黑米花色苷微胶囊的制备

以海藻酸钠为壁材,黑米花色苷提取物为芯材,利用微胶囊造粒机制备花色苷微胶囊。以花色苷包埋率为指标,考察壁芯比、喷头孔径、海藻酸钠浓度和氯化钙浓度对花色苷包埋率的影响,得到最佳工艺参数：壁芯比为3∶1、喷头孔径为0.45 mm、海藻酸钠浓度为4.0%、氯化钙浓度为3.0%。同时考察黑米花色苷微胶囊的缓释性质以及稳定性。结果证明花色苷微胶囊化后,在胃模拟液中,花色苷微胶囊在4.0 h内可以保持低释放率,进入肠道模拟液中实现释放。稳定性研究证明,花色苷微胶囊化后仍需要隔绝空气和避光存放。     

基于内源乳化法和喷雾干燥优化制备花色苷微胶囊及其稳定性分析

以海藻酸钠为壁材,基于内源乳化法制备微胶囊化的湿态花色苷,经优化喷雾干燥条件制备花色苷微胶囊,考察花色苷微胶囊粒径和形态及微胶囊化前后花色苷的光照、温度及胃肠消化稳定性。花色苷微胶囊喷雾干燥的最佳工艺条件为加热器温度120℃、进料速率12 r/min、真空压力0.03 MPa,包埋率为75.12%,平均粒径为558.2 nm。光照5 h,花色苷和花色苷微胶囊保存率分别为63.7%、82.1%;避光5 h,花色苷和花色苷微胶囊保存率分别为78.6%、91.4%;90℃条件下,花色苷和花色苷微胶囊半衰期分别为2.54、6.39 h;2 h胃消化,花色苷和花色苷微胶囊保存率分别为45.3%、83.7%;4 h肠消化,花色苷和花色苷微胶囊保存率分别为0.9%、24.4%。研究结果表明内源乳化法结合喷雾干燥制备的花色苷微胶囊的光照、温度以及胃肠消化稳定性均高于花色苷。     

黑果腺肋花楸花色苷微胶囊化的研究

研究黑果腺肋花楸花色苷微胶囊化,增加其稳定性,提高附加值。采用喷雾干燥法制备花色苷微胶囊,以包埋率为指标,采用正交试验优化花色苷微胶囊工艺条件,利用高效液相色谱测花色苷含量。结果表明,最佳工艺条件为:壁材(阿拉伯胶与麦芽糊精)质量比2∶3、芯壁质量比2∶8、入口温度120℃、进料量15 mL/min。花色苷微胶囊化后稳定性明显提高。     

玫瑰茄花色苷微胶囊的制备及其稳定性与释放性的评价

为了避免花色苷物质直接受热、光的影响而引起氧化质变,有效控制花色苷的释放和稳定性,本研究以壳聚糖-海藻酸钠为壁材,玫瑰茄花色苷为芯材,研究锐孔法制备玫瑰茄花色苷微胶囊的工艺及其微胶囊化花色苷红外光谱、贮藏条件和体外释放性。通过单因素实验和响应面法确定玫瑰茄花色苷微胶囊制备的最佳工艺条件,利用红外光谱仪分析花色苷微胶囊的结构和成分,考察不同温度和光照条件下花色苷微胶囊的稳定性,模拟体外人工胃、肠液来评价花色苷微胶囊释放性。结果表明,花色苷微胶囊制备的最佳工艺参数为海藻酸钠质量分数2.0%,CaCl2质量分数2.0%,壁芯比2∶1 g/g,壳聚糖质量分数0.1%,玫瑰茄花色苷包埋率为99.2%±0.16%。红外谱图结果表明,微胶囊前后的花色苷特征吸收峰发生了变化。玫瑰茄花色苷微胶囊在4或25℃时能稳定贮藏,并在体外释放实验中均体现较好的缓释性。     

乙基纤维素徽胶囊化蓝莓花色苷的研究

以乙基纤维素作为壁材,对蓝莓花色苷进行微胶囊化.其工艺条件为:聚乙二醇含量15%,芯材与壁材比1:19,固形物含量4%.蓝莓花色苷微胶囊在模拟胃液中释放率比较高.蓝莓花色苷微胶囊化后,光稳定性明显提高.     

