5种莲副产物中活性成分及其抗氧化、α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制活性比较

每年大量的莲叶、莲蓬壳、莲壳和莲衣因被丢弃而没有得到有效利用,因此,本研究旨在通过比较莲叶、 莲蓬壳、莲壳、莲衣和莲心提取物中主要活性成分的含量及其抗氧化和α-葡萄糖苷酶活性抑制能力,探讨其高值化 利用潜力。结果表明：莲蓬壳提取物中的总酚含量（232.50 mg GAE/g）和总三萜含量（423.75 mg OAE/g）最高, 而莲叶和莲衣提取物分别具有最高的总黄酮含量（41.48 mg QuE/g）和总缩合单宁含量（36.13 mg CaE/g）。同 时,莲蓬壳提取物具有最高的抗氧化和α-葡萄糖苷酶活性抑制能力,其1,1-二苯基-2-苦基肼自由基、2,2’-联氮基-双 （3-乙基苯并噻唑啉-6-磺酸）自由基清除能力和α-葡萄糖苷酶活性抑制能力分别为阳性对照的2.64、1.17、85 倍。 莲衣的抗氧化能力次之,莲叶、莲蓬壳、莲壳和莲衣的α-葡萄糖苷酶活性抑制能力均高于阿卡波糖。相关性分析显 示,多酚类和缩合单宁类化合物为莲副产物中主要的自由基清除剂和α-葡萄糖苷酶抑制剂,而黄酮类化合物对铁离 子还原能力的贡献最大。因此,莲蓬壳具有很好的抗氧化和抑制α-葡萄糖苷酶活性的能力,多酚、黄酮和缩合单宁 为其主要活性成分,具有进一步研究其体内降血糖、抗糖尿病及其并发症的价值。     

广式腊肠脂质降解与氧化的控制研究

通过对不同处理的广式腊肠在37℃贮藏条件下酸价、过氧化值、TBA值变化趋势的分析,研究了不同添加物对广武腊肠酸价抑制和抗氧化效果。结果表明,海藻酸钠对广式腊肠的酸价具有一定抑制效果,多数抗氧化剂对广式腊肠酸价几乎没有影响;真空包装和抗氧化剂可以明显的抑制广式腊肠脂质氧化,其中复配抗氧化剂、PG和TBHQ的抗氧化效果最佳,猪肉酶解液具有一定抗氧化性,其抗氧化能力与抗坏血酸棕榈酸酯相当。     

Antioxidative effect of extracts from red grape seed and peel on lipid oxidation in oils of sunflower

The antioxidative effect of red grape seed (RGS) and red grape peel (RGP) ethanolic extracts on primary and secondary lipid oxidation in sunflower and conjugated sunflower (SF/CSF) oils was evaluated. Lipid oxidation was analysed at 60 °C using three methods; conjugated diene (CD) measurements for primary oxidation product development, static headspace gas chromatography (SHGC), and proton transfer reaction-mass spectrometry (PTR-MS) to follow the formation of secondary lipid oxidation products (propanal, 1-penten-3-one, hexanal and octanal).The phenolic content (200 mg/kg) in extracts did not have any effect on the conjugated diene hydroperoxides. After 6 days, high antioxidative effect was found for the secondary oxidation products in CSF for peel extract followed by seed extract. The antioxidative activity for the peel extract was up to 41.2% for propanal measured by PTR as compared with 17.1% for seed extract. On the other hand, at 6 days the peel and seed extracts were shown to expect prooxidative effect on SF for the secondary oxidation products. It has been noticed that SF has high stability for lipid oxidation among all the mixtures tested using the three determination methods. Obviously, PTR-MS succeeded, as an accurate method, to measure the concentration as low as 10 μg/kg, and also to solve the solvent interference.     

