食品塑料袋中DEHP气相色谱检测方法的建立

DEHP是塑料中常用的增塑剂之一,直接与内装高脂食品接触时,能够从塑料中迁移到内装食品中,造成内装食品的污染。DEHP对人体系统有不良影响,具有致畸、致癌的作用。本实验对各种材质(PVC、PE、PP、PS等)的食品塑料袋中DEHP的测定进行了较为系统的研究,采用气相色谱法,FID检测器,对DEHP进行测定。本方法检出限为3.38×10-3mg/kg,加标回收率为90.7%～105.1%,能够满足各种材质食品塑料袋中低浓度至高浓度DEHP含量测定的需要。     

邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯的毒理学研究进展

邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯(DiBP)是应用于塑料工业的主要增塑荆和软化剂,该物质可以通过食品包装材料直接迁移到食品中,也可通过含有该物质的塑料制品迁移到环境中,从而对空气、水、土壤和食品造成污染.DiBP通过呼吸、饮食和皮肤接触进入人体后会对人体健康造成危害.本文对该物质的国内外毒理学资料进行综述,为今后对该物质的毒理学研究提供参考.     

食品塑料包装材料中DEHP的风险评估

邻苯二甲酸二（2-乙基己基）酯（DEHP）是一种常用的增塑剂,广泛应用于塑料的生产中,用以改善塑料的柔韧性、曲挠性和拉伸性。但多项研究表明,DEHP是一类环境雌激素,具有生殖毒性、发育毒性和致癌作用,食品在与含有DEHP的包装材料或容器接触时, DEHP单体会迁移溶入到食品当中,从而污染食品,危害人类身体健康。近年来,国内外发生了多起因DEHP导致的食品安全事件,引起了消费者的恐慌,DEHP的危害也受到了全社会的广泛关注。     

典型食源性内分泌干扰物的毒性效应研究进展

食品中内分泌干扰物(EDCs)已成为影响食品安全的一类重要风险因素。特别是随着食品包装市场的不断发展,食品接触材料(FCM)中含有的增塑剂或表面活性剂等EDCs迁移到食品中,使得食源性EDCs的暴露情况更为复杂,明确食源性EDCs的毒性效应对于保护食品安全具有重要意义。本文从流行病学、模式生物、替代毒理和计算毒理等4个方面,结合代谢组学、转录组学和分子生物学等技术,系统整理并分析食源性EDCs毒性效应的研究现状,讨论不同毒性效应评价技术的应用状况、优缺点及相互联系,提出不同评价方法与技术的应用前景,旨在为食源性EDCs毒性效应研究提供有价值的信息。     

PVC薄膜中邻苯二甲酸二乙基己酯对食品迁移的研究

邻苯二甲酸二乙基己酯(DEHP)作为增塑剂能改进聚合物的性能,特别是聚氯乙烯(PVC)一般添加该物质来生产薄膜。DEHP有害身体健康。当包装材料接触到食品时候,DEHP会通过迁移污染被包装物。研究了PVC塑料膜中增塑剂DEHP迁移到几种溶液。PVC塑料膜分别浸入100%正己烷、100%大豆色拉油、20%乙醇、10%食盐水、4%醋酸、蒸馏水中,在常温(25℃)下放2h、1d、2d、3d、4d、5d,溶液中DEHP浓度用高效液相检测。PVC薄膜分别浸入到100%正己烷、100%大豆在25、4、-18℃下放置1、2、3、4、5d。小包子蒸熟后马上用PVC塑料膜包装常温放置。猪肉用PVC塑料膜包装贮藏于4℃。西兰花和绿豆发芽后种植1周,通过覆盖地膜研究PVC塑料膜中DEHP迁移到植株中。研究结果显示:PVC塑料膜中DEHP最大迁移的溶液是100%正己烷,100%大豆色拉油、20%乙醇溶液中的迁移量也比较大,10%食盐水、4%醋酸、蒸馏水溶液中迁移量很少;DEHP对100%正己烷和100%大豆色拉油的迁移都是随温度上升而增加。PVC塑料膜中DEHP在30min内迁移到热的小包子已经很多。用PVC塑料膜包装猪肉在4℃下,...     

