不同氧化程度的脂肪对四川香肠加工贮藏过程中理化特性的影响

以四川香肠为研究对象,通过对原料肉中的皮下脂肪进行不同处理,造成显著的氧化差异(P0.05),探究其在加工贮藏过程中水分含量、pH值,脂肪氧化指标(AV、POV、TBA)及蛋白降解指标(TN、NPN、TVB-N、AAN)等理化特性的变化。结果表明:不同氧化程度的脂肪对四川香肠贮藏过程中水分含量、pH值、AV、TBA有一定影响,且表现出显著的规律性(P0.05);4种不同的处理对香肠贮藏过程中总氯含量影响不显著,但对贮藏30后的非蛋白氮含量的影响表现为D组C组B组A组,而挥发性盐基氮、氨基酸态氮的变化虽不具规律性,但用过度氧化的脂肪制作的香肠其TVB-N值始终低于其他3组,适度氧化的脂肪制作的香肠其AAN值在贮藏后期显著高于其他3组(P0.05),电泳结果也表明,肌原纤维蛋白的变化与脂肪氧化有关,说明脂肪氧化引起的蛋白质氧化与蛋白质降解之间存在相互作用关系。     

山梨酸纳米粒在中式香肠中抑菌及抗氧化作用

采用离子凝胶法制备的山梨酸纳米粒腌制中式香肠,研究其对中式香肠抑菌及抗氧化性能的影响。在中式香肠自然风干20 d后,定期检测各处理组微生物及理化指标,并进行比较。结果表明:在贮藏的72 d中,山梨酸纳米粒组中式香肠的霉菌酵母总数显著低于空白处理组(P0.05),在贮藏后期(56~72 d)显著低于空白纳米粒组(P0.05),表明以纳米粒形式存在的山梨酸可直接发挥其抑菌作用与缓释性能。此外,在整个贮藏期间,其硫代巴比妥酸值显著低于空白纳米粒组和空白处理组(P0.05);其酸价、pH值显著低于空白处理组(P0.05);表明山梨酸纳米粒具有抑制脂肪氧化的作用。     

中式香肠中脂肪氧化对蛋白质氧化的影响

以中式香肠为研究对象,通过对加工、储藏过程中包装、温度、光照以及抗氧化剂的不同处理,建立中式香肠的脂肪氧化模型,结合对其蛋白质氧化的跟踪检测,分析了中式香肠中脂肪氧化与蛋白质氧化之间的相关性。结果表明:对于脂肪氧化的抑制作用,有效抑制了蛋白质氧化形成羰基类物质,且与脂肪氧化初级和次级产物均表现较好的相关性;脂肪氧化对于蛋白质游离硫醇基流失的促进作用是由脂肪氧化次级产物挥发性醛类物质引起的。     

亚硝酸钠在中式香肠中抗氧化作用的研究

亚硝酸钠具有抗氧化的作用,可以减少因脂质氧化造成的肉制品变质,但添加过量具有致癌作用。以国标规定的亚硝酸钠最大添加量0.15g/kg为标准,选取了三种添加量0%、50%、100%,制作中式香肠并在28℃以真空和非真空条件下贮藏,定期检测贮藏期间酸价(AV)、过氧化值(POV)和硫代巴比妥酸值(TBA值),并由此来比较不同添加量的亚硝酸钠对中式香肠油脂抗氧化的影响。结果表明,最大亚硝酸钠添加量(100%)的中式香肠的氧化程度远小于最小添加量(0%)的中式香肠,差异显著(p<0.05);而100%添加量组和50%添加量组的中式香肠的氧化程度差异不显著(p>0.05)。     

不同种类的蛋白肽对香肠抗氧化能力的影响

对不同种类的蛋白肽进行筛选,将其添加到香肠中并在4℃条件下贮藏7d.测定贮藏期间各处理组及对照组的pH值、红度值(a*)、TBARS值和感官评定指标.结果表明:添加蛋白肽的处理组的脂肪氧化程度显著低于对照组,其中玉米蛋白肽在香肠中的抗氧化能力较强;乳清蛋白肽在香肠中既能抑制氧化反应的发生,又可改善香肠的组织结构;麦胚蛋白肽则对香肠的a*有一定的影响.     