水生蔬菜提取物的抗氧化活性分析及其对菜籽油的抗氧化作用

研究七种常见水生蔬菜不同部位提取物的抗氧化活性以及对油脂抗氧化的效果。采用ABTS自由基清除法、DPPH自由基清除法检测菱角、芡实、莲藕、水芋头、茭白、荸荠和慈姑不同部位的醇提物、水提物的抗氧化活性,烘箱法测定对菜籽油过氧化值的影响。在30种提取物中DPPH自由基清除能力较强的三种提取物IC50值分别为:芡实壳醇提物(0.03 mg/mL)芡实壳水提物(0.04mg/m L)=菱角壳醇提物(0.04mg/m L);ABTS自由基清除能力较强的三种提取物Trolox含量分别为芡实壳醇提物(1.42g/g)芡实壳水提物(1.41 g/g)菱角壳醇提物(1.15 g/g);添加0.1%浓度的五种提取物第7 d的POV值分别为23.86 meq/kg、24.06 meq/kg、23.53meq/kg、24.43 meq/kg、22.40 meq/kg,五种提取物的油脂抗氧化效果均不如0.1%浓度的BHA。30种水生蔬菜提取物中,芡实壳和菱角壳的醇提物、水提物DPPH自由基清除能力最强,芡实壳醇提物、水提物ABTS自由基清除能力最强;芡实壳水提物、芡实壳醇提物、菱角壳水提物、菱角壳醇提物以及藕节醇提物对菜籽油有一定抗氧化的效果,但效果弱于相同剂量的BHA。     

Radical scavenging activity and anti-obesity effects in 3T3-L1 preadipocyte differentiation of Ssuk (Artemisia princeps Pamp.) extract

Radical scavenging activity of ethanol extracts from ssuk (Artemisia princeps Pampan.) was determined by 2,2-diphenyl-1-pycryl-hydrazil (DPPH) and 2,2′-azinobis(3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) methods. Also, anti-obesity effects of ssuk extract were tested in vitro using 3T3-L1 preadipocyte cells. Total phenolic contents of ssuk extract were 42 μM tannic acid equivalent/mg and EC₅₀ of ssuk extract for scavenging DPPH and ABTS radicals were 2.02 and 1.03 mg/mL, respectively. Triacylglycerol content in 3T3-L1 preadipocyte cells treated with 25, 50, and 100 αg/mL ssuk extract decreased significantly by 63.3, 67.1, and 71.0%, respectively (p<0.05) compared to those in untreated cells. Also, ssuk extract induced the down-regulation of adipogenesis-related genes such as PPARγ, aP2, ACC, and GPDH. The ssuk extract possessed phenolic compounds with radical scavenging ability and had in vitro anti-obesity effects on 3T3-L1 preadipocyte cells. These results suggest that the extracts of ssuk may be used as obesity controlling food ingredients.     

Evaluation of the quality of lotus seed of Nelumbo nucifera Gaertn from outer space mutation

Lotus seeds from outer space mutation, named as No. 36 space lotus seed, have been used for 6 years in Jianou county, Fujian province, China and compared to the native counterpart. The proximate composition (ash, moisture, protein, lipid, alcohol extract, 100-seed weight, carbohydrate) and nutritional components (amino acids, vitamins B1, B2, B6, C, E, phospholipids) of No. 36 space lotus seed and native lotus seed embryos were compared. The results indicate that the profiles of proximate composition and nutritional components of No. 36 space lotus seed and native lotus seed embryos were similar; however, most chemical contents were significantly higher (P < 0.05) in the former. This result was also confirmed by the HPLC fingerprint. The quality of No. 36 space lotus seed was better than that of native lotus seed and the results support the use of this seed as a food and a herbal medicine product.     

Antioxidative effect of added dried Holy basil and its ethanolic extracts on susceptibility of cooked ground pork to lipid oxidation

Efficacy of varying concentrations of dried Holy basil powder and its ethanolic extracts in retarding oxidative rancidity was tested with cooked ground pork. The development of lipid oxidation products during 14 days refrigerated storage (5 °C) was evaluated by means of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances (TBARS) value, peroxide value (POV), conjugated diene and hexanal content. In the amounts studied, dried Holy basil powder and its ethanolic extract significantly (P < 0.05) inhibited the formation of TBARS, peroxide, conjugated dienes and hexanal in a dose-dependent manner. The oxidation process was significantly (P < 0.05) influenced by the type of antioxidant and its concentration. Addition of dried Holy basil powder to cooked ground pork was more effective in inhibiting lipid oxidation than its ethanolic extracts. Additionally, TBARS values and hexanal contents in cooked ground pork were highly correlated (r² = 0.95; P < 0.05) with each other.     

