电子束辐照对小麦分离淀粉流变学特性的影响

从经过电子束辐照处理的小麦中提取淀粉,用Brabender连续粘度计研究不同辐照剂量（0、1.0、2.75、4.4kGy）对其流变学特性的影响,并用排阻液相色谱和多角度光散射仪、折光检测器连用技术（HPSEC-MALLS-RI）测定其分子量分布。结果表明：随着辐照剂量的增加,小麦淀粉的Brabender峰值黏度显著降低,冷稳定性升高,凝沉性减弱,当辐照剂量达到4.4kGy时,小麦淀粉的峰值黏度由85.0BU减小到42.0BU,下降了50.6%,回生值下降了88.2%;同时,小麦淀粉重均分子量逐渐下降,且当辐照剂量达到4.4kGy时,小麦淀粉的重均分子量与未辐照相比下降了1个数量级,说明电子束辐照引起了小麦中淀粉分子的降解,平均分子量减小,导致小麦淀粉流变学特性改变,粘度降低。     

串珠镰刀菌辐照效应的研究

为研究γ射线在常温下对生理盐水和玉米中不同浓度串珠镰刀菌（Fusarium momiliforme）孢子的辐照杀灭效果，用不同剂量的^60Co γ射线对生理盐水和玉米中高、低2种浓度串珠镰刀菌孢子进行辐照，采用PDA培养基平板稀释法计数孢子数。γ射线辐照剂量与存活串珠镰刀菌数有明显的剂量-反应关系，生理盐水中高、低浓度串珠镰刀菌孢子试样中D10值为0．57、0．60kGy，最小杀灭剂量为4．0、3．0kGy；玉米中高、低浓度串珠镰刀菌孢子试样中D10值为0．66、0．81kGy，最小杀灭剂量为4．0、3．0kGy。γ射线对串珠镰刀菌孢子有明显的杀灭作用，4．0kGy可全部杀灭实验浓度的串珠镰刀菌孢子。     

γ射线、电子束处理对小麦及其制品品质的影响

研究采用0(未辐照)、1、5、7和10 kGy不同剂量的γ射线和电子束处理小麦,通过分析处理前后小麦体积质量、蛋白质和粗脂肪含量、色泽、电导率、干湿面筋含量和面筋持水率等品质指标以及食用品质的变化,研究射线照射处理后对小麦品质的影响。结果表明:不同剂量的γ射线和电子束处理小麦样品后,对其体积质量和蛋白质含量影响不明显,辐照后小麦色泽变暗;随着辐照剂量的增加,其粗脂肪含量、电导率有一定程度的上升,湿面筋含量和面筋持水率有一定程度降低,对干面筋含量无明显影响。射线辐照对面条食用品质、质构特性影响较大,当2种射线辐照剂量超过7 kGy以上时,品尝评分值均降至60分以下,口味极差;随着辐照剂量升高,熟面条的黏附性上升,弹性、咀嚼性和回复性下降。     

电子束辐照对干枸杞生虫及品质的影响

利用电子束辐照,研究辐照对干枸杞品质的影响,确定干枸杞辐照杀虫工艺剂量。采用电子辐照加速器对干枸杞进行辐照处理,研究不同剂量辐照对干枸杞复水比、生虫率、颜色以及还原糖、类胡萝卜素等理化指标含量的影响。结果表明：辐照处理后干枸杞复水比显著低于未经辐照的干枸杞。电子束辐照处理可显著抑制干枸杞的生虫率,且辐照剂量越高对生虫率的抑制效果越显著;辐照剂量为4~8 kGy时,直至试验结束未曾出现生虫枸杞,辐照剂量为2 kGy试验结束时生虫率为0.57%,皆显著低于未经辐照干枸杞的0.97%。剂量≥8 kGy时,干枸杞L*、a*、b*均显著低于未经辐照的干枸杞。辐照对干枸杞还原糖、枸杞多糖含量显著上升,对可溶性糖、游离氨基酸无明显影响,当辐照剂量≥8 kGy时干枸杞类胡萝卜素、黄酮含量明显下降。综上所述,干枸杞的电子束辐照剂量应在4~8 kGy范围内。该剂量范围内能有效抑制干枸杞生虫,且最大程度保持干枸杞原有的食用品质。     

