微胶囊化膨胀型阻燃剂与有机蒙脱土协效阻燃乙烯-醋酸乙烯共聚物性能

通过纳米复合的方式,将微胶囊化的膨胀型阻燃体系—聚磷酸铵(APP)-季戊四醇(PER)与有机改性的片层蒙脱土(OMMT)用于协效阻燃乙烯-醋酸乙烯共聚物(EVA)。采用XRD、TEM、TGA、极限氧指数(LOI)、垂直燃烧(UL-94)、锥形量热仪、烟密度和动态机械热分析对微胶囊化APP(MCAPP)-微胶囊化PER(MCPER)-OMMT/EVA复合材料的结构与性能进行研究。研究结果表明,OMMT被完全剥离开,并以层离或插层的状态分散在EVA中;MCAPP-MCPER与OMMT之间存在明显的协效阻燃作用,用3wt%OMMT代替MCAPP-MCPER后,MCAPP-MCPER-OMMT/EVA复合材料的LOI值从25.5vol%提高到29.5vol%,垂直燃烧结果由V-2上升到V-0级别,残炭量也由14.5wt%增大到15.9wt%,烟密度由154.7 g/s降低到97.5 g/s,材料的阻燃性能得到有效提高。此外,万能拉伸测试及动态机械热分析测试表明,通过纳米复合制备的阻燃MCAPP-MCPER-OMMT/EVA复合材料具有更好的力学和动态热机械性能。      

蒙脱土协同膨胀阻燃聚丙烯的热降解机理

层状纳米填料蒙脱土(MMT)与聚磷酸铵(APP)/双季戊四醇(DPER)结合膨胀阻燃聚丙烯(PP),提高了PP/APP/DPER膨胀阻燃材料的阻燃性能。采用热失重分析(TG)研究了MMT对APP/PER及APP阻燃剂体系热降解行为的影响;采用X射线光电子能谱(XPS)研究了MMT与APP之间热降解过程中的成炭化学作用。结果表明,添加MMT后,APP/DPER、APP在800℃的残余量分别提高12.3%和14.5%,其贡献以MMT与APP间的相互作用为主;MMT与APP发生成炭化学反应,生成Si-O-P键,增加了APP高温分解稳定性。     

二溴新戊二醇在膨胀型阻燃乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯共聚物中的作用机理

以季戊四醇(PER)/二溴新戊二醇(DBNPG)混和磷酸酯三聚氰胺甲醛树脂(MFR)微胶囊化聚磷酸铵(APP)合成膨胀型阻燃剂(IFR)。研究了DBNPG的含量在膨胀型阻燃乙烯-醋酸乙烯酯共聚物(EVA)中的影响。流变行为、热分析、扫描电镜、阻燃性能与膨胀度测试结果表明:DBNPG可以通过改善炭层的膨胀度、致密度和封闭性来提高隔热性能。适当的DBNPG可改善IFR与EVA的相容性,增大熔体的黏度,形成封闭的炭层,提高炭层的隔热性能,降低燃烧体系放热,有利于阻燃性能的提高。但DBNPG含量过高,会降低流体的黏度,恶化炭层的隔热性能,放热量增大,阻燃性能降低。当IFR中DBNPG/PER的质量比为38.5/90.0,EVA/IFR的质量比为70/30时,复合材料具有最佳的阻燃性能和良好的力学性能。     

新型阻燃线性低密度聚乙烯材料的制备及其性能研究

针对目前阻燃聚乙烯材料使用过程中存在的阻燃性能不高以及耐水性差等问题,将一种双层包裹的聚磷酸铵(MCAPP)与三(2-羟乙基)异氰尿酸酯(THEIC)复配,结合紫外光交联的方法,制备新型无卤膨胀阻燃线性低密度聚乙烯复合材料(LLDPE)。利用傅里叶红外光谱、溶解度测试等对聚磷酸铵(APP)和MCAPP的结构和耐水性能进行表征。通过氧指数测试、热失重分析、扫描电镜等研究MCAPP与THEIC组成的膨胀阻燃剂(IFR)对LLDPE的阻燃性及热稳定性能的影响。结果表明:MCAPP被成功地制备,且相比未包裹的APP,MCAPP的水溶解性大幅降低,耐水性能提高。当质量分数为30%的IFR添加到LLDPE基体中,并经光强度为180W/m2的紫外光辐照交联后,此种新型LLDPE/MCAPP/THEIC阻燃体系具有比LLDPE/APP/THEIC体系更加优良的阻燃性能、耐水性能及热稳定性能。     

