量分数)为4%时,b~*值最大。茶多酚含量随超微绿茶粉含量的增加而增加,各个加工工序的进行均造成茶多酚含量的减少,其中烘烤工序对茶多酚含量减少影响最显著。绿茶面包颜色感官评分随着超微绿茶粉添加量的增加呈先上升后下降的趋势,当超微绿茶粉添加量(质量分数)为4%时,评分最高。通过不同方法间的相关性分析,发现色差仪测定与化学方法测定茶多酚含量、感官评定法间相关性较好。     

发芽糙米绿茶复合饮料的研制

糙米经发芽、烘烤、粉碎、浸提、离心得到发芽糙米茶汤;绿茶经过浸提过滤得到茶汤,将发芽糙米茶汤和绿茶茶汤按一定比例混合,添加其他配料而制成一种既营养又符合消费者口味的复合米茶饮料。以感官评分为评价指标,通过单因素和正交试验确定发芽糙米绿茶复合饮料最佳配方为:发芽糙米绿茶茶汤混合比例为1∶1,白砂糖为6%,柠檬酸为0.03%,复合稳定剂CMC-Na和海藻酸钠按2∶1,添加量为0.15%。经过验证性试验,得到的发芽糙米绿茶复合饮料感官评分为9.3分,茶多酚含量309.3mg/kg,γ-氨基丁酸427μg/100ml。     

过滤法测定茶汤沉淀成分研究

以绿茶、黄茶、白茶为原料,采用过滤法测定茶汤化学成分变化,探讨茶汤沉淀组成成分,结果显示:(1)随着静置时间延长,沉淀物逐渐增加,其比例不断发生变化;(2)从比例上看不同茶类其比例不一样,绿茶沉淀构成比例从多到少依次是茶多酚、可溶性糖、氨基酸、咖啡碱;白茶与黄茶茶汤沉淀构成比例从多到少依次是茶多酚、氨基酸、可溶性糖、咖啡碱,为茶汤沉淀形成机制和茶饮料的开发提供基础研究。     

超声波辅助提取与电渗析脱盐耦合技术对绿茶茶汤理化性质的影响

本文对比不同功率超声辅助热水提取与传统热水提取的绿茶茶汤理化性质差异,并对其进行电渗析处理,探究电渗析对绿茶茶汤的理化性质及冷却后浊度及沉淀率的影响。结果表明,超声辅助热水提取的绿茶茶汤中可溶性固形物、茶多酚含量、咖啡碱含量均高于传统热水提取,且随超声功率增大先升高后降低,超声功率增加至390 W时,绿茶茶汤中茶多酚及咖啡碱含量达最大值,分别为5903.14、1091.87 mg/kg。电渗析处理能显著降低绿茶茶汤中金属离子含量及电导率,热水提取、130 W超声提取及520 W超声提取的茶汤中钾的脱除率分别为67.46%、80.20%、89.59%,锰的脱除率分别为64.92%、77.35%、88.56%;电渗析处理可显著降低绿茶茶汤的浊度,并对茶汤的“冷后浑”具有抑制效果,且对超声辅助提取的茶汤“冷后浑”的抑制效果较热水提取效果更好。     

挤压膨化工艺参数对夏秋绿茶多酚含量及膨化度的影响

利用双螺杆挤压膨化机对夏秋绿茶进行挤压膨化,研究物料含水量、套筒温度以及螺杆转速对膨化绿茶粉中茶多酚含量以及膨化度的影响,并分析夏秋绿茶膨化前后浸出功能成分及微观结构的变化。结果表明:随物料含水量增加,茶多酚含量先减少后增加;增加套筒温度会增大茶多酚的浸出,当温度过高时会导致茶多酚的损失;随螺杆转速增大,茶粉破损程度加大,促进茶多酚的浸出。套筒温度、螺杆转速对挤出物膨化度的影响较小,物料含水量的影响相对较大。与未加工夏秋绿茶粉相比,加工后的夏秋绿茶粉中茶多酚、粗纤维、可溶性总糖含量降低,茶氨酸含量增高。夏秋绿茶膨化后,其表面结构变得平整光滑,且机械力作用使物料自身化学键断裂。     

