乳熟期鲜食玉米穗不同部位碳水化合物的变化

对乳熟期鲜食玉米穗不同部位碳水化合物的变化研究表明，籽粒中可溶性总糖（TSC）质量分数为先增加后降低，蔗糖（SUC）和TSC的变化趋势相似，淀粉质量分数逐渐增加，可溶性酸性蔗糖转化酶的活性先增加后降低．穗轴中SUC及TSC质量分数在授粉后任何时期总是高于籽粒，淀粉质量分数远低于籽粒．苞皮中TSC与SUC质量分数缓慢减少，在籽粒灌浆初期积累有大量的TSC，为籽粒迅速灌浆做出了贡献，淀粉质量分数远低于穗轴．鲜食玉米采收后应低温放置或及时加工，以抑制糖快速转化为淀粉，防止鲜食玉米品质下降．     

积极种植加工高油玉米

积极种植加工高油玉米杨引福，彭玉魁，李菊英（陕西省农业科学院）１玉米育种正向优质专一用途发展适于爆米花用的爆粒玉米；适于罐头、鲜食型的甜玉米和超甜玉米；适于罐头、烹饪用的笋玉米；适于鲜食、加工用的糯玉米，茎、叶、穗饲草用的青贮玉米，籽粒饲用的高赖氨酸...     

复合酶法玉米苞叶纤维脱胶工艺研究

为拓展玉米苞叶的精深加工、提升玉米苞叶纤维的应用价值，采用复合酶对玉米苞叶脱胶，以质量损失率和残胶率为响应值，探究木聚糖酶、果胶酶和漆酶组成的复合酶系对玉米苞叶脱胶的最佳工艺。采用光学显微镜观察胶质的脱除和纤维表面的形态。研究结果表明：复合酶最佳脱胶条件为：木聚糖酶0.2 g/L、果胶酶0.3 g/L、漆酶0.1 g/L,酶处理时间为48 h, pH值为4.6,料液比为1∶50,酶处理温度为45℃;在此条件下，玉米苞叶纤维的质量损失率为45.52%,残胶率为50.22%;复合酶脱胶后的玉米苞叶纤维表面较为光滑平整，纤维上没有胶杂质黏附。     

玉米苞叶及其纤维的基本结构与性能

为更好地开发利用玉米苞叶资源,采用数字式织物厚度仪、电子织物强力仪、傅里叶变换红外光谱仪、扫描电子显微镜、Ｘ 射线衍射仪对其进行基本测试。通过测试与分析发现：玉米苞叶厚度及横纵向抗拉强度随苞叶层数由外至内逐渐降低;玉米苞叶主要含有纤维素,半纤维素和木质素;经化学处理后的纤维,其纤维素含量达到４３.７９％,半纤维素和木质素含量有所降低;玉米苞叶表面凹凸不平,有随机分布的孔洞,单纤维横截面形状不规则且内部有大中腔,纵向表面较为光滑平整;玉米苞叶结晶度约为３８.９０％,纤维结晶度为５７.８５％,二者均表现为纤维素Ⅰ的晶体结构。     

糯玉米籽粒水分变化规律的研究

适时采收后的糯玉米籽粒水分含量变化对其加工保鲜品质影响很大。以4个糯玉米品种为试材,研究了低温贮藏、室温贮藏、带苞叶贮藏和不带苞叶贮藏4个处理条件下的鲜籽粒水分变化规律。结果认为:四种处理情况下影响糯玉米籽粒含水率随时间变化大小因素的排列顺序依次为:室温>不带苞叶>带苞叶>低温。     

一款鲜食玉米剥皮机的结构设计及应用

研发了一种鲜食玉米剥皮机,介绍了该设备的主要结构、关键系统、工作原理及影响剥皮效果的因素,此设备适应玉米籽粒含水率介于58%～73%间的物料,对脆嫩易剥的鲜食玉米籽粒品种的破损率﹤5%,剥净率﹥90%,为我国鲜食玉米果穗剥皮问题提供解决办法。     

用玉米加工方便食品——介绍澳大利亚葛利公司的玉米方便食品生产线

工艺流程与设备原料玉米籽粒必须干净、均匀、少破碎。如双籽粒不均匀、缺陷多,将影响产品质量和增加用油量。玉米进入蒸煮器前须先进行干燥降低含水量。把玉米籽粒加工成玉米片的生产线包     

