高效液相色谱-串联质谱法检测茶叶中的 赭曲霉毒素A

目的建立高效液相色谱-串联质谱联用技术检测茶叶中赭曲霉毒素A(OTA)的方法。方法用甲醇-2%Na HCO3溶液(60:40,V:V)提取样品中的赭曲霉毒素A,采用免疫亲和柱对茶叶中的赭曲霉毒素A净化,使用甲醇-5 mmol/L乙酸铵(含0.1%乙酸)为流动相,检测赭曲霉毒素A,采用正离子模式。结果本方法中赭曲霉毒素A在0.5~10 ng/m L质量浓度范围内具有良好的线性关系(r=0.996),回收率在83.6%~92.5%之间,相对标准偏差在6.5%~9.1%之间,检出限为0.1μg/kg。结论该方法准确性好、灵敏度高,适用于茶叶样品的检测。     

基于核酸适配体检测玉米中的赭曲霉毒素A

目的 建立一种基于核酸适配体检测玉米中赭曲霉毒素A (ochratoxin A, OTA)的方法。方法 以微孔板为载体, 采用偶联生物素和Cy3荧光标记的核酸适配体与OTA的特异性结合, 而与偶联黑洞淬灭探针(black hole quencher 2, BHQ2)的互补序列无法配对, 导致荧光值变化从而实现对OTA的定量检测。结果 优化的条件为链亲和素质量浓度为100 μg/mL, 核酸适配体浓度为200 nmol/L, 互补序列浓度为400 nmol/L, OTA在0.05~10.00 ng/mL范围具有较好的线性关系。与赭曲霉毒素B、黄曲霉毒素B1、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇和玉米赤霉烯酮的交叉反应率均低于1%, 玉米样品中添加OTA的平均回收率为89.0%~93.8%。结论 该方法快速、准确、灵敏, 交叉反应率低, 可用于样品中OTA的分析检测。     

赭曲霉毒素A直接竞争ELISA试剂盒的研制

在多克隆抗体的基础上研制了赭曲霉毒素A(OTA)直接竞争酶联免疫检测(cd-ELISA)试剂盒.在0 ～ 10 ng/mL范围内,该试剂盒50％抑制率(IC50)为1.09 ng/mL,检测灵敏度(IC15)为0.08 ng/mL;与赭曲霉毒素B、C的交叉反应率分别为6.28％和0.16％,而与黄曲霉毒素B1等生物毒素未见有交叉反应;板内与板间平均变异系数分别为2.21％和2.79％;花生、玉米和玉米粉3种样品中OTA的检测低限分别为1.71,1.26和1.85 μg/kg,平均添加回收率在83.80％～ 91.40％;与HPLC检测方法具有较高的相关性,相关系数(R2)分别为0.94、0.88和0.90;检测时间只需20 min,可用于花生、玉米及玉米粉中OTA的批量快速筛查.     

进口葡萄酒中赭曲霉毒素A的含量分析

为了解进口葡萄酒中赭曲霉毒素A的含量和污染状况,本研究建立了无需净化、浓缩,直接进样,采用液相色谱-串联质谱联用法(LC-MS/MS)测定葡萄酒中赭曲霉毒素A的方法。赭曲霉毒素A空白基质标准溶液在1.0～20.0 ng/mL浓度范围内线性良好,方法检测限达到0.05 ng/mL,添加浓度为2.0 ng/mL质控样品的回收率为98.7%～113.2%,精密度<5.7%。应用该方法测定了84个进口葡萄酒样品中赭曲霉毒素A的含量,结果表明,赭曲霉毒素的检出率为100%,含量为0.14～1.10 ng/mL,平均含量为0.32 ng/mL。     

赭曲霉毒素A单克隆抗体免疫亲和柱的制备

制备了赭曲霉毒素A(OTA)单克隆抗体免疫亲和柱,并用间接竞争ELISA和HPLC法评价了免疫亲和柱的性能,其柱容量(结合OTA的能力)约为200ng,加标回收率为90.38%～100.1%,可反复使用3次。 建立了免疫亲和柱-HPLC联用分析谷物中OTA的方法,最低检出限为0.2μg/kg,线性范围为0.6～400μg/kg,OTA加标量为1～10μg/kg时谷物样品中的回收率为78.7%～87.1%,变异系数小于6.5%。用此法检测了大米、小麦、玉米和玉米饲料等15份市售样品,检出率为46.7%,其中OTA的最高含量为0.785μg/kg。     

新型高灵敏赭曲霉毒素A间接竞争化学发光免疫分析法

建立了一种测定赭曲霉毒素A的新型高灵敏化学发光间接竞争酶联免疫分析方法。以酶标赭曲霉毒素A二抗上的辣根过氧化物酶催化过氧化脲氧化3-(4-羟苯基)丙酸,生成具有荧光的3-(4-羟苯基)丙酸二聚体。并利用乙腈介质中双[2,4,6-三氯苯基]草酸酯和过氧化脲在增强剂咪唑的作用下反应产生强化学发光,以发光强度确定待检物中赭曲霉毒素A含量。结果表明,在最佳条件下IC50为0. 55 ng/m L,在0. 05～6. 08 ng/m L范围内有良好的线性关系,最低检出限为0. 01 ng/m L。样品加标回收实验显示葡萄干和葡萄汁样品的平均回收率分别为84. 55%～91. 36%和73. 32%～87. 64%,批内与批间变异系数均小于10%,精密度良好。该新型化学发光方法检测赭曲霉毒素A时发光强度更大、发光时间更长,可用于食品中赭曲霉毒素A的高灵敏度痕量检测。     

