单晶硅小金字塔绒面及其对太阳电池性能的影响

研究了TMAH(四甲基氢氧化铵)和NaOH腐蚀液在制作单晶硅片小绒面中的应用,制作出平均尺寸小于2μm的金字塔绒面;比较了不同硅片预处理(酸减薄、碱减薄、原片)对金字塔绒面尺寸、均匀性、覆盖率以及反射率的影响以及电池的I-V性能,分析了不同绒面结构对接触电阻的影响;指出单晶硅小金字塔绒面是使用激光制备高效晶体硅太阳电池的关键.     

不同醇类对单晶硅绒面特性的影响

在单晶硅太阳电池的绒面制作过程中分别采用一元醇(乙醇、异丙醇)和二元醇(乙二醇、丙二醇)作为添加剂,比较它们对单晶硅绒面特性的影响.实验表明,一元醇可以降低化学反应速率,而二元醇可以加快反应速率,缩短制绒时间.二元醇相比一元醇具有更高的沸点,在制绒过程中挥发更少,可以减少药品的损耗.降低成本,然而二元醇的消泡效果比一元醇差,制绒时需要采用更大的初始浓度.扫描电子显微镜(sEM)结果表明,一元醇趋向于使绒面金字塔更均匀,而二元醇则容易导致绒面金字塔不均匀.反射谱的测试结果表明,采用二元醇作为添加剂进行制绒,相比一元醇,可以获得更低的硅片表面反射率.     

湿法腐蚀硅片并生长氧化锌纳米棒作为太阳能电池减反层研究

在硅基太阳能电池表面制备减反层可以有效降低硅表面的反射率, 提高吸收率, 从而提高硅基太阳能电池的光电转换效率。本研究利用四甲基氢氧化铵(Tetramethyl Ammonium Hydroxide TMAH)溶液对(100)单晶硅进行各向异性腐蚀, 在表面腐蚀出金字塔结构, 得到了最低为6%左右的反射率。然后采用水热法在该衬底生长氧化锌纳米棒, 得到了最低小于3%的反射率, 比单采用腐蚀或者ZnO纳米棒生长的硅表面的反射率更低。这种减反方法工艺简单、高效, 有望得到应用。     

不同腐蚀深度对多晶硅太阳能电池电性能的影响

研究了多晶硅片表面织构化对太阳能电池电性能的影响,通过调整工艺参数得到腐蚀深度分别为2.9μm、3.8μm、4.6μm的3批样品,采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)和光谱响应系统表征了表面形貌和反射率,分析了腐蚀深度与后续各制程的关系.对比了绒面反射率及电性能参数,确定了最佳的腐蚀深度.     

一种新型腐蚀剂——醋酸钠溶液对单晶硅太阳电池表面织构化的作用

对晶向为(100)的p型单晶硅片进行表面刻蚀,制作减反射绒面。选用了一种新型的腐蚀剂,即醋酸钠(CH3COONa)溶液,用来腐蚀单晶硅太阳电池。通过分别改变醋酸钠溶液的浓度、温度以及腐蚀时间对硅片表面进行腐蚀发现,经醋酸钠溶液腐蚀后在硅片表面形成腐蚀坑大小适中、分布均匀的绒面结构。在醋酸钠溶液的质量分数为20%、温度为95℃、时间为40min的条件下腐蚀单晶硅片,在波长为700～1000nm之间获得较低的平均表面反射率,且最佳平均反射率为12.14%。从实验结果和成本因素考虑,这种腐蚀剂的成本很低,不易污染环境且重复性好,有利于大规模工业化制绒。     

强碱弱酸盐溶液对单晶硅太阳能电池表面织构化的影响

对晶向为（100）的p型单晶硅片进行表面刻蚀,制作减反射绒面。本实验是在传统氢氧化钠-异丙醇混合液中分别加入不同浓度的醋酸钠溶液、硅酸钠溶液和碳酸钠溶液对单晶硅片进行刻蚀。实验发现：分别加入醋酸钠溶液、碳酸钠溶液并没有在降低表面反射率方面起到很大作用,而只有加入硅酸钠溶液降低了表面反射率,有利于形成较好的腐蚀绒面。因此...     

含IPA的TMAH溶液对湿法腐蚀硅倒金字塔阵列微观形貌演化的研究

采用含异丙醇（IPA）的TMAH溶液腐蚀经Si_3N_4掩膜形成10μm×10μm窗口的单晶硅片。在硅片表面得到了内壁光滑的倒金字塔V型口阵列.研究发现：与纯TMAH对硅的各向异性腐蚀特性相比,添加IPA使TMAH溶液对硅各个晶面的腐蚀速率减小,致使含IPA的TMAH溶液对硅的腐蚀速率和各向异性因子比在纯TMAH中要小...     

绒面AZO干法制备及性能研究

利用射频溅射方法,制得AZO透明导电膜,并用离子束刻蚀制备绒面,得到绒面AZO透明导电膜。比较刻蚀前后光电性能及表面形貌,发现透过率稍有下降,在可见光波段透过率在80%以上;电阻率略有上升,但仍保持在10-3?·cm数量级,最低为2.91×10-3?·cm;刻蚀后薄膜表面形貌变化较大,大多数薄膜表面呈现"坑状"结构,横向尺寸在0.5?1.0μm,开口角在120°左右,表面粗糙度从7.29nm上升到36.64nm。薄膜具有较好的表面微结构,在作太阳能电池前电极方面有较好的应用前景。     

核-壳结构粒子SiO_2@Bi_2O_3的制备及红外发射率研究

为了研究制备复合隐身粒子的方法,采用溶胶-凝胶法制备了核-壳结构SiO2@Bi2O3粒子.通过XRD、TEM及发射率测试仪对制备的材料的结构、形貌和性能进行了表征.XRD表明在700℃可以得到Bi2O3纯相;红外发射率测试表明,Bi2O3具有较低的红外发射率,在SiO2表面包覆Bi2O3后,在3～5μm和8～14μm两个测试波段都能降低SiO2的红外发射率.通过核-壳结构的形式,在较高发射率的样品表面涂覆红外发射率较低的样品,可以提高红外隐身效果.     

