含有非驱动关节机器人的学习控制

含有非驱动关节的机器人的运动控制比一般的机器人要困难得多．因为非驱动关节 不能直接控制，系统属于非完全可控系统，一般的光滑反馈控制方法对这样的系统是无效的 ．本文提出了一种学习控制的方法，通过学习获得高精度的前馈控制，实现欠驱动机器人的 高精度运动控制，并在一台实际的欠驱动机器人上进行了实验，给出了实验结果．     

基于遗传算法的欠驱动机器人运动规划

研究了平面欠驱动机器人的非完整运动规划问题,建立欠驱动机器人系统动力学模型,提出了一种利用遗传算法(GA)解决欠驱动机器人运动规划的方法。引入部分稳定控制器的思想,提出基于能量最优的评价函数,利用遗传算法对评价函数进行离线优化,得到有关部分稳定控制器的切换规则。此方法可以推广到任意平面欠驱动机器人的规划问题上,以平面3R欠驱动机器人为研究对象进行了数值仿真,仿真结果验证了该方法的有效性。     

可侧向摆动的欠驱动双足机器人

为解决机器人的侧向平衡问题,同时为使机器人的行走空间由二维扩展到三维,确立了可以侧向周期稳定偏转的有弹性脚的欠驱动步行机器人模型。根据混合动力系统的特点,建立了侧向摆动方程及脚碰撞地面的方程,并利用数值仿真得到了不同初始状态下的稳定极限环。根据运动状态分析,找到了弹性脚的欠驱动步行机器人所允许的侧向偏转范围。施加基于能量的控制可以消除摆动过程中出现的干扰,使欠驱动步行机器人回归到稳定状态,稳定的侧向摆动保证了欠驱动步行机器人的稳定行走。     

欠驱动两足步行机器人研究现状

针对欠驱动两足步行机器人的研究现状与发展趋势进行了探讨。首先,总结了被动行走和踝关节欠驱动两足机器人的研究现状,介绍了欠驱动两足步行机器人的基本研究方法,包括问题描述、步态规划、运动控制和稳定性判定等,并对欠驱动两足机器人需要进一步研究的问题和发展方向进行深入研究,最终目标是将欠驱动控制策略应用于两足步行机器人的行走过程控制,以提高其运动性能。     

欠驱动多指节机器人手的仿真实现

欠驱动多指节机器人手具有较复杂的非线性运动方程组以及运动过程的阶段性,公用Ｓｉｍｕｌｉｎｋ仿真系统一般很难实现这种机器人手的动态仿真为此提出用Ｍａｔｌａｂ语言编写的Ｍ－文件与Ｓｉｍｕｌｉｎｋ的仿真系统之间的合理组合,实现多指节手的动态仿真过程。文中用于欠驱动多指节机器人手的动态仿真模型能够发映手指操作的起初过程,并能简化仿真系统的复杂性,这为多指节手的运动、受力分析以及机构、控制设计等提供了有效工     

欠驱动冗余度空间机器人优化控制

欠驱动控制是空间技术中容错技术的重要方面.本文研究了被动关节中有制动器的欠驱动冗余度空间机器人系统的运动优化控制问题.从系统动力学方程出发,分析了欠驱动冗余度空间机器人的优化能力和控制方法;给出了主、被动关节间的耦合度指标;提出了欠驱动冗余度空间机器人系统的“虚拟模型引导控制”方法,在这种方法中采用与欠驱动机器人机构等价的全驱动机器人作为模型来规划机器人的运动,使欠驱动系统在关节空间中逼近给出的规划轨迹,实现了机器人末端运动的连续轨迹运动优化控制;通过末关节为被动关节的平面三连杆机器人进行了仿真,仿真的结果证明了提出算法的有效性.     

基于动态伺服的欠驱动双摆机器人仿生悬摆控制

引入动态伺服理论研究了欠驱动双摆机器人的仿生悬摆运动控制．针对欠驱动双摆机器人的仿生悬摆 运动控制,引入动态伺服理论解决摆臂末端对目标轨迹的跟踪问题;利用灵长类动物悬摆运动的类单摆特性,基于 李亚普诺夫稳定性理论设计了反馈控制律,并分析了闭环系统的奇点及其对于系统收敛性的影响．欠驱动双摆机器 人实物系统实验结果表明,文中所设计的控制策略是有效的．     

水平运动的三自由度欠驱动机器人的位置控制

以水平运动的三自由度欠驱动机器人为研究对象,对其位置控制问题进行研究．基于分层控制思想提 出一种模糊控制系统,将欠驱动机器人末端位置控制问题进行分解,末端位置由主动关节的旋转与被动关节的伸展 或收缩组成．第1 关节按照规划的曲线运动,第2 关节和第3 关节通过动力学耦合作用运动到期望位置．主动关节 2 的控制力矩或控制电压通过对模糊逻辑控制器的输出量进行加权求和得到．采用该控制原理,通过数值仿真和实 验实现了3R 欠驱动机器人在操作空间中末端点到点的位置控制．     

欠驱动柔性机器人的振动可控性分析

欠驱动柔性机器人的可控性分析是对其进行有效控制的关键问题. 本文以具有柔性杆的3DOF平面欠驱动机器人为例, 分两步分析系统的可控性. 首先,忽略杆件的弹性变形, 研究欠驱动刚性系统在不同驱动电机位置的状态可控性；然后, 考虑柔性因素, 研究欠驱动柔性系统的结构振动可控性. 结果表明振动可控性是随机器人关节位形和驱动电机位置而变化的, 并且欠驱动刚性机器人的状态可控性对相应的柔性系统的振动可控性有很重要的影响. 最后, 将上述研究方法扩展到具有一个被动关节的N自由度平面欠驱动柔性机器人.     