玉米的用途

玉米在农业生产上是一种很重要的粮食作物,从籽粒到茎、叶、穗、轴都有广泛而重要的用途,可以说“一身无弃物,混身全是宝”。玉米籽粒含淀粉65～70％,脂肪3～4％和蛋白质8～10％。玉米可制各种淀粉和糖类。玉米秸杆可以作燃料、饲料,还可以作肥料。玉米苞叶编制的各种工艺品行销国外。玉米芯可以制造木糖醇和(西康)醛。玉米籽粒提取的     

联合开发玉米饴糖 提高增值效益

为充分发挥本地玉米资源优势，利用玉米联产加工生产能力与糖果厂联合开发玉米治糖，提高了玉米增值率。1玉米是加工抬粮的优质原料1．1玉米的组成成份因品种、品质和成熟度不同各异，一般来说，玉米的主要成分是：淀粉60％～70％、糖1．5％～2．0％、蛋白质10％、油脂4．5％～55％、水分14％、纤维素3．0％、灰分1．5％，及其矿物元素。1．2玉米各部位生物化学成份：玉米籽粒不同部位的化学成份（每部分干物质的％）1．3玉米的不同品种与玉米生物化学的关系：（1）黄玉米的淀粉含量为65％～70％；（2）白玉米的淀粉含量为55％～65％；（3）…     

鲜食玉米采后保鲜技术研究进展

玉米属于全谷物范畴,兼具粮和果两类食物特性,富含蛋白质、淀粉、果糖以及多种矿物质等。鲜食玉米则因其甜、香、糯以及营养价值高等特点备受人们青睐。目前,我国鲜食玉米总种植面积高居全球第一。但鲜食玉米采收具有季节性,并且采后呼吸旺盛,采后贮藏过程中易发生褐变、霉变、虫害、苞叶变黄以及甜度下降等品质劣变问题,进而影响其食用价值和经济价值。保鲜技术的应用能够有效降低鲜食玉米采后呼吸强度以及营养物质的流失,维持鲜食玉米的感官品质、酶活性和芳香物质含量。因此,本文对鲜食玉米采后品质劣变问题和保鲜技术2个方面进行详细阐述,旨在为鲜食玉米采后贮藏保鲜技术研究提供理论参考。     

小型摩擦式鲜食玉米剥皮机的设计

为提高鲜食玉米剥皮加工的生产效率,设计了一种摩擦式鲜食玉米剥皮机.介绍了玉米剥皮机的结构和工作原理,通过对玉米果穗剥皮过程的动力学分析,完成了主要工作部件的设计和参数选择.对整机进行了性能试验,结果表明该机剥净率为91.7％,破损率为4.5％,能满足小型玉米加工企业对鲜食玉米剥皮的要求.     

粮食连续干燥工艺及过程控制模拟实验系统（网络首发、推荐阅读）

对工艺参数优化和过程智能控制的研究是设计开发粮食干燥装备的重要内容,现有方法多采用模拟仿真、特性实验或现场实验等获取数据,与实际干燥结果存在较大差异或实验过程费时费力,易受干扰。研究参考大型连续式粮食干燥生产设备工艺和结构,设计了一种连续式粮食干燥模拟实验系统,包括进粮设备、干燥机主体、排粮设备、余热回收、冷凝装置、热风设备和测控系统,可模拟粮食干燥作业过程,优化干燥工艺参数,在室内开展粮食干燥品质变化规律、能耗规律和生产效率等实验研究。该系统不仅可作为科研机构的实验研究系统,还可用于生产一线工作人员岗前培训、大专院校相关专业的实验教学。     

Technical Note: Effect of Sample Processing Procedures on Measurement of Starch in Corn Silage and Corn Grain

Methods for processing feedstuffs before analysis can affect analytical results. Effects of drying temperature (corn silage), preservation method (corn grain), and grinding method (corn silage and grain) on starch analysis values were evaluated. Corn silage samples dried at 55 or 105°C and grain samples dried at 55°C were ground to pass the 1-mm screen of an abrasion mill or cutting mill and analyzed for free glucose and starch corrected for free glucose. Starch analyses were performed in triplicate to assess the effect of treatment on precision of starch determination. Drying at 105°C decreased free glucose and tended to decrease starch detected in silage. Decreased free glucose and starch values in silages dried at 105°C may have been caused by the destruction of glucose and production of Maillard products through nonenzymatic browning. Maillard products with reducing activity could potentially interfere with the glucose oxidase-peroxidase glucose detection method used. Compared with the cutting mill, grinding samples through the abrasion mill increased the precision of starch measures in silage, likely due to the effect of the finer particle size produced by the abrasion mill allowing more accurate subsampling of a more homogeneous matrix. Starch values were greater for grain ground with an abrasion mill than with a cutting mill, with the difference greater for dry-rolled than for high-moisture corn. For starch analysis of corn silage and corn grain, drying at lower temperatures (55°C) in forced-air ovens and grinding through the 1-mm screen of an abrasion mill or its equivalent is recommended.     