电子束辐照对小麦营养品质和面团流变学特性的影响

采用0、0.83、1.56、2.30、4.93kGy不同剂量的电子束辐照小麦麦仁,研究其对小麦营养品质、面筋质量和面团流变学特性影响。结果表明:不同剂量的电子束辐照对小麦的粗蛋白含量、氨基酸组成与平衡性影响不显著(P>0.05),对湿面筋含量、出粉率无显著影响(P>0.05),但沉淀值、降落数值均随着辐照剂量的增加而下降(P<0.05)。电子束辐照对面团的吸水量、拉伸度影响不显著(P>0.05),但面团弱化度随着辐照剂量的增加而增加(P<0.05)。与未辐照组相比,2.30、4.93kGy剂量辐照时面团形成时间、稳定时间明显下降(P<0.05),0.83、1.56kGy剂量辐照时面团的最大拉伸阻力、50mm处最大拉伸阻力显著增强(P<0.05),0.83kGy剂量辐照时面团的拉伸能量明显提高(P<0.05)。0.83、1.56kGy的辐照剂量可使小麦粉面团筋力增强。     

电子束辐照对即食凤爪品质的影响

以即食凤爪为试材,研究了电子加速器辐照处理对凤爪品质的影响,分析了不同剂量处理条件下凤爪的脂质氧化TBARS值、总挥发性盐基氮、弹性、汁液流失率、感官品质和菌落的变化情况。结果表明:当辐照剂量达到6.0 kGy时,产品贮藏180 d后其菌落总数为4 300 cfu/g,菌落总数电子束辐照的D10值在1.84～2.22 kGy;辐照剂量大于6.0 kGy时,TBARS值与空白相比有显著差异,而TVB-N则无显著差异;辐照剂量超过8.0 kGy时,则凤爪的弹性与汁液流失率有显著的影响。辐照剂量在一定范围内(8.0 kGy),对产品的感官品质不会产生明显的影响。常温下180 d的贮藏实验结果显示,采用电子束辐照可以显著降低并控制即食凤爪微生物含量,延长产品的货架期。     

电子束辐照对新疆干果品质的影响及其最高耐受剂量的确定

探究电子束辐照对4种新疆干果品质的影响, 确定干果辐照工艺的最高耐受剂量。方法 采用0、2、4、6、8和10 kGy不同剂量电子束处理枸杞干、红枣干、无花果干、小白杏干, 研究不同辐照剂量对水分、维生素C、总酸、总糖4种理化指标及色度、外观、风味、色泽和口感等5种感官品质的影响。结果 仅8 kGy辐照处理对枸杞干口感指标有不良影响, 其他3种干果的感官指标几乎不受辐照处理的影响; 10 kGy以内的辐照处理对红枣干的品质无不良影响; 无花果干的总酸含量在辐照剂量>6 kGy时有所上升, 维生素C含量在10 kGy处理时显著低于对照; 辐照剂量≥6 kGy时, 小白杏干维生素C含量显著降低。因此, 枸杞干、红枣干、无花果干和小白杏干的最高耐受剂量分别是8 kGy、10 kGy、6 kGy和6 kGy。结论 通过对电子束辐照新疆干果的品质影响及最高耐受辐照剂量的研究, 为电子束辐照在新疆干果灭菌工艺中的应用提供了理论基础。     

不同剂量电子辐照对小麦品质影响的研究

研究结果表明,经过1－10kGy辐照后小麦基本营养成份没有变化。但是,经过5kGy和10kGy辐照的样品的布置和流变学特性、面筋指数和气味色泽明显变坏。为保持基本的营养品质,2．5kGy以上的辐照剂量不宜应用。     

不同剂量60Co γ辐照对蓝莓果实贮藏品质的影响

目的探索~(60)Coγ辐照处理对蓝莓果实保鲜效果的影响。方法采用不同的辐照剂量处理"蓝丰"蓝莓,以辐照的蓝莓为研究对象,研究其果实表面微生物的种类和数量、果实腐烂率和硬度、以及相关感官品质在冷藏期间的变化规律。结果辐照处理对蓝莓果实表面微生物有很好的杀灭和抑制作用,辐照剂量越高,效果越好,且微生物对辐照剂量的敏感程度依次为:细菌霉菌酵母菌。0.5 kGy的辐照处理对冷藏期间蓝莓果实保鲜效果不明显(P0.05),3.0 kGy的辐照处理能够加速冷藏后期蓝莓的腐烂变质,适当的辐照剂量(1.0~2.5 kGy)能够很好地降低腐烂率,保持果实硬度和保护果实感官品质,其中2.5 kGy辐照剂量对蓝莓果实的保鲜效果最佳,贮藏35 d后,果实腐烂率最低(3.35%),果实硬度最高(1.08 kg/cm~2)。结论辐照保鲜蓝莓的最低有效剂量为1.0 kGy,最高耐受剂量为2.5 kGy,本研究为蓝莓的辐照保鲜提供了应用基础和科学依据。     