基于机器学习算法的食品污染物神经毒性预测模型建立

基于机器学习算法建立分类预测模型,研究常见食品中化学性污染物的理化结构与其神经毒性间关联。通过查阅文献建立化合物数据库,纳入包含影响神经分化成熟、影响神经元迁移/空间定向等各类神经毒性机制化合物57种,无神经毒性化合物50种。运用R、SPSS软件,使用随机森林（Random Forests,RF）、类神经网络（Artificial Neural Network,ANN）、支持向量机（Support Vector Machine,SVM）等机器学习算法筛选分子描述符并构建分类模型,预测化合物神经毒性。结果显示随机森林算法模型综合表现最佳,十折交叉验证准确率70.24%,训练集、测试集预测准确率分别达95.51%和83.33%,曲线下面积分别达0.99和0.85,是个较为理想的算法。本研究基于机器学习算法建立的分类模型可通过化合物的分子描述符准确预测化合物的神经毒性。在多种机器学习算法中,基于随机森林算法建立的预测模型表现最优。分子描述符重要性结果显示,化合物神经毒性主要与其质量加权Burden矩阵最大特征值有关。     

食品中丙烯酰胺的控制措施研究进展

该文阐述了食品中丙烯酰胺的毒性与控制方法。在食品加工过程中可以通过控制温度、加热时间、添加相关抑制剂等方法对丙烯酰胺加以控制。食物在油炸、烘焙等高温条件下容易产生丙烯酰胺,主要产生途径是美拉德反应,因此,食用薯条、面包等油炸、焙烤食品会摄入丙烯酰胺。丙烯酰胺具有神经毒性、生殖毒性、基因毒性、致癌性等,需要选择合适的方法控制其产生。     

体外生物测定法在食品接触材料安全性评价中的应用研究进展

体外生物测定法是利用酵母、细菌、细胞等进行的生物体外短期毒性实验,可以有效针对生物体某一特异性效应,评价测试物的危害性以及探索其毒性作用机制。由于体外生物测定法可以提供食品接触材料迁移物（混合物）整体实际危害的综合信息,因此,近年来被越来越多地应用于食品接触材料的危害评估,尤其集中在细胞毒性、遗传毒性和内分泌干扰这3 类毒理学终点。本文重点综述了这3 类体外生物测定方法的基本原理,以及近20年来其在食品接触材料提取物危害评价中的应用研究进展,以期为今后食品接触材料生物学安全性评价的相关研究提供理论参考。     

邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯分析方法研究进展

邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP)是一种应用较广泛的邻苯二甲酸酯(PAEs)类合成有机物,主要用作增塑剂来提高塑料树脂的机械性能、柔韧性。近年来,由于在全球范围内的广泛使用,由于其在环境中的普遍存在,以及内分泌干扰毒性,DEHP受到了人们越来越多的关注。介绍了环境中DEHP分析方法的研究进展,对DEHP的样品的预处理方法和检测技术作了综述。     

食品包装中增塑剂DEHP的迁移风险分析

模拟日常使用的情况设计试验条件,研究食品包装材料中邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己)酯(DEHP)迁移到食品中的风险规律。试验结果表明:DEHP增塑剂的迁出量随着迁移时间的增加而增加,180min以后迁出量趋于稳定;40℃下迁移出的增塑剂的量比4℃和20℃下大大增加;与橄榄油相比,正己烷是一种较苛刻的迁移模拟物,同等条件下迁入正己烷中的增塑剂要比迁入橄榄油中的多;迁移过程的振荡也会大大提高迁移效率。     

纸包装油墨中增塑剂向奶粉的迁移

纸包装油墨中含有有毒有害物质并可通过包装材料迁移进入内装食品从而危害人体健康。模拟实际印刷条件制作真实油墨迁移单元,研究纸张胶印油墨中4种主要增塑剂（3种邻苯二甲酸酯类增塑剂和近年流行的环保增塑剂乙酰基柠檬酸三丁酯）向奶粉的迁移,考察其在100、70、50、25 ℃的迁移行为,探讨增塑剂的性质及其在纸张中的分布等因素对迁移行为的影响。结果表明：4种增塑剂的最大迁移率在6.7%～67.8%之间。纸包装油墨中增塑剂的迁移防护性能还有待提高。     

Contents of plasticizers in cap-sealing for bottled food and their migration into food

Plasticizers in cap-sealing for bottled foods were analyzed. Twenty-three domestic samples and 80 imported samples, a total of 103 samples, were tested. Among them, 93 contained chloride, and 62 contained di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), diisodecyl phthalate, O-acetyl tributyl citrate, diacetyllauroyl glycerol, di(2-ethylhexyl) adipate, diisononyl phthalate or dicyclohexyl phthalate. Twelve samples with DEHP-containing caps were further tested for plasticizer levels in the foods. Higher DEHP was detected in oily and fluid food specimens. However, the intake of plasticizers calculated based on usual food consumption did not exceed the tolerable daily intake level in any of the cases. A food sample containing the highest level of DEHP was stored under various conditions, and DEHP that migrated from the cap-sealing into the food was determined. Shaking the bottles increased migration of DEHP into foods.     