Antioxidative potential of cashew phenolics in food and biological model systems as affected by roasting

The effect of different roasting conditions on antioxidant capacity of phenolics of cashew nuts and their testa was evaluated using several food and biological model systems. Total phenolic content (TPC) of cashew extracts was determined and accelerated oxidative stability of stripped corn oil in the presence of cashew extracts evaluated. In addition, the antioxidant activity of the extracts was assessed in a β-carotene-linoleate and a cooked comminuted pork model system. Inhibition of oxidation of human low density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol and stand breaking of supercoiled deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) was also investigated. The TPC ranged from 5 to 791 mg gallic acid equivalents/g crude extract. In general, whole cashew nuts and testa extracts demonstrated stronger antioxidant activity than that of the cashew kernel. The inhibition percentage of LDL cholesterol oxidation, as evaluated by conjugated dines formation, of cashew kernels was higher than that of testa and was 69% at the end of 24 h incubation. Extracts of roasted cashew nut showed considerable antioxidative efficiency in model systems employed in this study, however, the effect was not significantly (P ? 0.05) different from that of their raw counterparts, except for the accelerated oxidative stability assay. The results suggest that whole cashew nut and testa extracts could be used as a potential source of natural antioxidants in certain food applications and for disease risk reduction.     

Scavenging effects of lotus seed extracts on reactive nitrogen species

The inhibitory effect of lotus (Nelumbo nicifera) seed extracts extracted with water (LSWE), ethyl acetate (LSEAE) and hexane (LSHE) on reactive nitrogen species, induced by DNA damage in macrophage RAW 264.7 cells, was investigated. The results showed that all extracts could inhibit nitric oxide accumulation in LPS-activated RAW 264.7 cells. The extracts in the range of 0.01–0.2 mg/ml showed a dose-dependent inhibitory effect on the accumulation of nitric oxide upon decomposition of sodium nitroprusside (SNP). The potency of inhibitory activity was in the order: LSEAE > LSWE > LSHE. The results of the comet assay indicated that the three extracts could inhibit DNA damage in macrophage RAW 264.7 cells induced by SNP. In addition, the three samples, at 0.2 mg/ml, showed 63%, 59%, and 38% inhibition of DNA damage in macrophage RAW 264.7 cells induced by peroxynitrite, respectively. All extracts tested were found to be potent peroxynitrite scavengers, capable of preventing the nitration of tyrosine. The data obtained suggest that lotus seed extracts might act as chemopreventers through reduction of excess amounts of nitric oxide.     

Antioxidative properties of onion peel extracts against lipid oxidation in raw ground pork

Onion peels extracted with various concentrations of ethanol were examined for their extraction yield, total phenolic content, DPPH scavenging activity, and reducing power. Onion peel extracted with 50% ethanol exhibited higher extraction yields, total phenolic content, and DPPH scavenging activity than extracts from distilled water, 70 or 95% ethanol. Thus, the antioxidative efficiency to inhibit lipid oxidation of ascorbic acid (0.05%) and 50% ethanol extract of onion peel (0.05, 0.1, and 0.2%) in raw ground pork was investigated during chilled storage (16 days). The pH of the samples decreased considerably during storage (p<0.05). Addition of ethanol onion peel extract significantly improved the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and peroxide values in raw ground pork meat (p<0.05). Therefore, onion peel extract by 50% ethanol is a very effective inhibitor of lipid oxidation and has potential as a natural antioxidant in raw ground pork.     

Antioxidant potential of curry (Murraya koenigii L.) and mint (Mentha spicata) leaf extracts and their effect on colour and oxidative stability of raw ground pork meat during refrigeration storage

The aim of this study was to investigate the antioxidant activity of different solvent extracts of curry and mint leaf and their effect on colour and oxidative stability of raw ground pork meat stored at 4 ± 1 °C. The results indicated that among the two individual leaf categories, the ethanol extract of curry leaf (EHEC) and the water extract of mint leaf (WEM) showed higher DPPH and ABTS⁺ activity. EHEC also exhibited the highest total phenolic contents while these were the lowest for WEM. WEM showed the highest superoxide anionic scavenging activity (%). The pork meat samples treated with EHEC and WEM showed a decrease in the Hunter L- and a-values and a increase in b-value during storage at 4 °C. However, the pH and TBARS values were higher in control samples irrespective of storage periods. In conclusion, EHEC and WEM have the potential to be used as natural antioxidants to minimise lipid oxidation of pork products.     

Antibacterial and antioxidant effects of five spice and herb extracts as natural preservatives of raw pork

BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to find natural spice and herb extracts with antibacterial and antioxidant capacities that could be potentially used as natural preservatives in raw pork. RESULTS: The inhibitory effects of cinnamon stick, oregano, clove, pomegranate peel and grape seed extracts on Listeria monocytogenes, Staphylococcus aureus and Salmonella enterica were evaluated in raw pork at room temperature (～20 °C). The influences of these extracts on lipid oxidation in the meat were also investigated. The pH, colour parameters and TBARS (thiobarbituric acid‐reactive substances) values were tested periodically. The results showed that all five natural extracts, especially clove, were effective against the bacteria. During storage the colour parameters of the extract‐treated pork samples changed slightly, in comparison with significant changes in the control. Treatments with these extracts increased the stability of raw pork against lipid oxidation. Clove was the most effective for retarding lipid oxidation and presented the highest antioxidant activity in raw pork. CONCLUSION: This study suggests that the tested extracts, especially clove, have potential as natural preservatives to reduce numbers of pathogenic bacteria, colour degradation and lipid oxidation in raw pork. Copyright © 2009 Society of Chemical Industry     