沙葱多糖和沙葱黄酮对中式香肠品质的影响

为解决中式香肠亚硝酸盐残留和氧化问题,研究沙葱多糖和沙葱黄酮对中式香肠贮藏过程中（0、2、4、6、8 d）硫代巴比妥酸反应物（thiobarbituric acid reactive substance,TBARs）值、总挥发性盐基氮（total volatile basic nitrogen,TVB-N）含量、保水性、色泽、微观结构和亚硝酸盐残留量的影响。结果表明：沙葱多糖和沙葱黄酮能显著降低中式香肠贮藏期间TBARs值、TVB-N含量和亚硝酸盐残留量,提高中式香肠的保水性,有助于保持中式香肠的色泽,改善中式香肠的微观结构。     

基于电子鼻和神经网络对广式香肠脂肪氧化的评价

采用电子鼻技术对广式香肠加工和贮藏过程中的脂肪氧化程度进行检测。在加工和贮藏中,分别提取香肠烘干0～120 h和贮藏0～20 周的电子鼻响应值,同时检测香肠的酸价（acid value,AV）和过氧化值（peroxidevalue,POV）来评价香肠的脂肪氧化程度,建立两者之间相关性。通过Loading分析、方差分析和Pearson相关性分析评价10 个传感器对香肠气味的贡献率,选出最佳传感器阵列,通过人工神经网络方法建立香肠AV和POV的预测模型。结果表明：S4、S6、S7、S8和S9为香肠加工过程中对脂肪氧化表征的最佳传感器阵列,S6、S7、S8和S9为香肠贮藏过程中的最佳传感器阵列。在加工和贮藏过程中模型预测效果较好。其中,对于加工过程,基于全部传感器阵列模型对AV和POV预测的R2分别为0.959和0.930,而基于最佳传感器阵列对AV和POV预测的R2分别为0.930和0.914;对于贮藏过程,基于最佳传感器对POV预测模型R2为0.805外,其余皆在0.9以上。因此,电子鼻在广式香肠加工和贮藏过程中对其脂肪氧化程度的检测有着比较好的效果,可以进一步应用到广式香肠的商业生产和贮藏。     

脂肪酶对中式香肠脂肪降解、氧化和风味的影响

为提高高温短时烘烤的中式香肠品质,本实验研究了添加量为肉质量0.00%、0.02%、0.04%、0.06%、0.08%和0.10%水平的脂肪酶（Palatase）对中式香肠脂质降解、脂肪氧化、挥发性风味物质和感官品质的影响。结果表明：添加脂肪酶能有效加速中式香肠中的脂肪降解和脂肪氧化,促进香肠中脂质来源的挥发性风味物质的生成。添加适量（0.06%）外源脂肪酶能使香肠香气显著增强,并且不影响香肠的其他感官品质;过量添加外源脂肪酶则会导致香肠过度氧化,影响感官品质。     

脂肪含量和包装方式对法兰克福香肠贮藏品质的影响

以法兰克福香肠为研究对象,以脂质氧化、色泽、质构和挥发性产物为评价指标,研究不同脂肪含量和包装方式对产品贮藏品质的影响。结果表明:随着贮藏时间延长,法兰克福香肠的硫代巴比妥酸值(TBARS)值和亮度均与脂肪含量呈正相关,与包装方式无关;香肠的红度与脂肪含量相关性不显著,与包装方式呈正相关;香肠的硬度和黏性与脂肪含量呈负相关,与包装方式相关性甚小;脂肪含量和包装方式与挥发性产物之间的相关性都较显著。选择较低脂肪含量和真空包装方式有利于保持法兰克福香肠的贮藏品质。     

玉米抗氧化肽对于中式香肠的氧化稳定性的影响

主要研究玉米抗氧化肽对于中式香肠氧化稳定性的提高作用.实验以玉米蛋白为原料,采用酶法水解制备玉米抗氧化肽,将其作为抗氧化剂添加到中式香肠中,将香肠在37 cI=条件下贮藏,分别采用过氧化值(POV)、酸价和硫代巴比妥酸反应物(TBARS)含量变化3种指标考察玉米抗氧化肽对于香肠的氧化稳定性的影响.结果表明,玉米肽的添加显著提高了香肠的氧化稳定性(p＜0.05),氧化稳定性随玉米肽添加量的增大而增强,并且2%的玉米肽的抗氧化性要显著高于0.01%的叔丁基羟基茴香醚fBHAl.实验结果还显示,玉米肽的添加不会影响中式香肠应有的质构.     

