大米蛋白与阿魏酸酶法交联物的乳化特性和抗氧化稳定性

研究漆酶(laccase,LAC)催化大米蛋白(rice protein,RP)与阿魏酸(ferulic acid,FA)交联产物的乳化特性和抗氧化稳定性。发现RP乳液在pH 5和pH 3条件下出现了明显的相分离,RP乳液在pH 7和pH 9条件下有部分聚集状态,说明RP在酸性范围的乳化稳定性远远小于碱性范围的乳化稳定性;RP/FA/LAC酶法交联物乳液在pH 5、7、9条件下的乳液粒径和乳析层指数都小于RP乳液;在pH 3条件下乳液粒径和乳析层指数大于RP乳液;RP乳液中的氢过氧化物含量(11.12 mmol/kg)、硫代巴比妥酸反应产物(thiobarbituric acid reactive substances,TBARS)含量(0.73 mmol/kg)和己醛含量(0.986 mg/L)明显高于RP/FA/LAC酶法交联物乳液中氢过氧化物含量(3.59 mmol/kg)、TBARS含量(0.23 mmol/kg)和己醛含量(0.191 mg/L),表明RP/FA/LAC酶法交联物具有更好的抗氧化稳定性。研究结果显示LAC催化FA与RP形成的交联物在含有乳化体系等食品加工中具有潜在应用价值。     

阿魏酸及其烷基酯在水包油乳液中抗氧化效率的假相模型解释

阿魏酸(FA)分别与乙醇、正丁醇、正辛醇和正十二醇进行直接酯化得到了4种FA烷基酯。用DPPH(1,1-二苯基-2-苦肼基自由基)法和史卡尔(Schaal)烘箱试验法分别测定了FA及其烷基酯在均相甲醇溶液和油水体积比为28的水包菜籽油乳液中的抗氧化效率。结果发现:FA在甲醇溶液中的抗氧化效率最高,其DPPH自由基清除能力为0.967mmol Trolox/mol。FA辛酯在乳液中的抗氧化效率最高,在乳化剂体积分数为1.0%下,添加了FA辛酯的乳液的共轭二烯值达到1所用的时间和p-茴香胺值达到6所用的时间分别为51,40d。用假相动力学模型测定了FA及其烷基酯在乳液界面的质量分数,结果表明,FA辛酯在乳液中的抗氧化效率最高是由于其在乳液界面的质量分数最高的缘故。     

荞麦清蛋白水解物理化性质及抗氧化性研究

本试验研究了木瓜蛋白酶作用下,不同酶解时间对荞麦清蛋白物化及抗氧化能力的影响,包括了对酶解产物多酚含量、表面疏水性的测定以及DPPH自由基清除能力和羟自由基清除能力。结果表明,酶解做用后,荞麦清蛋白的多酚含量及表面疏水性有很大程度的改变,另外,荞麦清蛋白具有良好的抗氧化能力,其DPPH自由基和羟自由基清除能力在蛋白浓度为1 mg/mL时分别可达到为60%及80%,接近抗氧化剂2,6-二叔丁基对苯酚(BHT)的抗氧化能力,而酶解产物的抗氧化能力有所降低。     

阿魏酸/α-环糊精包合物的稳定性及抗氧化、清除自由基能力研究

目的:研究阿魏酸/α-环糊精包合物的稳定性及抗氧化、清除自由基能力。方法:采用紫外分光光度法,以FA含量为指标,研究包合物在强光、高温、高湿条件下的稳定性。通过测定·OH及O2-·抑制率及猪油过氧化值(POV)与酸价(AV),研究包合物清除自由基及抗氧化能力。结果:FA/α-CD包合物对FA具有缓释作用;且热稳定、湿稳定和光稳定性均显著高于自由FA(P0.05)。FA/α-CD包合物对·OH及O2-·的抑制作用低于自由FA(P0.05);但具有更耐久的抗氧化作用(P0.01)。结论:FA/α-CD包合物形成后稳定性显著增强,清除自由基效果有所减弱,但抗氧化作用更持久。     

过氧自由基氧化对大米蛋白结构的影响

采用不同浓度2,2’-盐酸脒基丙烷(AAPH)在有氧条件下热分解产生的过氧自由基代表脂质氧化过程中的脂质自由基,研究过氧自由基氧化对大米蛋白结构的影响。结果表明,当AAPH浓度从0增加至25 mmol/L,大米蛋白羰基和二硫键含量分别由3.77和13.88 nmol/mg增加至7.26和15.73 nmol/mg,游离巯基由7.32 nmol/mg下降至1.97 nmol/mg,表明过氧自由基诱使大米蛋白发生了氧化;傅里叶红外分析表明蛋白质氧化导致大米蛋白α-螺旋和β-折叠含量下降,β-转角和无规卷曲含量上升。随着大米蛋白氧化程度的增加,大米蛋白粒径从126 nm增加到216 nm,表面疏水性从1053下降到568,内源荧光最大荧光峰位蓝移,内源荧光强度下降,并且在分子量分布图中高分子量聚集体含量逐渐增加。表明过氧自由基氧化修饰导致大米蛋白结构改变和形成氧化聚集体。     