赭曲霉毒素A人工抗原的合成与鉴定

采用N-羟琥珀酰亚胺酯(N-hydroxysuccinimide NHS)法将赭曲霉毒素A(OTA)与牛血清白蛋白(BSA)偶联制备了免疫抗原OTA-BSA,采用1-乙基-3(3-二甲基氨基丙基)碳二亚胺(EDC)法将赭曲霉毒素A(OTA)与卵清白蛋白(OVA)偶联制备了包被抗原OTA-OVA。紫外扫描和SDS-PAGE凝胶电泳结果初步表明偶联成功。用OTA-BSA分10μg/只和50μg/只两个剂量分别免疫BALB/C小鼠,获得了高效价的特异性多克隆抗血清,效价可达1∶104,抑制效价达14.7ng,证明偶联成功,并显示低剂量免疫可以提高小鼠pAb的敏感性。本研究为OTA单抗的制备及其免疫学分析方法的建立奠定了基础。     

时间分辨荧光免疫层析法定量检测谷物中黄曲霉毒素B1和玉米赤霉烯酮残留

建立了一种快速定量检测谷物产品中黄曲霉毒素(Aflatoxin B1,AFB1)和玉米赤霉烯酮(Zearalenone,ZEN)的时间分辨荧光免疫层析方法。采用时间分辨荧光微球标记黄曲霉毒素B1抗体和玉米赤霉烯酮抗体,研究了如p H值、标记抗体浓度、荧光探针使用量、检测T线包被原浓度、质控C线羊抗鼠Ig G浓度、样品前处理方法等因素对时间分辨荧光免疫层析方法灵敏度的影响。结果表明:AFB1的检出限为0.80 ng/mL,线性范围(IC20~IC80)为0.81~5.67 ng/mL,半抑制浓度(IC50)为2.15 ng/mL。在ZEN检出限为4.58 ng/mL,线性范围(IC20~IC80)为4.76~85.60 ng/mL,半抑制浓度(IC50)为20.19 ng/mL。方法特异性良好,与T-2毒素、脱氧雪腐镰刀菌烯醇、伏马毒素、赭曲霉毒素A多种真菌毒素交叉率小于10%。通过选择玉米、麦麸、大豆、小麦进行添加回收试验,AFB1的添加回收率在97.1%~108.7%之间,ZEN的添加回收率在92.8%~109.1%之间,相对标准偏差小于15%。选取经HPLC-MS/MS检测过的FAPAS标准质控样本进行测试,检测结果与其结果一致。在实际产品检测对比中,与市售胶体金免疫层析卡,ELISA试剂盒的检测结果基本一致。本方法操作简单快速、可定量,检测过程约25 min,适用于谷物样品中黄曲霉毒素B1和玉米赤霉烯酮的现场快速筛。     

高效液相色谱法测定粮食及其制品中赭曲霉毒素A提取条件的优化

目的 优化高效液相色谱法测定粮食及其制品中赭曲霉毒素A(ochratoxin A, OTA)的提取条件。 方法 样品通过乙腈-水(60:40, V:V)提取, 高速均质2 min或振荡提取20 min, 采用赭曲霉毒素A免疫亲和柱浓缩净化、高效液相色谱-荧光检测器定量检测。结果 选用OTA自然污染的粮食样品优化方法更符合实际检测。60%乙腈-水的提取效率优于80%的甲醇-水, 且振荡提取20 min, 一次提取即可提取样品中99%以上的OTA。4种粮食及其制品中OTA在0.2~50 ?g/kg范围内线性关系良好, 相关系数为r2=0.9997。加标回收率为80.7%~108.0%, 变异系数为1.6%~7.5%, 检出限为0.06 μg/kg, 定量限为0.2 μg/kg。采用此方法参加比利时国际能力验证, |Z|<2, 结果满意。同时, 基于本方法组织的国际实验室环形验证中, 粮食及其制品中OTA测定值的统计结果符合《食品法典委员会程序手册》(第二十版)中关于联合验证中HorRat在2之内的规定。 结论 优化后的方法灵敏度高、准确性好, 适合粮食及其制品中赭曲霉毒素A的精准测定。     

免疫亲和柱——高效液相色谱法测定肾脏中的赭曲霉毒素A

目的针对动物肾脏中可能污染的赭曲霉毒素A(OTA),建立了肾脏中赭曲霉毒素A的高效液相色谱方法。方法试样用磷酸酸化后经乙酸乙酯提取,免疫亲和柱净化,以乙腈-水-冰醋酸(450+525+25)为流动相,C18柱分离并通过荧光检测器定量。结果赭曲霉毒素A标准溶液浓度在0.10～20μg/L范围内呈线性相关(r=1.000 0),不同浓度水平的添加回收率为72.5%～87.4%,检出限为0.012μg/kg。结论使用免疫亲和柱净化能够达到良好的净化效果,是一种准确、方便的测定猪肾中赭曲霉毒素A的分析方法。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Influence des ions sur le pouvoir hydratant de l'ure e: e tude sur peau de porc ex vivo

This study deals with the influence of ions (NaCl and MgSO4) in a W/O emulsion containing 10% urea. Moisturization kinetics are assessed by corneometry on pig skin ex vivo. The formula's influence on urea penetration is measured by infrared spectrometry with an ATR device and the stripping method. Corneometry and spectroscopy were chosen to record simultaneously the hydratation levels and urea localization into superficial cell layers. Urea crystallization after evaporation of emulsions and aqueous solutions is described. Results show that urea does not hydrate nor penetrate when applied to the skin through an aqueous gel. In a W/O emulsion, sodium chloride increases the ability of urea to moisturize without improving penetration. In vitro urea crystallization is disturbed by sodium chloride or magnesium sulphate for solutions and emulsions. This stabilization by ions is correlated with good moisturization values. The stabilization of urea in the solute state provided by ions increases its water epidermal binding capacity without enhancing penetration.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.