LIPID OXIDATION AND SENSORY CHARACTERISTICS OF FRESH AND CURED SAUSAGES FROM α-LINOLENIC ACID ENRICHED PORK

Forty-eight female piglets were raised with four levels of α-linolenic acid (0, 1.5, 2.5, 3.5%) to determine the effect of dietary fat on the fatty acid composition, sensory and storage stability of pork products. The degree of polyunsaturation in neutral lipids and phospholipids were increased significantly by the dietary LNA. The thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) vaues of freshly prepared breakfast sausages with vacuum packaging remained low, but those of the loosely packaged, i. e., nonvacuumized, sausages increased more than 3 times during the 48 h storage period. The TBARS values of breakfast sausages frozen-stored for 3 months showed extensive lipid oxidation. The dietary LNA treatments and packaging had significant effects on the susceptibility of breakfast sausages to lipid oxidation. However, the oxidative stability of cured products was not affected by the dietary treatments. The results indicated that the pork enriched with polyunsaturated fatty acids could be used in cured products or uncured meat products protected by ‘hot vacuum packaging’without any sensory or quality deterioration due to lipid oxidation.     

Effect of the packaging method and the storage time on lipid oxidation and colour stability on dry fermented sausage salchichón manufactured with raw material with a high level of mono and polyunsaturated fatty acids

The effects of fatty acid composition, two packaging methods (vacuum and 20% CO₂/80% N₂) and storage under refrigeration for 210 days were evaluated on a dry fermented sausage (salchichón), manufactured with raw material enriched in monounsaturated or polyunsaturated fatty acids. Fatty acid composition was determined on sausage mixtures and on ripened sausages and lipid oxidation and colour stability was determined on ripened sausage at different times during storage. The modification of fatty acid composition of the sausages raised the nutritional quality, slightly affecting the colour properties. Dry fermented sausages enriched in polyunsaturated and monounsaturated fatty acids presented higher lipid oxidation values than the control ones. Both packaging methods (vacuum and 20% CO₂/80% N₂) during 210 days of chilled storage had minor effects on the colour and the lipid oxidation stability.     

Effect of Antioxidants and Cooking on Stability of n-3 Fatty Acids in Fortified Meat Products

ABSTRACT: This study was carried out to determine the effect of processing and cooking on n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) stability and to determine the efficacy of antioxidants (ANTI) to minimize lipid oxidation in cooked n-3 PUFA-fortified meat products. An emulsion of n-3 PUFAs (25% algal oil) was incorporated into ground turkey, pork sausages, or restructured hams (500 mg n-3 PUFA/110 g meat) with or without an "antioxidant cocktail" containing citrate (0.5% w/w), erythorbate (1 g/kg product), and rosemary (0.2% w/w). Ground turkey and pork sausages were frozen 2 d, then cooked to 71°C, and stored at 4°C for 2 d. Cooked, restructured hams were sliced, vacuum packaged, and stored at 4°C, or frozen and thawed with subsequent storage at 4°C. Treatments were CON (control), n-3 (n-3 PUFAs), CON + ANTI and n-3 + ANTI. Products were analyzed for color, lipid oxidation (TBARS and peroxide values), and n-3 PUFA profile. TBARS of n-3 PUFA-fortified treatments in ground turkey and pork sausages increased with storage ( P < 0.05); there were no changes in TBARS for CON + ANTI and n-3 + ANTI groups ( P > 0.05). For restructured hams nitrite curing appeared to delay lipid oxidation such that antioxidant treatment effects were unobservable ( P > 0.05). Overall recovery of n-3 PUFAs after heat processing was 69% to 85%, and there was no effect of storage on n-3 PUFA concentration in raw or cooked products ( P > 0.05). Sensory scores for n-3 treated restructured hams were lower than controls ( P < 0.05). Results suggested that cooking resulted in some losses of n-3 PUFAs in fortified meat products and that an "antioxidant cocktail" protected against lipid oxidation during subsequent storage in non-cured meat products.     

