发芽对花生中白藜芦醇等主要脂溶性营养物质和黄曲霉毒素 B1的影响研究

以粤油 13 号花生为原料进行 25 ℃避光发芽 7 d 实验,探究白藜芦醇（苷）、生育酚、植物甾醇和多酚等主要脂溶性营养物质的变化规律,结合脂肪含量及脂肪酸组成评价油脂营养的变化。结果表明,发芽能显著提高花生中白藜芦醇（苷）、生育酚、植物甾醇及多酚的总量（plt;0.05）,分别为未发芽花生的 4.71、3.25、2.27、2.74 倍,强化了花生的营养价值。其中,白藜芦醇、白藜芦醇苷、α-生育酚、δ-生育酚、β-谷甾醇及豆甾醇最高能达到未发芽花生的 5.94、2.96、5.98、8.64、1.96、2.80 倍。虽然花生发芽过程中脂肪含量显著下降 21.39%,但含油量仍符合油料要求,且脂肪酸组成变化不大,能保持花生油脂的质量。同时,本文对发芽过程中花生的黄曲霉毒素 B1含量进行监测,结果均未检出（方法检出限为 1 μg/kg）,符合安全标准,为花生芽的食用开发提供理论支持。     

精炼工艺对椰子油品质的影响

研究了精炼工艺对椰子油品质的影响。分析了毛椰油、碱炼油、脱色油、脱臭油的理化指标、脂肪酸、甘油酯组成和脂肪伴随物(甾醇、生育酚、多酚)的变化情况。结果表明:精炼工艺使椰子油的酸值、过氧化值显著降低,脂肪酸和甘油酯组成无显著变化;总甾醇、总生育酚和多酚含量显著降低,损失率分别为63.77%、68.03%、71.20%。综上表明,精炼能够显著影响油脂品质,需注重油脂适度加工技术的应用。     

玉米油中主要营养因子在精炼与储存过程中的变化

分析了国内主要市售品牌玉米油中主要营养因子的含量,探讨了精炼工艺和储藏时间对玉米油中主要营养因子的影响。结果显示:不同品牌市售玉米油中脂肪酸含量差别较小,而生育酚和植物甾醇含量差别较大,其中生育酚含量范围为56.2~98.3 mg/100 g,植物甾醇含量范围为105.8~216.4 mg/100 g;精炼工艺脱臭对玉米油中亚油酸、α-亚麻酸、生育酚和植物甾醇含量有显著降低的效果(P0.05),脱皂能显著降低植物甾醇含量(P0.05),其他工艺均无显著影响(P0.05);精炼后常温储藏6个月后的玉米油中除油酸含量显著降低外,其他脂肪酸含量无显著变化(P0.05),生育酚和植物甾醇含量均显著减少(P0.05);复配添加维生素E和迷迭香提取物对玉米油的氧化稳定性具有显著的提升作用(P0.05)。     

超临界CO2法萃取树莓籽油的成分分析

采用超临界CO_2技术萃取树莓籽油,利用GC法测定脂肪酸组成,GC-MS联用法测定甾醇组成,HPLC测定生育酚含量,紫外可见分光光度计测定多酚含量。结果表明:超临界CO_2萃取树莓籽油的平均出油率为17.90%±0.3%;共检测到10种脂肪酸,其中亚油酸相对含量(57.44%)最高,其次是α-亚麻酸(26.58%)、油酸(11.94%)和棕榈酸(2.10%);脂肪伴随物中,共检测出7种甾醇,总甾醇含量为861.85 mg/100 g;γ-生育酚、α-生育酚和δ-生育酚含量分别达到799.248、602.996 mg/kg及13.371 mg/kg;多酚平均含量为(341.19±8.94)mg GAE/kg。此研究为树莓籽油及其他蔷薇科植物油的进一步开发利用奠定了基础。     

发芽对不同品种花生营养成分和生物活性成分的影响

本论文研究了5个品种(鲁花1号、鲁花11号、花育20号、青兰1号、青兰8号)花生发芽5 d过程中营养成分和生物活性成分的变化。结果表明,发芽花生可食部位生物重量随发芽时间的延长而增加,蛋白质含量随发芽时间的延长有所降低,脂肪含量在发芽过程中先略增加后显著降低(p 0.05),可溶性糖含量先略降低后显著增加(p 0.05);氨基酸、小肽和γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)含量均随发芽时间的延长不断增加,其中发芽5 d时,5个品种花生的GABA含量分别比发芽前提高14.99倍、11.77倍、8.34倍、8.61倍和7.97倍;不同花生品种间白藜芦醇含量差异较大,均随发芽时间延长大幅增加,发芽5 d后分别比发芽前提高32.58倍、11.49倍、9.72倍、5.68倍和7.40倍;生育酚的含量呈先增后降趋势,变化幅度因品种而异;总酚含量先稍下降后显著增加,5个品种花生发芽5 d后分别比发芽前提高41.03%、30.61%、128.90%、47.37%、16.44%。这些结果表明,发芽处理是提高花生营养价值和生物活性的有效途径。     