毒理学关注阈值方法的建立及其在食品接触材料评估中的应用

目的以邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP)为模式化学物,建立可用于食品接触材料的毒理学关注阈值(TTC)风险评估方法。方法建立基于Cramer结构分类的TTC决策树方法;利用Cramer结构分类流程和Toxtree软件对DEHP进行Cramer结构分类;利用2002年中国居民营养与健康状况调查数据和部分食物中DEHP的监测数据,估计我国不同年龄组人群通过饮料、植物油、发酵乳、方便面、果冻、果酱的DEHP暴露量,并按照TTC决策树方法对DEHP进行风险评估;同时,采用传统的风险评估方法进行验证。结果 DEHP属于Cramer I类结构,其对应的TTC阈值为30μg/kg BW。我国居民的DEHP最大暴露量为4.06μg/kg BW,4个年龄组的最大暴露量为11.10μg/kg BW,分别占DEHP TTC阈值的13.5%和37.0%。按照DEHP的健康指导值———每日耐受摄入量(TDI)(50μg/kg BW)计算,全人群和4个年龄组的最大暴露量分别占TDI的8.1%和22.2%,两种方法的风险评估结果基本一致。结论 TTC决策树方法是一种有效的风险评估工具,可用于食品接触材料的优先筛选和初步评估。我国居民膳食DEHP的健康风险较低,不需要引起健康关注。     

Occurrence of phthalates in different food matrices: A systematic review of the main sources of contamination and potential risks

This systematic review aimed to investigate the occurrence of phthalates (phthalic acid esters [PAEs]) in different food matrices, as well as report the main sources of PAEs in food, the potential risks to the population, and the factors that influence its migration from food contact materials (FCMs) to food. Nineteen PAEs were identified, including di-(2-ehtylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), dibutyl-phthalate (DBP), benzylbutyl phthalate (BBP), diisononyl phthalate (DINP), and diisodecyl phthalate (DIDP) in fruits and vegetables, milk and dairy products, cereals, meat, fish, fat and oils, snacks, condiments and sauces, miscellaneous, and baby food. Fifty-seven values of PAEs were above the legal limits of countries. DEHP is the PAE with the highest incidence, with maximum concentrations above the specific migration limit (SML) for milk and dairy products, oils and fats, fish, cereals, condiments and sauces, meat, and fruits and vegetables. The risk of exceeding the tolerable daily intake (TDI) was high for DEHP and DBP in fish, fat and oils, cereals, and milk and dairy products for children and adults. Fat and oils are the most critical food for DEHP, DBP, BBP, and DINP. Comparing the estimated daily intake (EDI) with the TDI, there was a risk for “milk and dairy products” in adults and for “cereal and cereal products” in children concerning DEHP. “Cereal and cereal products” presented a risk in children and adults concerning DBP. The “fat and oils” category presented a risk in children and adults about DBP and DINP. Temperature, contact time between food and the FCM, fat percent, and acidity positively correlate with the PAE's migration. The contamination occurs in many steps of the production chain.     

基于尿苷二磷酸葡萄糖醛酸转移酶1解毒通路探讨枸杞汁对邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯代谢的干预作用

目的:通过大鼠毒性干预实验观察枸杞汁对邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯(di-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate,DEHP)染毒大鼠肝脏中尿苷二磷酸葡萄糖醛酸转移酶1(uridine diphosphate glucuronosyltransferase 1,UGT1)活性及代谢解毒的影响,探讨枸杞汁对DEHP代谢的干预效果。方法:60只雄性大鼠随机分为对照组、DEHP组和枸杞汁干预组,每组20只,DEHP组和干预组在DEHP一次染毒(3 000 mg/kg mb)后连续7 d分别灌胃生理盐水和枸杞汁,对照组则给予同等体积的芝麻油或生理盐水,期间每天收集大鼠24 h尿液。在染毒1、3、5、7 d后各组分别随机处死5只。采用试剂盒检测肝脏UGT1的活力,高效液相色谱法检测血清中的邻苯二甲酸单(2-乙基己基)酯(mono-(2-ethylhexyl)phthalate,MEHP)以及尿液MEHP和邻苯二甲酸(phthalic acid,PA)含量。结果:枸杞汁干预组大鼠第5天UGT1活性显著高于DEHP组和对照组(P0.05),且相对于DEHP组血清中MEHP含量减少而尿液中MEHP和PA含量增加。结论:枸杞汁可能通过提高UGT1活力促进了DEHP的代谢与排泄,发挥了解毒效应,将来可能作为一种预防或对抗邻苯二甲酸酯类物质或其他有毒化学物潜在危害的保健药材或功能食品用于人群的健康防护。     