Lipolysis and lipid oxidation in fermented sausages depending on different processing conditions and different antioxidants

Lipolysis and lipid oxidation in Mediterranean and North Europe type sausages were studied in relation to raw material, processing conditions and additives. In particular the effect of ascorbic acid, nitrites and spices was evaluated. Lipolysis was measured by the determination of total and free fatty acids of fresh minces and matured products and lipid oxidation was evaluated by thiobarbituric acid reactive substances and cholesterol oxidation products. The increase of free fatty acids during maturation appears to be independent from processing conditions and the differences in polyunsaturated fatty acids increment found among the formulations appear to be due to inherent variations of raw materials. The presence of ascorbic acid and/or nitrite seems important for cholesterol protection and, as a consequence, for the safety of fermented meat products while spices at doses up to 0.1% do not seem to have a remarkable effect. The effect on fatty acid oxidation of the same additives and of the different processing technologies is not significantly different and the variations linked to raw material may play the greatest role.     

Effect of fat content on aroma generation during processing of dry fermented sausages

Dry fermented sausages with different fat contents were produced (10%, 20% and 30%). The effect of fat content and ripening time on sensory characteristics, lipolysis, lipid oxidation and volatile compounds generation was studied. Also, the key aroma components were identified using gas chromatography (GC) and olfactometry. High fat sausages showed the highest lipolysis and lipid oxidation, determined by free fatty acid content and thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), respectively. A total of 95 volatile compounds were identified using SPME, GC and mass spectrometry (MS). Fat reduction decreased the generation of lipid derived volatile compounds during processing while those generated from bacterial metabolism increased, although only at the first stages of processing. The consumers preference in aroma and overall quality of high and medium fat sausages was related to the aroma compounds hexanal, 2-nonenal, 2,4-nonadienal, ethyl butanoate and 1-octen-3-ol which contributed green, medicinal, tallowy, fruity and mushroom notes.     

脂质水解对肉品品质及风味影响的研究进展

在肉制品贮藏和加工过程中,脂质水解是影响肉制品质量和风味的重要影响因素之一。脂质水解主要是由于脂肪酶的作用,不同的内源性脂肪酶作用于不同的脂质位点,进而使得脂质水解形成不同的醛类、醇类、酯类、烃类等物质,这也在很大程度上影响肉制品风味。适当的水解有利于改善肉制品的风味,但是过度水解会导致肉制品的品质下降,出现蛋白氧化、哈喇味等现象。同时,脂质水解和脂质氧化之间具有一定的联系,脂质水解所形成的游离脂肪酸会发生氧化,导致肉制品的品质下降,风味物质减少。控制脂质水解程度有利于提高肉制品的品质,确定更加有利于肉制品贮藏和加工的条件。脂质水解对不饱和脂肪酸影响较大,脂肪酶对脂质位点的作用也受到众多学者的关注。本文综述肉及肉制品中脂质水解及其发生机制、肉品中脂质水解所导致的化学变化、脂质水解对肉及肉制品品质和风味的影响。     

再生纤维素-乳清分离蛋白乳化液对乳化肠品质的影响

利用再生纤维素（regenerated cellulose,RC）-乳清分离蛋白（whey protein isolate,WPI）乳化液替代乳化肠中0%、33%、66%和100%的猪背膘,研究RC乳化液对乳化肠化学组成、颜色、蒸煮损失、质构、脂肪酸组成、脂肪氧化以及肉糜动态储存模量（G’）的影响。结果表明：随着RC-WPI乳化液含量的增加,乳化肠中脂肪含量和脂肪氧化程度显著降低（P＜0.05）,亮度值显著提高（P＜0.05）;与对照组（C）相比,替代66%（T2）组蒸煮损失显著降低（P＜0.05）;添加乳化液肉糜的动态G’高于对照组,替代33%（T1）和66%（T2）的猪背膘时,乳化肠的硬度、弹性和咀嚼性显著高于对照组（P＜0.05）;随着替代比例的增加单不饱和脂肪酸含量显著提高,饱和脂肪酸含量显著降低（P＜0.05）。结果表明,RC-WPI橄榄油乳化液替代66%猪背膘时,可以提高乳化肠品质并且改善脂肪酸组成。     

