硼处理对杨梅果实采后贮藏期间蔗糖代谢及花色苷合成的影响

以"乌种"杨梅果实为试材,研究了硼(四硼酸钾)处理对采后杨梅果实在1℃贮藏期间品质、蔗糖代谢及花色苷合成的影响。结果显示:10 g/L为杨梅果实最大有效硼处理浓度,采用10 g/L硼处理可有效降低杨梅果实贮藏期间腐烂率并维持果实品质;10 g/L硼处理可显著抑制果实贮藏期间AI、SPS以及SS2(蔗糖合酶合成方向)活性的上升并提高SS1(蔗糖合酶分解方向)活性;同时,经硼处理的杨梅果实中葡萄糖和蔗糖含量明显低于对照果实,而果糖、总花色苷和矢车菊-3-葡萄糖苷含量却高于对照水平。由此推测,硼元素可通过直接调控杨梅果实采后贮藏期间蔗糖代谢酶活性来积累杨梅花色苷前体UDPG,从而为杨梅果实花色苷的合成提供底物,最终起到促进果实花色苷合成和改善贮藏品质的作用。     

杨梅果汁花色苷及其色泽稳定性的研究

本文就氧、维生素C(Vc)、包装材料、贮藏温度以及光等因素对杨梅汁花色苷及其色泽稳定性的影响作了探讨。结果表明:杨梅汁花色苷的降解遵循一级反应动力学规律(r<0.98)。氧及Vc均不利于花色苷及色泽保存。复合铝箔袋装杨梅汁其花色苷和色泽稳定性很高,涂料罐则又不宜装杨梅汁。低温(4℃)贮藏八个月的杨梅汁花色苷及其色泽变化甚微,高温(37℃)贮藏对花色苷和色泽破坏严重,一个月内杨梅汁即失去原有紫红色而呈褐色,且瓶底有大量褐色降解物。曝光贮藏会促进杨梅汁花色苷降解和色泽的变化。     

我国杨梅生产与贮藏加工现状

介绍了我国杨梅种植、贮藏保鲜、商品化处理、杨梅制品的加工等现状，并提出了发展杨梅产业的相关建议。     

辅色素对杨梅汁色泽短期稳定性的影响

研究了多种辅色素对杨梅汁贮藏中色泽稳定性的影响．将辅色素添加于杨梅汁中并贮藏7d后发现，乙二胺四乙酸(EDTA)、吐温-80、L-脯氨酸、L-赖氨酸、乙酸和丙二酸对杨梅汁色泽的稳定性作用不明显．L-谷氨酸、紫甘薯色素和紫玉米色素有一定的护色作用，十二烷基硫酸钠(SDS)、乙醛和桑椹红色素对杨梅汁贮藏中的色泽有明显的保护作用．     

杨梅果实采后抗氧化活性变化及其与苯丙烷类代谢的关系

以"乌种"杨梅果实为试材,研究了果实在1℃8d贮藏期间品质、抗氧化活性、酚类物质含量及苯丙烷类代谢相关酶活性的变化。结果显示:在1℃贮藏期间,杨梅果实腐烂率逐渐上升而品质和抗氧化活性逐渐下降,果实总酚、总黄酮、总花色苷和主要酚类单体物质含量和苯丙烷类代谢关键酶活性在贮藏前4 d呈上升趋势,然后不断下降。统计分析表明,总酚含量与苯丙烷类代谢相关酶活性间具有显著的线性正相关关系。因此,杨梅果实采后酚类物质含量和抗氧化活性变化与与苯丙烷类代谢的变化密切相关。     

电商物流贮藏过程杨梅品质的变化及货架寿命预测

果实在运输过程中会因振动产生挤压、碰撞或摩擦损伤,这些损伤会影响果实在贮藏过程中的品质。以振动时间的长短为变量,研究不同的振动时间对杨梅贮藏过程中的二氧化碳含量和品质的影响。结果显示：振动处理会增强杨梅的呼吸强度,增加包装内的二氧化碳含量,振动12 h处理的杨梅在硬度、花色苷、维生素C、总抗氧化性方面均低于其它处理组杨梅的品质。相关性结果显示：杨梅包装内的二氧化碳含量与维生素C、总抗氧化性、硬度呈强负相关,与可滴定酸、花色苷呈一般负相关,与可溶性固形物呈弱相关。在物流贮藏过程中,杨梅包装内的二氧化碳含量在一定程度上反应杨梅的品质。利用多元线性回归方程,以杨梅上述品质指标构建的货架寿命预测模型,能较好地预测杨梅不同振动时间处理后的贮藏时间。     