γ-射线对枸杞多糖杀菌效果及含量的影响

以枸杞多糖为研究对象,采用60Co-γ射线辐照技术,对枸杞多糖进行不同辐照剂量处理,分析结果表明:枸杞多糖经不同剂量的γ射线辐照处理在形态、色泽、气味与滋味上均无明显的改变,辐照后枸杞多糖含量分别比对照CK(48.53%)降低了3%(1.0 kGy)、2.9%(2.0 kGy)、0.3%(4.0 kGy)、17.5%(6.0 kGy).其中,以4.0 kGy辐照的降低最少仅占0.3%;随着辐照剂量增加枸杞多糖的杀菌效果分别是:细菌＞酵母菌＞霉菌;确定枸杞多糖达到杀菌目的而又不影响枸杞多糖含量的最低有效剂量为1.0kGy,提出最高耐受剂量为6.0kGy,适宜辐照剂量为4.0kGy.     

电子束辐照防治绿豆象及对绿豆品质的影响

为完善辐照技术防治储粮虫霉的理论,研究了电子束辐照对绿豆象种群发育及对绿豆品质的影响。绿豆象的卵、幼虫、蛹和成虫经0.1~1.0 kGy剂量的电子束辐照后,卵和幼虫在辐照的虫态死亡;蛹发育至成虫和成虫的死亡率显著增加,其种群存活个体的产卵总量显著减少;辐照处理种群的F1代不能孵化为幼虫或在1~2龄幼虫时全部死亡,而0.2 kGy及以上的辐照剂量则能完全抑制F1代孵化为幼虫。尽管0.2kGy的辐照剂量使绿豆的苗高下降了17%,脂肪酸值升高了12%,但对其发芽率、发芽势、可溶性蛋白质含量、降落数值和过氧化氢酶活性无显著影响,并且提高了绿豆的糊化液黏度。因此,推荐0.2 kGy的电子束辐照作为有效防治绿豆中绿豆象的参考剂量。     

电子束辐照对槟榔芋贮藏效果的影响

以槟榔芋为研究对象,利用辐照剂量为0.1,0.3,0.5,0.7,1.0kGy的高能电子束对其进行辐照处理,研究辐照剂量对槟榔芋贮藏效果及抗氧化酶的影响。结果表明,低剂量电子束辐照能显著降低槟榔芋的贮藏腐烂率并较好地控制发芽,但对硬度、色泽变化、感官品质影响不大,同时能维持槟榔芋过氧化物酶、谷胱甘肽还原酶以及过氧化氢酶的活性。槟榔芋贮藏的最佳辐照剂量为0.1~0.5kGy。     

Use of γ-irradiation to reduce Clostridium perfringens on ready-to-eat bovine tripe

The aim of this study was to determine the effect of gamma irradiation at a target dose of 9kGy and storage at 5 and 15°C on the safety of ready-to-eat (RTE) tripe with respect to Clostridium perfringens count (CC) and aerobic plate count (APC), and to determine the effect of boiling (1h) and irradiation (9kGy) on Cl. perfringens ATCC 13124 spore structure. Irradiation significantly reduced APC stored at 5 and 15°C for 7 days. However, 0kGy control samples increased in their APC to >7log(10) cfu/g throughout 7 days of storage. Irradiation eliminated the inoculated Cl. perfringens ATCC 13124 spores on RTE tripe throughout storage at 5 and 15°C. Transmission electron microscopy of Cl. perfringens ATCC 13124 spores showed that boiling caused a reduction in spore material, irradiation caused elongation of the Cl. perfringens ATCC 13124 spores, and boiling in combination with gamma irradiation caused loss of spore material. Therefore, irradiation at 9kGy, together with storage at 5°C, can assure the microbiological safety of RTE bovine tripe, with respect to Cl. perfringens spores for at least 7 days at 5 and 15°C.     