Characterization of volatile compounds in a fermented and dried fish product during cold storage

ABSTRACT:  The northern European production technique for dry-cured meat sausages was used to produce a sliceable, fermented, and dried fish product rich in omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA). The fatty fish Atlantic salmon ( Salmo salar) , the lean fish saithe ( Pollachius virens ) (1:1, w/w), Lactobacillus sakei , and 4 different milk protein-based ingredients were used in the recipes. The changes in the volatile compounds during cold storage (+4 °C) of vacuum-packed dried sausages were studied by dynamic headspace gas chromatography-mass spectrometer (GC-MS). Of  the 117 volatile compounds identified, alcohols, alkanes, esters, aldehydes, ketones, and compounds derived from amino acids were the most prevalent groups of volatiles. Thirty volatiles decreased and 17 increased significantly ( P < 0.1) during storage for 15 wk. Despite the high content of PUFA, amino acid catabolism and ester synthesis led to larger changes in the composition of volatiles in the fish product than did lipid oxidation reactions. The milk-protein-based powders that were used to physically stabilize the fish oil did not affect the lipid oxidation compounds.     

Comparative studies on lipid oxidation of organic model sausage without nitrite produced with the addition of native or autoclaved mustard seed and acid whey

The objective of this work was to evaluate the influence of the addition of native and autoclaved mustard seed (AMS) with combination of acid whey (AW) on the stability of organic model sausages during 30 days of vacuum storage by measuring primary and secondary products of lipid oxidation, the changes in the fatty acid composition, oxidation–reduction potential and antioxidant capacity. Briefly, the addition of AW (5%) with combination of AMS (1%) significantly increased the capacity of sausages to capture the radical cations 2,2‐azinobis(3‐ethyl‐benzothiazoline)‐6‐sulphonate at 1 day of storage which suggests that autoclaved mustard possessed significantly higher amount of phenolic acids compared with native mustard. The salted samples with mustard seed addition characterised by lower oxidation–reduction potential values (264.5–302.1 mV) during the whole storage period compared with control‐cured sample (307.3–330.5 mV). Results of conjugated dienes (CD) measurements indicated that salted meat product samples with mustard seed addition were characterised by significantly lower CD concentration (1.12–1.90 μmol mg^?1 meat product) compared with control‐cured sample (1.86–2.55 μmol mg^?1 meat product). The AW and mustard seed added to uncured sausage were able to protect polyunsaturated fatty acids against the oxidation comparable to nitrite.     

杀菌温度对乳化肠中脂肪酸组成和脂肪氧化的影响

通过氯仿-甲醇法提取乳化肠中的脂肪,并进行皂化和甲酯化,采用气相色谱-质谱联用技术系统对比研究 不同杀菌温度对乳化肠中脂肪酸组成和脂肪氧化的影响。结果表明：乳化肠经不同杀菌温度处理后,脂肪酸含量和 脂肪氧化都会发生一定程度的变化。杀菌温度超过100 ℃时,饱和脂肪酸（saturated fatty acids,SFA）含量显著增 加（P＜0.05）,而不饱和脂肪酸（unsaturated fatty acids,UFA）含量显著降低（P＜0.05）,其中多不饱和脂肪酸 （polyunsaturated fatty acid,PUFA）的含量呈极显著降低（P＜0.01）,而单不饱和脂肪酸（monounsaturated fatty acid,MUFA）含量差异不显著（P＞0.05）;n-6 PUFA/n-3 PUFA比值显著增加,PUFA/SFA比值显著降低,同时 100～110 ℃杀菌温度显著提高了产品的过氧化值（peroxide value,POV）和硫代巴比妥酸反应物（thiobarbituric acid reactive substances,TBARS）含量。100 ℃以上的杀菌温度使C14:0、C16:0、C18:0和C20:0的含量显著提高,同时 C18:2n6、C18:3n3、C20:3n6和C20:4n6的含量显著降低,而C20:5n3和C22:6n3未检出。结论：低于100 ℃的杀菌条件可以最大程度 保持产品原有的脂肪酸组成,而高于100 ℃的杀菌温度对产品的脂肪酸比例破坏明显,且可显著促进脂肪氧化,这 为杀菌条件在肉制品中的精细化调控提供技术支持。