微胶囊化聚磷酸铵阻燃硅橡胶的研究

以酚醛树脂为囊材,采用物理包覆法制备了微胶囊化聚磷酸铵(MCAPP),并将MCAPP用来制备无卤阻燃的硅橡胶。研究了聚磷酸铵(APP)与MCAPP对硅橡胶阻燃性能和力学性能的影响。结果表明:随着MCAPP的添加量增加,硅橡胶的阻燃性能增加,而硅橡胶的拉伸强度下降。当100份硅橡胶中添加40份MCAPP时,硅橡胶的氧指数(LOI)为33%;与添加APP阻燃的硅橡胶相比,添加MCAPP阻燃的硅橡胶的拉伸强度提高了41.6%,而且氧指数也提高了6.5%。     

环氧树脂包覆聚磷酸铵微胶囊的制备及表征

采用原位聚合法制备了以环氧树脂(EP)为壁材,聚磷酸铵(APP)为芯材的微胶囊阻燃剂(MCAPP)。研究了不同含量的壁材对MCAPP溶解度的影响,结果发现,与未包覆的APP相比,在25℃和80℃条件下,MCAPP的溶解度都有较大幅度降低。采用傅立叶变换红外光谱(FT-IR)和透射电镜(TEM)对MCAPP进行了组成和结构表征,初步证实EP已包覆在APP颗粒表面。激光粒度的研究表明,MCAPP粒径分布变窄,平均粒径有所降低。此外,还采用热失重方法研究了APP以及MCAPP的热稳定性。     

聚磷酸铵阻燃剂微胶囊对软质PVC性能的影响

研究了聚磷酸铵(APP)及其两种微胶囊,即环氧树脂包覆的聚磷酸铵(EPAPP)和密胺-甲醛树脂包覆的聚磷酸铵(MFAPP)在软质聚氯乙烯(PVC)体系中阻燃性能、力学性能以及阻燃剂与软质PVC之间的相容性。研究发现,在软质PVC体系中,APP经过微胶囊化改性后其氧指数稍微有所降低,垂直燃烧级别在20%添加量下都能达到UL 94 V-0级,但其拉伸强度有明显改善。扫描电镜(SEM)结果表明两种APP微胶囊与基体的相容性有所提高。     

聚磷酸铵阻燃剂微胶囊对软质PVC性能的影响EI北大核心CSCD

研究了聚磷酸铵(APP)及其两种微胶囊,即环氧树脂包覆的聚磷酸铵(EPAPP)和密胺-甲醛树脂包覆的聚磷酸铵(MFAPP)在软质聚氯乙烯(PVC)体系中阻燃性能、力学性能以及阻燃剂与软质PVC之间的相容性。研究发现,在软质PVC体系中,APP经过微胶囊化改性后其氧指数稍微有所降低,垂直燃烧级别在20%添加量下都能达到UL 94 V-0级,但其拉伸强度有明显改善。扫描电镜(SEM)结果表明两种APP微胶囊与基体的相容性有所提高。     

矿物/IFR复合阻燃剂对UPR阻燃、抑烟性能的影响

将一种矿物与膨胀型阻燃剂(1FR,聚磷酸铵/季戊四醇/三聚氰胺,APP/PER/Mel)复配,应用于不饱和聚酯树脂(UPR),得到膨胀型阻燃UPR复合材料。通过氧指数(LOI)、垂直燃烧(UL94)、烟密度等级(SDR)、DSC-TG对复合阻燃材料的阻燃、抑烟及热稳定性能进行研究。结果表明,在该膨胀型复合阻燃剂中,矿物与IFR存在明显的协效作用,在矿物:APP:PER:Mel=4:2:1:1(质量比),(复合阻燃剂)=40%的情况下,LOI高达36.4%,阻燃级别为UL94V-0级,SDR为60.84,满足国家对Bl级电器类热固性塑料的使用要求。     

海泡石协同膨胀阻燃聚丙烯的TGA/XPS分析

将海泡石添加到聚磷酸铵(APP)/双季戊四醇(DPER)膨胀阻燃聚丙烯(PP/IFR)体系中,采用氧指数、热重分析及X射线光电子能谱法研究了体系的阻燃性能及作用机理。结果表明,添加海泡石后氧指数达到26.1%,协同指数达到1.1;海泡石可以提高膨胀炭层的热稳定性,增加高温时残炭量;海泡石与APP发生化学反应,形成Si-O-P键,可增加APP高温分解时的稳定性;同时,海泡石具有表面迁移现象,海泡石及热解的含硅类氧化物起到了阻隔的作用。     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.