丙二醛氧化对乳清蛋白结构及其抗氧化活性的影响研究

研究丙二醛(MDA)氧化对乳清蛋白羰基、巯基和二聚酪氨酸等氧化产物的影响,比较氧化前后乳清蛋白DPPH和ABTS自由基清除能力、脂质过氧化抑制能力及还原力,分析MDA对乳清蛋白体外抗氧化活性的影响,采用SDS-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳、红外光谱和圆二色谱等方法,研究MDA对乳清蛋白分子聚集状况及二级结构的影响。结果表明MDA对乳清蛋白的氧化程度与其浓度相关。300 mmol/L MDA氧化的乳清蛋白羰基含量较氧化前提高了3.2倍,总巯基含量较氧化前下降了34.18%。但二聚酪氨酸含量显著下降(P0.01),说明MDA作用下,乳清蛋白中酪氨酸残基未氧化生成二聚酪氨酸。MDA氧化提高了乳清蛋白的DPPH和ABTS自由基清除力2～2.2倍;但降低了其脂质过氧化抑制能力及还原力(P0.01)。高浓度MDA氧化乳清蛋白,导致β-乳球蛋白、α-乳白蛋白及BSA形成二聚体、三聚体及多聚体,同时促使乳清蛋白二级结构中无规则卷曲含量上升。说明MDA氧化改变了乳清蛋白空间结构及体外抗氧化活性。     

黑蚂蚁蛋白的酶解优化及抗氧化肽的超滤膜分离

本文研究了酶量、温度、pH和时间四个因素对黑蚂蚁蛋白的碱性酶法水解的影响。通过响应面设计,以各个抗氧化活性为指标,优化了超氧自由基清除率,DPPH自由基清除率,羟基自由基清除率,还原力和亚油酸自氧化抑制作用最强的酶解工艺条件。验证实验证实方程的准确率达95%以上。采用超滤膜及离子交换色谱对酶解产物进行了分离,发现5-10 kDa和1-3 kDa组分的抗氧化能力最强,碱性肽对超氧自由基清除能力、羟基自由基清除能力、亚油酸自氧化抑制作用贡献较大,酸性肽对DPPH自由基清除能力及还原力的贡献较大。     

蓼蓝中β-谷甾醇的提取及其抗氧化性研究

采用超声波法从蓼蓝中提取出β-谷甾醇并对其含量进行了测定,研究了β-谷甾醇清除超氧阴离子自由基和羟自由基的能力,并与几种常见抗氧化剂的清除能力进行了比较。研究了β-谷甾醇对猪油和芝麻油的抗氧化作用,以及与柠檬酸、VC等抗氧化剂混合之后对油脂的协同抗氧化效果。结果表明,蓼蓝中含有丰富的β-谷甾醇,其含量大约为0.893%。β-谷甾醇对羟自由基和超氧阴离子自由基具有较强的清除能力,清除效果优于苯甲酸和甘露醇,在高浓度条件下略低于VC。0.08%的β-谷甾醇对油脂氧化具有最好的抑制效果,且在与VC、柠檬酸合用时,具有协同增效作用。     

低温对凌枣采后抗氧化成分含量及能力的影响

以室温贮藏凌枣(Zizyphus jujube Mill.cv.Lingzao)为对照,比较研究了0℃与4℃低温对于凌枣抗氧化能力及其抗氧化活性成分含量的影响,并对凌枣DPPH自由基清除能力和β-胡萝卜素-亚油酸体系抗氧化活性系数与其总酚含量、总黄酮含量、原花青素含量、抗坏血酸含量之间的相关性进行了分析。结果表明:0℃与4℃低温均有利于减缓凌枣贮藏期间各类抗氧化成分含量及DPPH自由基清除能力的下降,但0℃贮藏凌枣在β-胡萝卜素-亚油酸体系中的抗氧化活性较低。相关分析结果显示:在实验所测定的凌枣各抗氧化成分含量指标中,抗坏血酸含量与其DPPH自由基清除能力的相关性最强(R=0.761),说明抗坏血酸是凌枣DPPH自由基清除能力的主要功效成分之一;而凌枣在β-胡萝卜素-亚油酸体系中的抗氧化活性与上述抗氧化成分含量间均无显著相关性。     

纤维素酶水解处理提高燕麦全粉中总多酚含量与抗氧化活性

采用Folin-酚法和高效液相色谱法考察了纤维素酶水解处理对燕麦粉中总多酚及多酚组分含量的影响,并利用2,2’-联氮双-（3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸）二铵盐（2,2’-azinobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid)diammonium salt,ABTS）自由基、1,1-二苯基-2-三硝基苯肼（1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl,DPPH）自由基清除能力、铁离子还原能力（ferric reducing antioxidant power,FRAP）和蛋白损伤修复等方法测定酶解前后提取液的体外抗氧化活性。结果表明：酶解处理以后可显著增加燕麦粉中总多酚含量,尤其是阿魏酸含量提高了11～24 倍;酶解处理后燕麦粉多酚提取物的ABTS＋·、DPPH自由基清除能力和FRAP值等体外抗氧化活性和蛋白氧化损伤修复能力得到显著增强。总体而言,纤维素酶水解处理能够有效提高燕麦粉中总多酚含量及其功能活性,主要原因可能是阿魏酸等酚酸物质含量的提高。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.