Antioxidant activity of bovine and porcine meat treated with extracts from edible lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) rhizome knot and leaf

Lotus (Nelumbo nucifera) is an extensively cultivated vegetable in eastern Asia, particularly in China. Both lotus rhizome knot (LRK) and lotus leaf (LL) are waste products of the lotus industry. Extracts from LRK and LL are proposed as antioxidants for meat. Porcine and bovine ground meat samples were subjected to three treatments: CONTROL (with no additives), LRK (lotus rhizomes knot extract 3% w/w), and LL (lotus leaf extract 3% w/w). Raw and cooked samples were stored at 4 °C and the antioxidant activity was determined at 1, 3, 6 and 10 days. Antioxidant activity was significantly increased in all meat samples with the addition of both LRK and LL, but LRK was more effective against lipid oxidation. The results show the potential for using LRK and LL extracts in the meat industry to prolong shelf life.     

Antioxidative activity of water extract of sweet potato leaves in Taiwan

This study reports the preparation of four varieties of water extract from sweet potato leaves from Taiwan, including TNG10, TNG57, TNG66 and YSP, and evaluates their antioxidative activity. The EC₅₀ values (scavenging DPPH radicals) of TNG10, TNG57, TNG66 and YSP were 0.27 ± 0.01, 0.19 ± 0.01, 0.41 ± 0.02, and 0.31 ± 0.02 mg/ml, respectively, on a freeze-dry weight basis. The total phenolic contents of these water extracts were in the order: TNG57 > TNG10 > TNG66 > YSP. The TNG10 and TNG57 extracts exhibited better reducing power and scavenging effects of superoxide radicals than did TNG66 and YSP. At a concentration of 1 mg/ml, TNG10 and TNG57 significantly protected HaCaT cells from H₂O₂-induced cytotoxicity. The water extracts of YSP had more flavonoids than had those of TNG66 which may have contributed to their higher activity in many antioxidative assays. These results suggest that the water extracts of all four varieties of sweet potato leaves, and especially TNG10 and TNG57, display potent antioxidative effects.     

莲壳多酚对T-BHP致HepG2氧化应激损伤的保护作用

目的：研究莲子壳多酚对叔丁基过氧化氢（tert-butylhydro-peroxide,T-BHP）诱导的HepG2氧化应激损伤的保护作用。方法：选取存活率接近50%的T-BHP浓度作为氧化损伤模型建立的浓度。以细胞活力、活性氧水平（reactive oxygen species,ROS）、丙二醛水平（malondialdehyde,MDA）、乳酸脱氢酶水平（Lactic dehydrogenase,LDH）、谷胱甘肽（Glutathione,GSH）水平及抗氧化酶相关基因表达量为评价指标,以茶多酚为阳性对照,评价不同浓度（2.5、5、7.5μg/mL）莲子壳多酚抗氧化应激活性水平。结果：当120μmol/L浓度的T-BHP造模4 h后,细胞存活率达49.18%±7.55%,符合模型构建要求,故选择120μmol/L为氧化损伤模型的建模浓度进行后续实验。莲子壳多酚能极显著抑制T-BHP造成的细胞存活率降低（P<0.01）,7.5μg/mL时,ROS水平降低45.99%,MDA下降58.77%,LDH下降71.61%,GSH提高206.60%(P<0.05),抗氧化酶相关基因...     

Evaluation of antioxidant ability of ethanolic extract from dill (Anethum graveolens L.) flower

Antioxidant activities of ethanolic extract from dill flower and its various fractions were evaluated with 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging, Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity, reducing power, chelating power, and β-carotene bleaching assays. The flower extract was successively separated into n-hexane, ethyl acetate and ethanol soluble fractions by liquid–liquid partition. Dill leaf and seed extracts were used for comparison. In all assays, the flower extract showed higher antioxidant activity than the leaf and seed extracts. With regard to various fractions of the flower extract, the sequence for antioxidant activity was ethyl acetate fraction > ethanol fraction > original flower extract > n-hexane fraction. Phenols including flavonoids and proanthocyanidins should be responsible for antioxidant abilities of the flower extract. Chlorogenic acid, myricetin, and 3,3’,4′,5,7-pentahydoxyflavan (4 → 8)-3,3′,4′,5,7-pentahydoxyflavan were the major phenolic acid, flavonoid, and proanthocyanidin, respectively, in the dill flower extract.     