Enhancing the hydrolysis of corn starch using optimal amylases in a high-adjunct-ratio malt mashing process

Incompletely degraded corn starch particles often seriously inhibit wort filtration and decrease a brewery’s beer productivity. Herein, the inhibiting factors of starch hydrolysis and the application of amylases to degrade residual starch were evaluated. The results showed that resistant starch and the amylopectin of corn starch were not the inhibiting factors. Almost all residual starch left in the spent grain layer was proved to be degradable by amylases. Mesophilic α-amylase was selected through a comparison of nine amylases, which increased the wort filtration rate by 44%. However, >6% of corn starch was still left after mashing when a high ratio of corn starch to water (>1:3.5) was used in liquefaction. The low water content in liquefaction was proved to be the key inhibiting factor. Considering the existing equipment and brewing technology, the application of mesophilic α-amylases should be a simple and effective method for enhancing the hydrolysis of corn starch and accelerating the wort lautering process during a high-adjunct-ratio beer brewing process.     

基于工业物联网技术的稻谷加工系统研究

目的:解决稻谷加工系统缺乏设备间信息交流和协调控制导致的大米产出质量不稳定问题。方法:基于工业物联网技术构建了稻谷加工系统5层架构，针对架构中网络层、决策层、控制层等层级存在的技术难题分别提出了基于机器视觉的无线传感器网络模型、基于差分进化算法的模糊自整定控制模型和砻谷机胶辊同步控制方法等相应层级难题的解决方法，并对系统的软硬件进行设计，对砻碾工段进行了实际改造，选用早籼稻谷进行了加工试验。结果:相比于传统加工，改进后的稻谷加工系统出糙率提升约1%,整精米率提升约1%,生产能耗降低约15%。结论:设计的基于物联网技术的稻谷加工系统对提高稻谷加工等流程加工系统的智能化改造具有借鉴意义。     

不同干燥工艺对鲜玉米粉品质及风味的影响

本文研究了煮后烘干、炒制和冻干加工对鲜玉米粉的基本成分、抗氧化性能和香气成分影响。结果表明:不同干燥工艺鲜玉米粉的淀粉、总糖、总黄酮和总酚含量差异显著(P<0.05),冷冻干燥鲜玉米粉总黄酮和总酚含量最高,分别为3.45和3.96 mg/g。冷冻干燥、煮后烘干的鲜玉米粉对DPPH自由基的清除率分别为60.5%、50.8%,对·OH的清除率分别为46.8%和39.6%。运用固相微萃取-气相色谱-质谱联用对鲜玉米粒和3种干燥工艺的鲜玉米粒的香气物质进行分析,共鉴定出79种挥发性物质,分别为醇类3种、醛类11种、酮类8种、烃类24种、酯类8种、杂环类25种。含苯环类芳香族化合物是鲜玉米的主体风味化合物。综合分析,冷冻干燥和煮后烘干的鲜玉米粒抗氧化能力较高,对于鲜玉米芳香族化合物也有较好保留。     

压梗和切梗工序对片状梗丝成丝特性的影响

为探讨片状梗丝成丝特性,采用常规切丝机（SD5辊切式）和新型复切设备（轧切式）对片状梗丝进行复切,对比分析丝状梗丝物理特性。结果表明:（1）与压梗相比,未压梗处理后梗片结构稍有提高,表观密度和真密度降低,剪切力和穿透力强,柔软度好,抗破碎性较好;（2）试验范围内,随着切梗厚度的增加,梗片尺寸增加,表观密度、真密度以及力学特性指标整体上呈现增加趋势,当切梗厚度为0.15 mm时梗片耐加工性好;（3）复切后丝状梗丝结构变化明显,尺寸减小,与常规切丝机（SD5辊切式）相比,轧切式复切设备制得丝状梗丝具有较高的填充值和弹性,梗丝宽度均匀性较好,成丝效果明显。（4）生产线验证结果表明:轧切式复切设备运行稳定性较好,无故障率为98.04%,梗丝宽度合格率和出丝率分别达到99.4%和68.68%,出丝质量较辊切式复切有所提高。      

Influence of unit operations on the levels of polyacetylenes in minimally processed carrots and parsnips: An industrial trial