香榧果实生长后期油脂及脂溶性活性物质的动态变化规律北大核心CSCD

为探究香榧果实生长后期油脂及脂溶性活性物质的动态变化规律,以20年生香榧为研究对象,分析测定了香榧果实生长后期种仁中油脂含量、香榧籽油中脂肪酸组成及脂溶性活性物质(角鲨烯、菜油甾醇、豆甾醇、β-谷甾醇、α-生育酚、β-生育酚)的动态变化规律,构建了香榧果实生长后期香榧籽油中脂溶性活性物质的动态积累模型。结果表明:在香榧果实生长后期种仁中油脂含量由(35.65±0.02)%增长为(54.50±0.01)%,脂肪酸组成比例变化显著,其中油酸增幅最大;角鲨烯和植物甾醇含量呈下降趋势,生育酚呈增长趋势,完熟前变化趋势均变缓;香榧果实生长过程中香榧籽油中角鲨烯、豆甾醇、β-谷甾醇含量的动态积累模型符合倒数函数方程,菜油甾醇及生育酚含量的动态积累模型符合多项式函数方程。综上,香榧果实生长后期,种仁中油脂含量增加,脂溶性活性成分均处于动态变化中。     

不同生长期花生芽中主要营养成分变化

对发芽至不同时期的花生芽中营养成分含量的变化进行了研究.结果表明,发芽后花生籽仁中的主要营养成分及其含量发生了不同程度的变化:生长5d的花生芽中蛋白质、游离氨基酸和Vc含量分别为48.75％干重(DW)、0.59％ DW和21.53mg· 100g 1鲜重(FW),显著高于未发芽时的含量(p＜0.05),其中V c含量与发芽时间显著正相关(p＜0.05);脂肪含量为27.25％ DW,显著低于未发芽时的含量(p＜0.05);脂肪酸组成中亚油酸、亚麻酸所占比例较未发芽时降低,油酸比例增加:氨基酸组成中总必需氨基酸含量略有降低,但是总必需氨基酸与总氨基酸的比值基本没变;单糖组成中半乳糖醛酸含量、葡萄糖含量和阿拉伯糖含量显著增加(p＜0.05).     

我国10种铁核桃油的组成特性和氧化稳定性

选取我国新疆、云南和西藏三大主要产区的10种代表性铁核桃样品,制备铁核桃油,测定了铁核桃油的脂肪酸组成,总酚、生育酚、植物甾醇含量及氧化稳定性,采用化学计量学的方法对铁核桃油的组成特性进行分析。结果表明:我国铁核桃油的脂肪酸主要为亚油酸(54.84%~66.97%),油酸(15.88%~26.04%),亚麻酸(6.82%~12.25%)和棕榈酸(5.12%~7.62%)。微量伴随物生育酚含量176.89~832.86 mg/kg、植物甾醇含量530.96~1 095.47 mg/kg、总酚含量1.42~15.84 mg/kg,氧化稳定性指数(OSI)为0.55~3.39 h。基于回归分析发现,影响铁核桃油氧化稳定性的主要组成物质是亚油酸、亚麻酸、γ-生育酚和总酚。     

制备工艺对番茄籽油品质的影响

本研究通过冷榨、热榨、溶剂浸出和超声辅助浸出考察了4种不同工艺对番茄籽油的理化性质、脂肪酸组成、有益脂质伴随物含量及挥发性成分变化规律的影响.结果表明:不同工艺处理番茄籽油的脂肪酸、生育酚、植物甾醇含量存在显著差异(P<0.05),其中热榨处理的番茄籽油中总酚含量最高(88.43?mg/kg),而超声辅助浸出油中生育酚...     

花生籽粒发芽过程中脂肪代谢的变化

为探究花生籽粒在萌发过程中脂肪代谢的规律,对花育30号花生籽粒在黑暗条件下30℃恒温发芽72 h,每隔12 h取样,分析其粗脂肪含量、脂肪酸组成、脂肪酶活力、脂氧合酶(lipoxygenase,LOX)和过氧化物酶(peroxidase,POD)活力、过氧化物值(peroxide value,POV)、羰基价(carbonyl group value,CGV)。结果表明:花生籽粒中脂肪酸主要有棕榈酸、硬脂酸、油酸、亚油酸、花生酸、花生烯酸、山芥酸和木蜡酸。与未发芽花生籽粒相比,花生籽粒在发芽过程中粗脂肪含量显著降低(P0.05);饱和脂肪酸总量在发芽36 h后显著下降(P0.05),其中棕榈酸含量先降低后无显著变化,硬脂酸含量显著下降(P0.05),木蜡酸含量显著上升(P0.05);不饱和脂肪酸含量在籽粒发芽过程中先降低后显著上升(P0.05),其中油酸和花生酸含量显著上升(P0.05),亚油酸含量显著降低(P0.05)。花生籽粒脂肪酶活力在发芽过程中先显著上升后显著下降;LOX活力在36 h达到最大值,48 h后活力显著下降;POD活力在发芽48 h达到最大值,此后变化不显著。POV和CGV在发芽过程中均呈现先显著上升,60 h后显著下降趋势(P0.05)。相关性分析表明,亚油酸含量的变化与棕榈酸、硬脂酸正相关,与油酸、山芥酸、木蜡酸负相关;油酸含量变化与花生烯酸、木蜡酸正相关,与棕榈酸、硬脂酸、亚油酸、花生酸负相关;粗脂肪含量变化与脂肪酶活性、POV、CGV、POD活性负相关,而脂肪酶活性与POV、CGV、POD活性正相关。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.