Effect of surface sterilization, fumigation and gamma irradiation on the microflora and germination of barley seeds.

Sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) and mercuric chloride (HgCl2) surface sterilization, methyl bromide and propylene oxide fumigation and gamma irradiation treatments were compared for their effectiveness in killing microorganisms on or within barley seeds. Surface sterilization with 12.5, 25 or 50% (v/v) NaOCl for 5, 15 or 30 min, decreased Fusarium spp., Epicoccum purpurascens, and Bacillus spp. but did not kill Alternaria alternata. However, surface sterilization with 0.1 or 0.2% (w/v) HgCl2 for 3 min significantly decreased A. alternata, Fusarium spp. and E. purpurascens but Bacillus spp. were only killed by 0.3% (w/v) HgCl2 used for 10 min, which also decreased seed germination. Aspergillus flavus inoculated onto barley seeds as spores, was completely killed by surface sterilization with NaOCl but not with HgCl2, while Fusarium culmorum was killed by both NaOCl and HgCl2 treatments. Fumigation with methyl bromide yielding a concentration-time product of 3000 mg h l-1 or with propylene oxide giving a concentration-time product of 2400 mg h l-1 eliminated all filamentous fungi but Bacillus spp. and yeasts survived, and both treatments adversely affected seed germination. Gamma irradiation at a dose of 4 kGy eliminated most Alternaria, Fusarium and Epicoccum spp. but a dose of 12 kGy was required to kill Bacillus spp., yeasts and Aureobasidium pullulans. Germination was improved slightly up to a dose of 8 kGy but gradually decreased with increase in dosage to 15 kGy of gamma irradiation.     

Modeling the influence of electron beam irradiation on the heat resistance of Bacillus cereus spores

The effect of electron beam irradiation (EBI) on Bacillus cereus spore heat resistance was investigated. Irradiation with accelerated electrons had an important heat-sensitizing effect on distilled-water spore suspensions. After irradiation doses of 1.3, 3.1, or 5.7 kGy followed by heating at 90 degrees C, calculated D(90)-values for strains Escuela Politécnica Superior de Orihuela (EPSO)-41WR and EPSO-50UR were reduced more than 1.3, 2.4, and 4.6 times, respectively. Plots of calculated log D(T)-values versus irradiation doses (1.3, 3.1, and 5.7 kGy) yielded straight parallel lines for the 85-100 degrees C heating temperature range, which made it possible to develop an equation to predict the changes in heat sensitivity of B. cereus spores that occurred with changing irradiation dose. Radiation-induced heat-sensitivity was characterized by a z(EBI)-value which was determined as the irradiation dose that should be required to reduce the decimal reduction time (D(T)) by one log(10) cycle when log(10)D(T) was plotted against irradiation treatment. A model is proposed to describe the influence of a pre-irradiation treatment with electron beams followed by heating on the heat resistance of B. cereus spores. This study also suggests the potential use of EBI followed by heating for food preservation.     

Radiation-heat synergism for inactivation of Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris spores in citrus juice

The objective of this study was to investigate the influence of electron-beam and gamma-ray irradiation and temperature (85 to 95 degrees C) on Alicyclobacillus acidoterrestris GD3B strain (NCIMB 13137) spores by calculating and comparing the decimal reduction dose or time (D-values). The survival rate of A. acidoterrestris spores decreased exponentially with irradiation doses of an electron beam or gamma ray. D-values determined for electron-beam and gamma-ray irradiated spores on filter paper ranged from 1.02 to 1.10 kGy. On the other hand, the thermal sterilization effect showed a single exponential decrease within 1.5-log decreases in cell numbers (D85 degrees C = 70.5 min, D90 degrees C = 16.1 min, and D95 degrees C = 5.19 min and z-value [change in temperature required to change the D-value] was 8.83 degrees C), and prolonged heating produced an increase of 10 to 13 times that of the thermal resistance. However, within all time ranges studied (5 to 360 min), a linear decrease in the D-value was observed with an increase in the temperature. A combination of two different methods, irradiation before heating, was appropriate for reducing the duration of the heat treatment required to achieve the inactivation of conidia. Moreover, a necessary radiation dosage for complete inactivation of A. acidoterrestris spores that contaminated dextrin was examined. Dextrin is often used in the juice industry as an augmentor, and it is known to be sometimes contaminated by these spores. The D-values of the spores in dextrin for electron-beam and gamma-ray irradiations were 1.72 and 1.79 kGy, respectively. The doses required for elimination of the spores could be lowered by using irradiation in combination with heat sterilization. When dextrin powder contaminated with 10(4) CFU/g of A. acidoterrestris was preirradiated at 1.0 kGy of electron beam, the citrus juice containing dextrin at a concentration of 10% (wt/vol) was completely sterilized by heating for 20 min at 95 degrees C.     