Carrots and parsnips are often consumed as minimally processed ready-to-eat convenient foods and contain in minor quantities, bioactive aliphatic C17-polyacetylenes (falcarinol, falcarindiol, falcarindiol-3-acetate). Their retention during minimal processing in an industrial trial was evaluated. Carrot and parsnips were prepared in four different forms (disc cutting, baton cutting, cubing and shredding) and samples were taken in every point of their processing line. The unit operations were: peeling, cutting and washing with chlorinated water and also retention during 7 days storage was evaluated. The results showed that the initial unit operations (mainly peeling) influence the polyacetylene retention. This was attributed to the high polyacetylene content of their peels. In most cases, when washing was performed after cutting, less retention was observed possibly due to leakage during tissue damage occurred in the cutting step. The relatively high retention during storage indicates high plant matrix stability. Comparing the behaviour of polyacetylenes in the two vegetables during storage, the results showed that they were slightly more retained in parsnips than in carrots. Unit operations and especially abrasive peeling might need further optimisation to make them gentler and minimise bioactive losses.     

大中型粮食烘干设备研究进展

随着农业科技的进步,粮食烘干设备在粮食加工过程中得到广泛应用。而关于粮食烘干的研究大多集中在工艺优化上,对于粮食烘干设备的研究较少,导致新型工艺技术难以应用,粮食烘干设备的进步受到制约。目前应用于粮食烘干的有热风、热泵、远红外、太阳能、真空、微波以及联合干燥设备,本文从工作原理、干燥效率、干后品质、能源消耗、发展趋势等方面对以上粮食干燥技术及其设备进行综述,介绍了节能环保、智能调控的新型干燥设备的研究现状,分析了各种大中型粮食烘干设备及技术存在的问题,并对粮食烘干设备的发展趋势提出建议,以期为粮食烘干产业健康发展提供参考。     

Characterization of linoleic acid (C18:2) concentration in commercial corn silage and grain hybrids

Corn silage and high-moisture corn grain are commonly recognized as risk factors for biohydrogenation-induced milk fat depression and may be due to the high concentration of linoleic acid (C18:2) in corn. Corn silage and corn grain have a low concentration of fatty acids (FA), but due to their high inclusion rate in diets they contribute substantially to unsaturated FA intake. The first objective of this study was to characterize the contribution of individual plant parts to total FA in whole-plant chopped corn. The second objective was to characterize the variation in FA profile in commercial silage and grain hybrids and evaluate the relationship between FA profile and other nutrients. To determine the location of FA in the corn plant, 4 stalks from 4 different commercial hybrids were separated into stalk, husk and shank, leaves, cob, and kernels. On a dry matter basis, 80.5% of total FA were in the kernels, 11.8% in the leaves, 5.1% in the stalk, 1.7% in the cob, and 1.0% in the husk and shank. More than 96% of the oleic acid (C18:1) and 92.5% of the C18:2 was in the kernels, whereas 71.0% of the linolenic acid (C18:3) was in the leaves. Next, the FA composition of fresh whole-plant chopped corn from 124 silage hybrids and grain from 72 grain hybrids was determined over 2 yr from test plots in Pennsylvania. Last, to extend the characterization, FA composition of whole-plant corn silage from 45 hybrids grown in test plots in South Dakota were characterized. In the fresh whole-plant chopped corn from PA test plots, C18:2 as a percentage of total FA averaged from 48.7% in 2013 (percentiles: 10th = 45.2, 90th = 52.2) and 48.0% in 2014 (percentiles: 10th = 44.1, 90th = 49.4). Concentration of C18:2 in corn grain averaged 57.5% in the 2013 (percentiles: 10th = 53.4, 90th = 60.8) and 56.1% in 2014 (percentiles: 10th = 53.5, 90th = 59.4). In the corn silage from South Dakota, the concentration of C18:2 as percentage of total FA averaged 45.4% (percentiles: 10th = 39.4, 90th = 50.2) and C18:2 concentration as a percent of dry matter averaged 1.1% (percentiles: 10th = 0.76, 90th = 1.41). An increase in the concentration of C18:2 was associated with a decrease in C18:3 in fresh whole-plant chopped corn and with a decrease in C18:1 in corn grain. Total FA and C18:2 (as a percentage of dry matter) were positively correlated with starch and negatively correlated with neutral detergent fiber in both fresh whole-plant chopped corn and corn silage samples, whereas no correlation with these traits was observed for C18:2 as a percentage of total FA. In conclusion, FA concentration and profile of corn silage reflects to a great extent the FA composition of kernels and the proportion of grain in the silage. The variation in C18:2 across hybrids provides the opportunity to develop selection programs to decrease C18:2 in corn silage and grain. Selection based on C18:2 concentration as a percent of total FA is preferred as this trait did not correlate with other nutritional properties.