柔索驱动三自由度球面并联机构运动学与静力学研究

柔索驱动并联机器人采用柔索代替连杆作为机器人的驱动元件,它结合了并联结构和 柔索驱动的优点．文章提出了一种新型带有约束机构的并联柔索驱动机器人，采用四根柔索 驱动．由于约束机构的引入，机器人可实现在空间的三维转动．介绍柔索驱动并联机器 人的机构构型，给出了位姿逆解，建立了静力平衡方程和运动学方程，讨论了柔索拉力的确 定方法．研究结果证明在加入了约束机构后，柔索机器人可以实现更多的运动形式，这就为 更广泛的应用柔索驱动成为可能．     

On the manipulability ellipsoids of underactuated robotic hands with compliance

Underactuation in robotic hands is currently attracting a lot of interest from researchers. The challenging idea of underactuation in grasping is that hands, with reduced number of actuators, supported by suitable design and control, may not suffer from reduced performances. This trend is also strengthened by recent neuroscience studies which demonstrates that also humans use sensorimotor synergies to control the hand in performing grasping tasks. In this paper, we focus on the kinematic and force manipulability analyses of underactuated robotic hands. The performances of such hands, regarded as mechanical transformers of inputs as forces and speed into outputs as object wrench and displacements, are assessed by suitably defined manipulation indices. The whole analysis is not limited by rigid-body motion assumptions, but encompasses elastic motions and statically indeterminate configurations by introducing generalized compliance at contacts and actuation. Two examples show the validity of the proposed approach to evaluate underactuated hand performances.     

水平欠驱动机械臂的反步自适应滑模控制

针对二自由度水平欠驱动机械臂系统,提出了基于分层滑模控制思想的反步自适应滑模控制方法．该方法能够在不对系统状态模型进行复杂坐标变换,并且没有约束方程限制的前提下实现对欠驱动系统的反馈滑模控制．仿真结果表明了该方法的有效性,而且优化后的控制器具有较好的适应性和控制效果．     

Adaptive Interconnection and Damping Assignment Passivity Based Control for Underactuated Mechanical Systems

In this paper, we present two adaptive control approaches to handle uncertainties caused by parametric and modeling errors in a class of nonlinear systems with uncertainties. The methods use the Port-controlled Hamiltonian (PCH) modelling framework and the interconnection and damping assignment passivity-based control (IDA-PBC) control design methodology being the most effectively applicable method to such models. The methods explore an extension on the classical IDA-PBC by adopting the state-transformation, yielding a dynamic state-feedback controller that asymptotically stabilizes a class of underactuated mechanical systems and preserves the PCH structure of the augmented closed-loop system. The results are applied to the underactuated mechanical systems that are a class of mechanical systems with broad applications and are more interesting as well as challenging control problems within this context. The results are illustrated with numerical simulations applied to two underactuated robotic systems; the Acrobot and non-prehensile planar rolling robotic (disk-on-disk) systems.

     

Udwadia-Kalaba Equation Based Adaptive Robust Control for Two-wheeled Inverted Pendulum System: Underactuation and Uncertainty

A new adaptive robust control method based on Udwadia-Kalaba(U-K) approach which can be applied to the underactuated system is designed and used to a two-wheeled inverted pendulum system in this paper. We separate this typical underactuated system into two subsystems(forward subsystem and yaw subsystem), which are fully underactuated and actuated. For these different subsystems, we use different control methods. We apply an adaptive robust control method which has been proved many times to the fully actuated subsystem. Based on this adaptive robust method, a new control strategy can be redesigned and applied to the underactuated subsystem by modifying the adaptive law and other things. This adaptive robust control with a leakage-type adaptive law could guarantee the uniform boundedness and uniform ultimate boundedness of the system. Finally, the simulation is executed to demonstrate the advantage and simplicity of the proposed method.

     

基于自适应Backstepping的欠驱动AUV三维航迹跟踪控制

为了实现欠驱动自治水下机器人（AUV）三维航迹跟踪控制,基于非完整系统理论分析了AUV缺少横向推进器时的欠驱动控制系统特性,并验证了欠驱动AUV存在加速度约束不可积性.基于李亚普诺夫稳定性理论,利用自适应Backstepping设计连续时变的航迹点跟踪控制器,以抑制外界海流的干扰.仿真实验表明,所设计的控制器能实现欠驱动AUV对一序列三维航迹点的渐近镇定,并且航迹跟踪的精确性和鲁棒性明显优于PID控制.     