不同产地扁形绿茶的品质成分差异分析

为了系统和全面地了解扁形绿茶的品质特征,分析来自湖北大悟、浙江磐安、安徽歙县、贵州湄潭、四川峨眉山5个产地扁形绿茶样品的感官品质、色差以及茶多酚、游离氨基酸、水浸出物、咖啡碱、可溶性糖等主要化学成分含量差异。结果表明,龙井茶干茶L1值(亮度值)与b1值(黄蓝色度值)分别达到38.20和19.35,均显著(P<0.05)高于其他4个产地的扁形绿茶,大方茶茶汤L3值最高。大方茶和湄潭翠芽平均水浸出物总量超过48.00%,显著(P<0.05)高于孝感龙剑茶、龙井茶及竹叶青茶。湄潭翠芽的游离氨基酸、咖啡碱、儿茶素、表儿茶素没食子酸酯、儿茶素没食子酸酯含量均最高,表没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯含量以孝感龙剑茶最高。基于各品质成分的相对含量建立的偏最小二乘法判别分析模型成功区分了5个产地的扁形绿茶样品。同时,利用偏最小二乘法判别分析变量重要性因子值筛选到11种关键成分,分别是干茶E1(综合色差值)、干茶a1(红绿色度值)、干茶b1、表儿茶素没食子酸酯、没食子儿茶素没食子酸酯、咖啡碱、游离氨基酸、茶汤a3、茶汤b3、茶汤L3、茶汤E3,可作为区分5个产地扁形绿茶的品质指标。本研究结果将为扁形绿茶加工工艺和品质提升提供一定的科学参考。     

福鼎大白茶树鲜叶不同茶制品活性成分比较

目的 分析比较福鼎大白茶树鲜叶加工制成的3种茶类中活性成分的含量差异。方法 以福鼎大白茶树鲜叶为原料, 按不同工艺制成绿茶、白茶、红茶, 测定其活性成分(茶多酚、咖啡碱、氨基酸、儿茶素)含量。结果 绿茶中茶多酚及儿茶素总量最高, 红茶较低。绿茶中儿茶素总量约为红茶的10倍, 白茶中儿茶素总量约为红茶的8倍; 氨基酸含量: 白茶高于绿茶及红茶, 红茶中氨基酸最低; 咖啡碱在白茶和绿茶中的含量差别不大, 显著性高于红茶, 但不存在极显著性差异。结论 加工工艺对不同茶类茶多酚及儿茶素类物质含量影响较大, 而对咖啡碱含量的影响不大。     

样品形态对绿茶品质成分近红外定量预测的影响

对110份绿茶样采用偏最小二乘法(PLS)建立水分、全氮量、粗纤维、水浸出物、茶多酚、咖啡碱和游离氨基酸的近红外预测模型。考察完整样、粉碎样的近红外光谱对该7种成分的建模效果,以及茶汤的近红外光谱对水浸出物、茶多酚、咖啡碱和游离氨基酸的建模影响。研究显示粉碎样光谱建立的模型最优,交叉验证均方差(RMSECV)和预测均方差(RMSEP)均小于0.5,外部验证的决定系数(R2)除粗纤维的为0.8598外,其余成分的R2均在0.9以上。茶汤光谱建立的模型效果不理想,其中咖啡碱和游离氨基酸的R2不超过0.5,相对分析误差(RPD)小于2.5%。结果表明:绿茶进行粉碎处理比完整样以及制备成茶汤建立的模型更为可靠,使用近红外光谱技术可以快速检测绿茶的7种成分。     

不同茶类加工副产物的化学成分分析

为了实现对不同茶类加工副产物的有效利用,本文研究了绿茶、乌龙茶和红茶的茶片、茶末、茶梗和大宗茶中化学成分含量,并进行比较分析。结果表明:绿茶是不发酵茶,其茶片和茶末中儿茶素含量分别为19.34%和18.52%,高于其他茶类和副产物,与绿茶大宗茶含量相近甚至高于大宗茶,茶梗中游离氨基酸和总糖含量分别为2.65%和22.85%,高于其他副产物和大宗茶;红茶为发酵茶,其茶片、茶末和茶梗中茶黄素和聚酯型儿茶素(TSs)含量较高,其中红茶茶末中茶黄素总量(TFs)、聚酯型儿茶素A(TSA)和聚酯型儿茶素B(TSB)含量最高,分别为0.96%、1.65%和0.53%;乌龙茶是半发酵茶,其加工副产物中儿茶素、TFs、TSs含量居于绿茶和红茶之间,氨基酸组分含量低于绿茶和红茶。研究表明,绿茶、乌龙茶和红茶茶片和茶末的茶多酚、水浸出物、总糖、可溶性蛋白、咖啡碱以及儿茶素和游离氨基酸组分等化学成分利用价值与大宗茶相近,甚至高于大宗茶,茶梗中总糖和游离氨基酸组分含量高,利用价值高于大宗茶,本研究明晰了不同茶类及其加工副产物的化学成分含量,可为茶叶加工副产物的进一步研究和开发利用提供基础。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.