响应面试验优化黑果枸杞花色苷微胶囊制备工艺及其稳定性分析

建立喷雾干燥法制备黑果枸杞花色苷微胶囊的方法,考察微囊化前后花色苷的稳定性。通过单因素试验,考察壁材中阿拉伯树胶质量分数、β-环糊精质量分数、芯壁比、进料流速、进风口温度、总固形物含量对黑果枸杞花色苷包埋效率的影响,采用Box-Behnken试验设计和响应面分析优化黑果枸杞花色苷微胶囊的包埋工艺。结果表明,黑果枸杞花色苷微胶囊的最佳制备工艺为:进料转速2 000 r/min、乳化时间10 min、出风口温度80℃、阿拉伯树胶质量分数1%、β-环糊精质量分数50%、进料流速330 mL/h的恒定条件下,选择芯壁比1:2.5(g/g)、进风口温度160℃、总固形物含量22%。黑果枸杞微胶囊包埋效率平均值可达91.01%。黑果枸杞花色苷微胶囊为类似圆球状的、平均粒径(9.16±1.02)μm的玫红色粉末,受光照、空气及温度的影响,明显比微胶囊化前稳定。     

蓝靛果花色苷中粒度微胶囊的制备

用Plackett-Burman法筛选出影响蓝靛果花色苷中粒度微胶囊包埋率的主要因素,对筛选出的主因素进行最陡爬坡实验来逼近最佳响应面区域,利用响应面Box-Behnken设计对乳化凝胶法制备微胶囊的工艺进行了优化。结果表明:4个影响包埋率的主要因素分别为海藻酸钠浓度、芯壁材比例、CaCl2浓度和Span80浓度。通过Box-Behnken设计,利用minitab15软件进行回归分析,确定制备蓝靛果花色苷微胶囊的最优工艺参数为:海藻酸钠浓度2.94%、芯壁材比例1∶2.05、CaCl2浓度3.19%、Span80浓度6.21%。在优化后的条件下,中粒度微胶囊包埋率可以达到73.7%。     

鲎素肽微胶囊的制备工艺及性能研究

本文以合成鲎素肽为芯材,以海藻酸钠和壳聚糖为复合壁材,采用复凝聚法对鲎素肽进行微胶囊化,探讨壁材浓度、壁芯材比例、成囊温度、成囊p H等因素对鲎素肽微胶囊制备工艺的影响,通过单因素实验和正交实验对包埋率和粒径分布进行考察,得到最佳制备工艺参数。并研究微胶囊的形貌特征和粒径大小分布特征;同时研究鲎素肽微胶囊在模拟胃液、模拟肠液中的缓释性能,以及微囊化鲎素肽的抗菌活性、蛋白酶环境下的稳定性。结果表明,最佳的工艺条件为:壁材浓度1.5%,壁芯比8∶1,成囊温度45℃,成囊p H5.0;在最佳工艺条件下,鲎素肽微胶囊的包埋率可达84.56%,鲎素肽微胶囊呈规整圆球形,粒径主要分布在40~100μm区域,平均粒径大小为76.58μm;鲎素肽微胶囊在模拟胃液中释放率为38.54%,在模拟肠液中的释放率为80.68%,微囊化鲎素肽的抗菌活力是未包埋鲎素肽的80.6%,微囊化鲎素肽比未包埋鲎素肽具有强的蛋白酶耐受性。     

复凝聚法制备西番莲果皮花色苷微胶囊及其性质分析

为提高花色苷稳定性,以西番莲果皮花色苷为芯材,明胶、阿拉伯胶为壁材,采用复凝聚法制备花色苷微胶囊。研究以包埋率为指标,采用响应面法优化西番莲果皮花色苷微胶囊最佳制备条件,进而以粒径、水分含量、形态及热稳定性研究了西番莲果皮花色苷微胶囊性质。结果表明:芯壁比1:4.7,壁材质量比（明胶: 阿拉伯胶质量比）6:7,壁材浓度1.5%,pH3.30,反应温度40 ℃,反应时间30 min,谷氨酰胺转氨酶25 U/g明胶,此时模型可靠性高,西番莲果皮花色苷包埋率最高为96.83%。最佳操作条件下所得微胶囊的粒径为12.15 μm,其水分含量为2.69%,微胶囊呈表面光滑的球形结构,熔融温度为82.51 ℃。此研究为西番莲果皮花色苷的应用提供了参考。     

雨生红球藻虾青素酯微胶囊制备及其稳定特性研究

对复凝聚法制备虾青素酯微胶囊的工艺和稳定性进行了系统研究。过程以乳清蛋白和阿拉伯胶为壁材,通过考察p H、乳清蛋白/阿拉伯胶比、壁材总浓度和壁芯比对虾青素酯包埋率的影响,优化虾青素酯微胶囊制备工艺,并采用包埋率和幂律函数模型对不同p H条件下虾青素酯微胶囊的稳定性、抗离心力强度和释放机制进行了表征。结果表明:虾青素酯微胶囊的最佳制备工艺条件为:p H 4.0,乳清蛋白/阿拉伯胶质量比为2.0(w/w),壁材总浓度为2.0%(w/v),壁芯比为1.0(w/w),该工艺条件下制备的微胶囊平均粒径(d)为15.4±0.4 nm,包埋率为86.2±2.4%;p H环境对虾青素酯微胶囊的稳定性和机械强度具有显著影响,且在p H 4.0条件下,虾青素酯微胶囊具有最佳的稳定性和机械强度。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.