高能电子束对大米食用品质的影响

分别采用剂量为0、1、2、3、4、5、6 kGy的电子束辐照大米样品,考察其对大米品质的影响。结果表明：不同剂量的电子束辐照对大米的水分含量和浸泡吸水率无显著影响（P＞0.05）;随着辐照剂量的增加,大米的加热吸水率、体积膨胀率显著下降（P＜0.05）;辐照剂量显著影响米饭的蒸煮品质（P＜0.05）,剂量为5 kGy时蒸煮米饭出现明显的褐变。电子束辐照大米的剂量不宜超过2 kGy,以1 kGy的辐照剂量较佳。     

Seed Viability and Functional Properties of Broccoli Sprouts during Germination and Postharvest Storage as Affected by Irradiation of Seeds

ABSTRACT:  The viability of broccoli seeds and functional properties, such as ascorbic acid, carotenoid, chlorophyll, and total phenol contents, of broccoli sprouts grown from irradiated seeds were evaluated. The seeds were irradiated using electron beam and gamma ray at doses up to 8 kGy. High germination percentages (>90%) were observed in seeds irradiated at ≤4 kGy, but the yield ratio and sprout length decreased with increased irradiation dose. Irradiation at ≥6 kGy resulted in curling of the sprout roots. Germinated seeds contained higher amounts of nutrients than raw seeds but the nutritional quality of sprouts decreased during postharvest storage. Radiation treatment hampered the growth of irradiated seeds resulting in underdeveloped sprouts with decreased ascorbic acid, carotenoid, and chlorophyll contents. In addition, the decrease in functional content of sprouts was more substantial in samples grown from high-dose (5 kGy) irradiated seeds than that of the low-dose (1 kGy) treated ones. Seed irradiation did not negatively affect the total phenol content of sprouts. In general, electron beam and gamma irradiation of broccoli seeds showed similar effects on the viability and functional properties of sprouts.     

电子束辐照对蚌肉的保鲜效果

为探究电子束辐照对蚌肉保鲜效果及品质的影响,对0~9 kGy不同剂量电子束辐照处理的蚌肉进行冰藏试验。结果表明:电子束辐照处理能减少蚌肉中的菌落总数,延缓挥发性盐基氮(TVB-N)值的增加。1、3、5、7和9 kGy剂量的电子束辐照处理的蚌肉货架期分别延长了6、10、12、13和13 d。但5~9 kGy剂量辐照对感官评价、菌落总数、TVB-N及货架期的影响差距不大。电子束辐照在一定程度上加速蚌肉脂肪氧化,且电子束辐照剂量越大,硫代巴比妥酸值(TBA)上升越快,最大值越大。同时7~9 kGy剂量电子束辐照后蚌肉中各类氨基酸的含量有不同程度的降低。综合考虑,5 kGy剂量电子束辐照处理对蚌肉的保鲜效果较优。     

不同剂量电子束辐照对花鲈鱼肉风味的影响

采用1、3、5、7 kGy剂量电子束辐照处理花鲈鱼肉,以挥发性风味物质、游离氨基酸和呈味核苷酸含量为指标,探究辐照剂量对花鲈鱼肉风味的影响。随辐照剂量上升,花鲈鱼肉中的烃类物质相对含量呈下降趋势,醛、酮类物质相对含量上升;电子鼻检测结果显示,辐照后各剂量组气味有明显区别,但1 kGy和3 kGy组、5 kGy和7 kGy组花鲈鱼肉的气味相对接近;随辐照剂量的增加,鱼肉肌苷酸含量不断上升,呈愉快味游离氨基酸/总游离氨基酸、鸟苷酸含量和味精当量值均呈先上升后下降的趋势,并于3 kGy时达到最大值。结合电子束辐照对花鲈鱼肉的保鲜效果,选用3 kGy剂量对花鲈鱼肉进行前处理,在杀菌的同时能最大程度保留鱼肉的良好风味,实验结果可为辐照保鲜花鲈鱼肉提供依据。