弱酸性电位水在杨梅防腐保鲜中的应用

以“东魁”杨梅为试材,研究弱酸性电位水处理对杨梅微生物数目以及贮藏品质的影响。一组用20 mg/L的弱酸性电位水喷雾处理,另一组对照未做处理,分别于常温23 ℃和低温4 ℃条件下贮藏,测定杨梅表面微生物数目及呼吸强度、硬度、质量损失率、总糖和总酸含量各项品质指标的变化。结果显示,弱酸性电位水处理和低温贮藏都能够抑制微生物的生长,减弱呼吸强度,保持杨梅的硬度和质量,减缓总酸和总糖含量的下降速率。弱酸性电位水处理还能杀灭微生物,减少杨梅初始微生物的数目。结果表明,弱酸性电位水处理和低温贮藏都可以在一定程度上保持杨梅的口感和营养价值,延长杨梅的货架寿命,而弱酸性电位水处理和4 ℃贮藏结合的方法效果更佳。     

杨梅气调贮藏及运输包装研究进展

综述近年来杨梅气调贮藏及包装运输的研究进展。目前杨梅气调贮藏主要有自发气调、充氮气调、高CO2气调、超大气高氧气调及固定气体比例气调等;杨梅包装运输则有泡沫箱+冰块运输、塑料箱式包装以及功能性保鲜包装等形式。并从实际应用的角度出发,系统地阐述杨梅气调贮运技术体系存在的问题,指出杨梅产地快速预冷、合适的气体比例组成及其贮藏中的动态监测、气调冷藏中杨梅长霉问题的解决、无外冷源条件下杨梅的运输包装等将是今后研究开发的重点。     

核黄素复合羟丙基甲基纤维素涂膜处理对采后杨梅果实冷藏品质及抗氧化活性的影响

以"乌种"杨梅果实为试材,研究了核黄素复合羟丙基甲基纤维素(HPMC)涂膜处理对采后杨梅果实在1℃贮藏期间品质及抗氧化活性的影响。结果显示,单一1mmol/L核黄素或1%HPMC处理均可有效抑制杨梅果实在整个贮藏期间腐烂率上升和品质劣变。核黄素复合HPMC涂膜处理则较单一处理更为显著(p0.05)的抑制了杨梅果实在贮藏期间腐烂的发生,并降低了果实呼吸速率和MDA积累,从而维持了果实品质。同时,复合处理可显著(p0.05)诱导杨梅果实在贮藏期间花色苷合成相关酶,如PAL、C4H、4-CL和DFR活性的上升,从而使经复合处理的果实中矢车菊-3-葡萄糖苷、榭皮素-3-O-芸香苷、杨梅黄酮和总花色苷含量以及DPPH自由基清除率和总还原力均显著(p0.05)高于单一处理水平。结果说明,核黄素复合羟丙基甲基纤维素涂膜处理在采后杨梅果实保鲜领域具有良好的应用前景。     

“东魁”杨梅在减压贮藏过程中品质及相关酶活性的变化

目的:研究减压贮藏保鲜杨梅的新技术.方法:以常规冷藏为对照,研究减压冷藏对"东魁"杨梅采后生理和品质的影响.结果:减压贮藏可显著抑制杨梅可滴定酸、维生素C含量的下降以及相对电导率的增加,保持果实较好的贮藏品质;减压贮藏可显著抑制果实的腐烂,贮藏16 d后对照果实的腐烂指数达41%,而处理果实的腐烂指数<20%.减压处理可诱导提高过氧化物酶的活性,且在整个贮藏期间一直高于对照水平.推测减压抑制杨梅果实腐烂的作用与诱导抗病相关酶的活性升高密切相关.     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.