玻璃粉体系对MLCC用铜电极浆料性能的影响

多层陶瓷电容器(MLCC)在电子、通信、航天等领域应用广泛,MLCC铜端电极对MLCC的性能起到关键性作用.探究了玻璃粉体系对ML?CC铜端电极组织、性能的影响,分析了不同尺寸的玻璃体系对铜端电极的组织结构及耐酸性能的影响,研究表明:ZnO?B2 O3?SiO2体系制备的端电极烧结后在端电极与瓷体之间界面处形成较厚的过渡层,这有利于提高端电极在瓷体上的附着力,但端电极表面出现玻璃泡结构,不利于后续的电镀工艺.降低ZnO?B2O3?SiO2体系玻璃粉尺寸,烧结后界面处形成更厚的过渡层,但端电极表面出现了更多的玻璃泡.向D50为1.5μm的ZnO?B2 O3?SiO2玻璃粉制备的浆料内加入一定量的BaO?ZnO?B2 O3体系玻璃粉,烧结表面的玻璃泡结构经镀液腐蚀后消失,有利于镀层均匀附着在端电极上,从而更适合MLCC用铜端电极浆料的开发.     

Estimation of Parameters of Universal Distribution of Moments of Failure of Products

A method is proposed for estimating the parameters of a mixture of exponential and Weibull distributions for which the accuracy of preliminary estimates obtained by graphical analysis is refined in accordance with the criterion of maximum likelihood. The efficiency of the proposed method is supported by the results of statistical modeling.     

Evaluation of optical properties of highly scattering media by moments of distributions of times of flight of photons

A novel method for the determination of the optical properties of tissue from time-domain measurements is presented. The data analysis is based on the evaluation of the first moment and the second centralized moment, i.e., the mean time of flight and the variance of the measured distribution of times of flight (DTOF) of photons injected by short (picosecond) laser pulses. Analytical expressions are derived for calculation of absorption and of reduced scattering coefficients from these moments by application of diffusion theory for infinite and semi-infinite homogeneous media. The proposed method was tested on experimental data obtained with phantoms, and results for absorption and reduced scattering coefficients obtained by the proposed method are compared with those obtained by fitting of the same data with analytical solutions of the diffusion equation. Furthermore, the accuracy of the moment analysis was investigated for a range of integration limits of the DTOF. The moment analysis may serve as a comparatively fast method for evaluating optical properties with sufficient accuracy and can be used, e.g., for on-line monitoring of optical properties of biological tissue.     

Estimation of potentialities of methods of summation of direct measurement errors

Conventional methods for summation of direct measurement errors are considered. Conditions under which these methods provide consistent results are stated. It is proposed to utilize for characteristic of the total error, its interval estimator or the half-sum of the value obtained by adding up its arithmetic and geometric random errors.Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 4, pp. 10–12, April, 1995.     

空压机轴承箱蜗壳温度探头油封改造

由于空压机进气侧轴承箱蜗壳温度探头密封效果不好,使空压机及其后续管道受到油污染。后将温度探头的O形圈密封改为骨架油封,杜绝了轴承箱漏油问题。文章简介空压机的结构和技术参数,详细介绍了骨架油封的制作和优点。     

Characteristics of mechanical properties of materials in studies of conditions of attainment of marginal states

It is shown that conditions of attainment of marginal states in the material of structural components are formulated on the basis of analysis of force and deformation criteria of formation and development of destruction. The parameters of these criteria are data on types of structural materials, standard and special characteristics of their mechanical properties, structural forms of considered elements of the equipment, and their operating stress loading. In this case, the construction of a system of state equations for describing interrelation of current damage, external actions, and responses to them is based on the concept of calculating variations in properties of materials at all stages of the design life cycle.     

Determination of parameters of microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by the method of modeling

The article suggests a method of evaluating the microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by modeling. The method includes the measurement of deformations of metal according to meshes of a dividing grid with small base and the calculation of the distribution parameters of microdeformations in model representation. It is shown that the modeling method makes it possible objectively to evaluate the microinhomogeneity of deformation of metals independently of the chosen mesh size of the dividing grid. New structural characteristics are introduced: the base and wave of variation expressing the degree of crumbling or amalgamation of metal grains by inhomogeneity of deformation.Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 7, pp. 40–44, July, 1991.     

Analysis of the rate of propagation of the wave of change of boiling modes

An approximate analytical expression is derived for the velocity of the front of the wave of change of boiling modes on a rod and on a plate. The impact of the Thomson effect and of the heater orientation in the gravity field is included. Adequate agreement is demonstrated between the derived relations and experimental data.     

水三相点复现的不确定度评定

水三相点是开尔文热力学温度的唯一基准点，也是ITS-90国际温标重要的定义固定点。因此，水三相点不确定度分析对整个温标的建立、温度量值传递起着至关重要的作用。近3年来，中国计量科学研究院研制出一系列高质量的水三相点容器，加强了水三相点的研究，为不确定度的分析提供了更为可靠的实验依据。同时，不确定度的分析也是客观评价新研制容器性能的一个重要指标。因此，根据实验结果对新研制容器所复现的水三相点进行了不确定度评定。评定结果表明，其扩展不确定度为0．16mK(k=2．69，P=0．99)。