Projection operator-based robust adaptive control of an aerial robot with a manipulator

This paper describes a quadcopter manipulator system, an aerial robot with an extended workspace, its controller design, and experimental validation. The aerial robot is based on a quadcopter with a three degree of freedom robotic arm connected to the base of the vehicle. The work aims to create a stable airborne robot with a robotic arm that can work above and below the airframe, regardless of where the arm is attached. Integrating a robotic arm into an underactuated, unstable system like a quadcopter can enhance the vehicle's functionality while increasing instability. To execute a mission with accuracy and reliability during a real-time task, the system must overcome the inter-coupling effects and external disturbances. This work presents a novel design for a robust adaptive feedback linearization controller with a model reference adaptive controller and hardware implementation of the quadcopter manipulator system with plant uncertainties. The closed-loop stability of the aerial robot and the tracking error convergence with the robust controller is analyzed using Lyapunov stability analysis. The quadcopter manipulator system is custom developed in the lab with an off-the-shelf quadcopter and a 3D-printed robotic arm. The robotic system architecture is implemented using a Jetson Nano companion computer for autonomous onboard flight. Experiments were conducted on quadcopter manipulator system to evaluate the autonomous aerial robot's stability and trajectory tracking with the proposed controller.     

欠驱动手动态抓取控制的研究

基于手指动力学模型建立了速度观测器.该观测器用于欠驱动手的自适应轨迹跟踪,弥补了欠驱动手没有速度传感器的缺点,补偿了手指模型中欠驱动元件(如扭簧)造成的不确定因素.与PID和计算力矩法相比,其跟踪误差更小,动态控制效果更加理想.通过动力学模型建立了基于力的阻抗控制策略,在阻抗控制中使用速度观测器,实现了基关节的动态抓取力跟踪.动态轨迹跟踪与力跟踪相结合,使欠驱动手在抓握时具有良好的动态抓取性能.     

The dexterity and singularities of an underactuated robot

Underactuated robots are robotic systems with more joints than actuators. A robot may be underactuated by design as in the case of a hyper‐redundant robot with passive joints or may become underactuated as a result of an actuator failure. In this article, we examine the dexterity of underactuated robots whose passive joints operate in either a locked or free‐swinging mode. The ability to an analyze the dexterity of an underactuated robot has important applications especially for the control of passive joints with brakes and for the fault tolerance analysis of an otherwise fully actuated kinematically redundant robot. The approach applied here is to use kinematics and dynamics‐based formulations of manipulator dexterity. We then characterize passive‐joint singularities, i.e., configurations where full end‐effector control is lost because one or more joints are passive instead of active. Lastly, we introduce a new characterization of joint‐limit singularities, which are configurations where full end‐effector control cannot be achieved because one or more joints are at their joint limits. © 2001 John Wiley & Sons, Inc.     

Dynamic Balance Control Based on an Adaptive Gain-scheduled Backstepping Scheme for Power-line Inspection Robots

This paper presents an adaptive gain-scheduled backstepping control (AGSBC) scheme for the balance control of an underactuated mechanical power-line inspection (PLI) robotic system with two degrees of freedom and a single control input. First, a nonlinear dynamic model of the balance adjustment process of the PLI robot is constructed, and then the model is linearized at a nominal equilibrium point to overcome the computational infeasibility of the conventional backstepping technique. Second, to solve generalized stabilization control issue for underactuated systems with multiple equilibrium points, an equilibrium manifold linearized model is developed using a scheduling variable, and then a gain-scheduled backstepping control (GSBC) scheme for expanding the operational area of the controlled system is constructed. Finally, an adaptive mechanism is proposed to counteract the impact of external disturbances. The robust stability of the closed-loop system is ensured by Lyapunov theorem. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness and high performance of the proposed scheme compared with other control schemes.      

A self-propelled robotic system with a visco-elastic joint: dynamics and motion analysis

This paper studies the dynamics and motion generation of a self-propelled robotic system with a visco-elastic joint. The system is underactuated, legless and wheelless, and has potential applications in environmental inspection and operation in restricted spaces which are inaccessible to human beings, such as pipeline inspection, medical assistance and disaster rescue. Locomotion of the system relies on the stick–slip effects, which interacts with the frictional force of the surface in contact. The nonlinear robotic model utilizes combined tangential-wise and normal-wise vibrations for underactuated locomotion, which features a generic significance for the studies on self-propelled systems. To identify the characteristics of the visco-elastic joint and shed light on the energy efficacy, parameter dependences on stiffness and damping coefficients are thoroughly analysed. Our studies demonstrate that the dynamic behaviour of the self-propelled system is mainly periodic and desirable forward motion is achieved via identification of the variation laws of the control parameters and elaborate selection of the stiffness and damping coefficients. A motion generation strategy is developed, and an analytical two-stage motion profile is proposed based on the system response and dynamic constraint analysis, followed by a parameterization procedure to optimally generate the trajectory. The proposed method provides a novel approach in generating self-propelled locomotion, and designing and computing the visco-elastic parameters for energy efficacy. Simulation results are presented to demonstrate the effectiveness and feasibility of the proposed model and motion generation approach.