Inhibitory effect of Chardonnay and black raspberry seed extracts on lipid oxidation in fish oil and their radical scavenging and antimicrobial properties

Ethanol extracts of Chardonnay grape and black raspberry seed flours were evaluated for their capacity to suppress lipid oxidation, preserve important fatty acids, and inhibit microbial growth. They were also tested for radical scavenging activity against DPPH and peroxyl radicals as reflected in oxygen radical absorbance capacity (ORAC), and total phenolic content (TPC). Both tested seed flour extracts suppressed lipid oxidation and rancidity development in fish oil. Black raspberry seed flour extract significantly reduced the degradation of biologically important n − 3 PUFA under accelerated oxidative conditions. Black raspberry and Chardonnay seed flour extracts at 165 and 160 μg seed flour equivalents/mL, respectively exhibited bacteriocidal activity against Escherichia coli and growth inhibition of Listeria monocytogenes under experimental conditions. Both seed flour extracts exhibited DPPH radical quenching activity and Chardonnay had the stronger ORAC of 663 μmol Trolox equivalents per gram seed flour and the higher TPC of 99 mg gallic acid equivalents/g flour. The data from this study suggest the potential for developing natural food preservatives from these seed flours for improving food stability, quality, safety, and consumer acceptance.     

莲废弃物活性成分的提取及其生物活性的研究进展

莲子加工过程会产生莲蓬、莲衣、莲子壳、莲子心等废弃物,这些废弃物往往被直接丢弃,而未进一步开发利用,造成了明显的莲资源浪费。由于莲废弃物中含有对人体健康具有促进作用的多酚、生物碱和多糖等多种活性成分,莲废弃物活性成分的开发利用受到了越来越多的关注。目前,常规提取方法和现代提取方法都已被广泛应用于莲废弃物活性成分的提取。与此同时,为了提高提取率,一些新型提取技术也被应用于莲废弃物活性成分的提取并表现出了显著的效果。莲废弃物中的多酚、生物碱和多糖具有抗糖化、抗增殖、抗氧化、抗炎等多种生理活性,但其活性研究主要集中于体外阶段,未来还需要进一步研究其在人体内的功效发挥。本文综述了莲废弃物中主要活性成分的提取方法及其生理活性的研究进展,以期对莲废弃物资源的高附加值开发与利用提供参考。     

荷叶提取物对冷却猪肉新鲜度的影响

为了探讨荷叶提取物对冷却猪肉新鲜度的影响,将荷叶提取物配成0.3%、0.5%、0.7%和0.9%的溶液,注射于冷却猪肉中,真空包装后,于0～4℃贮藏13d,测定pH、颜色、TVB-N值等的变化。结果表明:向冷却猪肉中注射荷叶提取物后,在贮藏过程中,处理组的pH、a*、b*、TVB-N值和羰基值明显低于对照组,L*明显高于对照组(p<0.05);荷叶提取物可抑制冷却猪肉中细菌的生长繁殖,减缓脂肪氧化,抑制腐败变质;荷叶提取物的浓度越高,保鲜效果越好。     

Effect of a brown seaweed (Laminaria digitata) extract containing laminarin and fucoidan on the quality and shelf-life of fresh and cooked minced pork patties

A spray-dried seaweed extract containing laminarin (L, 9.3%) and fucoidan (F, 7.8%) (L/F extract) from brown seaweed (Laminaria digitata) was added directly to minced pork (M. longissimus dorsi) (LD) at levels of 0.01%, 0.1% and 0.5% (w/w). Fresh and cooked minced pork patties were stored in modified atmosphere packs containing 80% O₂:20% CO₂ and 70% N₂:30% CO₂, respectively, for up to 14 days at 4 °C. The L/F extract reduced the surface redness (‘a*’ values) of fresh patties as a function of concentration. The L/F extract (0.5%) exerted the greatest lipid pro-oxidant activity in fresh patties. The L/F extract (0.5%) significantly decreased (P < 0.05) lipid oxidation in cooked patties. The L/F extract had no effect on the microbiological status, pH, water holding capacity (WHC) or cook loss of patties. Pork patties containing 0.01% L/F were preferred by sensory panellists. Further research will focus on the use of refined purified seaweed extracts in functional meat products.