Migration of di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate from polyvinyl chloride tubes used in preparation of foods

Three samples of polyvinyl chloride products for food use were examined for di(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) migration levels under the conditions described in the Japanese Food Sanitation Law. These samples were two kinds of tubes and one stretched film, containing 12 to 41% DEHP by weight. DEHP migration levels from them were very low, all below 0.1 ppm, into 3 kinds of food simulant; water, 4% acetic acid and 20% ethanol. However, high levels of DEHP migrated into n-heptane, 12 ppm from the stretched film sample and more than 800 ppm from the tube samples. Migration from the 2 tubes was higher than 150 ppm, the limit of residues after evaporation in containers and wraps. Though the limit of residues after evaporation is not set for equipment used in the preparation of foods, the tested tubes were considered to be unsuitable for uses in which they come into direct contact with oils, fats or oily foods.     

固相萃取- 气相色谱法测定食品包装材料中邻苯二甲酸酯类物质

建立采用固相萃取-气相色谱法同时分析检测邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)、邻苯二甲酸二环己酯(DCHP)、邻苯二甲酸丁基苄基酯(BBP)和邻苯二甲酸二-2-乙基己酯(DEHP)4种邻苯二甲酸酯类物质的方法。研究塑料包装材料中邻苯二甲酸酯类在水、65%乙醇、4%乙酸、正己烷4种模拟液中的溶出及利用固相萃取技术对浸出液进行富集的情况,考察气相色谱操作条件对4种邻苯二甲酸酯类物质分离的影响。结果表明,该方法具有良好的线性相关性,线性相关系数在0.9986～0.9994之间;回收率在80.63%～95.50%之间;DBP、BBP、DCHP和DEHP的检测限分别是0.050、0.010、0.055μg/mL和0.012μg/mL。该方法样品预处理简便,测定方法灵敏、可靠,可用于食品包装材料中邻苯二甲酸酯类的监测。     

Human Risk Assessment of Endocrine‐Disrupting Chemicals Derived from Plastic Food Containers

Abstract: In the manufacture of plastic containers, various materials such as additives (for example, plasticizers, stabilizers, antioxidants), polymers (for example, polystyrene [PS], polycarbonate [PC], polyvinyl chloride [PVC]) are widely used. Endocrine disrupting chemicals [EDCs] can migrate as residual monomers (for example, styrene for PS or bisphenol A [BPA] for PC) presented in polymers, as additives (for example, phthalates for PVC) used in polymer manufacturing, and/or as contaminants from the polymers depending on physicochemical conditions such as temperature, UV light, pH, microwave, and mechanical stress. Some phthalates (for example, DEHP, DBP), styrene, or bisphenol have been suspected to have endocrine disrupting effects, but human toxicological effects of these compounds are very controversial. For these reasons, a comprehensive review on toxicological and risk assessment studies for these chemicals (phthalates, BPA, and styrene) was carried out to evaluate their safety in humans. On the basis of exposure estimates for the these chemicals and reference doses (RfDs), we calculated hazard index (HI = chronic daily intake/tolerable daily intake [TDI] or RfD). A HI of less than 1 suggests an exposure lower than the safety limit of the chemicals. We showed that the HI values of these chemicals were lower then 1, but there are one or several exceptions for di(2‐ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), dibutyl phthalate (DBP), di‐isodecyl phthalate (DIDP), and di‐n‐octyl phthalate (DnOP; for example, exposure via infant formula, packaged lunch, total exposure), where estimated their HI values are higher than 1, which suggests an exposure higher than the safety limits of the chemicals. However, the HI of BPA was 0.001–0.26 (3.57–1000 times lower than its safety limit), and the HI for styrene was 0.276 (3.62 times lower than its safety limit). In this article, we focused on recent issues concerning the endocrine‐disrupting chemicals (EDCs) derived from plastic food containers or packaging. This review suggests that the use of plastic food containers might not exceed human safe limits n general with respect to endocrine disruptors aside from the exceptions of the phthalates mentioned earlier.