真空预冷对白蘑菇贮藏品质的影响

研究了真空预冷处理对白蘑菇贮藏品质的影响。结果表明,与不预冷样品相比,真空预冷抑制了白蘑菇呼吸强度,延缓了可溶性固形物、VC含量、细胞膜透性和质构的下降,改善了白蘑菇的感官品质,并延长了白蘑菇的货架期。     

真空预冷双孢菇及其贮藏保鲜工艺

为探究双孢菇保鲜新方法,采用真空预冷技术,研究了不同真空压力和预冷温度处理对双孢菇保鲜效果的影响。结果表明:在5℃预冷终温下,对预冷压力为800、1 000、1 200 Pa真空预冷处理的蘑菇进行冷藏保鲜时,经1 000 Pa真空预冷处理的双孢菇质量损失和硬度减少最低;在1 000 Pa预冷压力下,对预冷终温为5、7、9℃进行真空预冷处理的蘑菇进行比较,得出经5℃真空预冷处理的双孢菇质量、硬度、色差变化率最低。双孢菇经真空预冷处理后可明显延长其保鲜期。双孢菇的最佳真空预冷工艺条件:预冷压力为1 000 Pa,预冷温度为5℃     

预湿润处理对白蘑菇真空预冷过程及贮藏品质的影响

真空预冷是一种能提高果蔬贮藏品质并可延长其货架期的快速预冷方法。作者探讨了不同的预湿润处理，水分添加量分别为实验样品质量4％、5％和6％时对白蘑菇真空预冷过程和贮藏品质的影响，以失重率、水分质量分数、水分活度、可溶性固形物和色泽为考察指标，结果表明当实验样品的质量为4kg时，预湿润处理的较佳添加水分量为实验样品质量的5％。     

采用真空预冷处理提升西兰花贮藏品质

将西兰花分别在600、800和1 200 Pa真空预冷压力下,预冷至终温5℃,然后于4℃贮藏15 d,以常压冷藏样品为对照,研究真空预冷处理对西兰花贮藏过程中感官品质、营养指标和酶活力的影响。结果表明,与CK组相比,真空预冷处理可有效延缓西兰花贮藏过程中感官品质的劣变,保持其可溶性蛋白质、总糖、Vc等营养成分的含量;同时,它也能有效降低呼吸强度,抑制与酶促褐变密切相关的多酚氧化酶(polyphenol oxidase,PPO)和过氧化物酶(peroxidase,POD)活力的升高。其中,1 200 Pa处理组在保持西兰花可溶性蛋白质、Vc含量和抑制PPO及POD酶活力升高方面最为显著。1 200 Pa真空预冷压力处理可有效提高西兰花的贮藏品质。该研究结果为真空预冷技术在西兰花贮藏过程中的应用提供了实验依据和参考。     

荷兰豆真空预冷及其对贮藏品质的影响

真空预冷可在果蔬采后迅速移除果蔬田间热,有效延长产品保质期,是近年来发展迅速的果蔬保鲜技术之一。为考察真空预冷对荷兰豆贮藏品质的影响,本实验采用1、3、5、7℃四个终温和3%、5%的补水率,8组交叉实验分别对样品进行真空预冷处理。结果表明：补过水的荷兰豆经真空预冷处理后,不仅货架期得到延长,而且贮藏品质较好,差异突出体现在失水率及感官品质方面。其中,经5%补水预冷终温为5℃的荷兰豆在16d的贮藏过程中各项指标均较好。     

预冷后宁夏菜心贮藏期内品质分析及货架期的预测

采用真空预冷和冷库预冷两种方式对宁夏菜心进行处理,分别在0、5、10℃下进行预冷和贮藏保鲜实验,测定其贮藏期内失重率、叶绿素、色泽等品质指标,直到其失去食用价值,并建立动力学分析模型预测其货架期。结果表明,在预冷温度0、5、10℃条件下,菜心贮藏的温度越低,其品质指标变化越慢;真空预冷后,贮藏期内菜心品质优于冷库预冷,真空预冷可有效延缓其失重率、叶绿素和色泽的下降,0℃是宁夏菜心保持良好感官品质的最佳真空预冷和贮藏温度。通过动力学分析显示,失重率和L*值、a*值的变化符合零级反应动力学模型,叶绿素和b*变化适合一级反应动力学;经验证所建立的动力学模型有效,可以用于预测贮藏温度0、5、10℃条件下,菜心的货架期分别为21、12、9 d。     

真空预冷压力对菠菜采后贮藏保鲜品质的影响

为探究真空预冷压力对菠菜采后贮藏品质的影响,将菠菜分别置于600、800和1000 Pa真空预冷压力下冷却至4℃,然后于（4±1）℃贮藏15 d。以常压冷藏样品为对照,通过分析菠菜贮藏期间的感官品质、色差、失重率、维生素C、叶绿素和酶活变化,研究真空预冷压力对菠菜采后贮藏品质的影响。结果表明,真空预冷处理可有效延缓菠菜贮藏过程中感官品质的劣变,降低失重率和V_C、叶绿素等成分损失,抑制色泽变化,抑制过氧化氢酶（Catalase,CAT）活力下降和过氧化物酶（Peroxidase,POD）活性升高。综合来看,1000 Pa预冷压力处理组菠菜的贮藏品质最优。     

预冷方式对韭薹货架期品质的影响

为研究不同预冷方式对韭薹常温贮藏期间品质的影响，以压差预冷和冷库方式预冷韭薹至中心温度4℃，于常温(26～29)℃条件下模拟货架期，每天取样测定韭薹的感官和生理品质，以未预冷为对照。结果表明：采后预冷可以有效延缓韭薹品质劣变和感官下降，其中压差预冷对延长韭薹货架期效果更明显；较冷库预冷相比，压差预冷缩短预冷时间4.5倍，可有效降低韭薹呼吸强度和腐烂指数，减少质量损失，延缓叶绿素降解和纤维素老化，较好地保持了韭薹贮藏期的色泽。压差预冷处理可提高贮藏期韭薹感官品质，保持常温贮藏5 d内有较好的商品性。     

真空预冷对青菜贮藏品质的影响

本实验选取叶类蔬菜——青菜为研究对象,研究了真空预冷过程中青菜温度、真空室压力随时间的变化规律及贮藏过程中青菜品质的变化。实验结果表明:青菜预冷至4℃,整个过程不到300s;真空预冷对青菜冷藏过程中的品质具有积极的正向作用,能够有效抑制青菜贮藏过程中感官品质的下降,减缓VC、叶绿素的降低,并抑制亚硝酸盐含量的升高,保持MDA含量在较低的水平。     

真空预冷处理对小青菜品质影响的实验研究

选取典型叶菜类——小青菜为研究对象,研究了经不同真空预冷处理条件对小青菜品质的影响。选择4、8、12℃3种预冷终温进行比较,得出了真空预冷过程中小青菜温度、真空室压力随时间的变化规律以及贮藏过程中小青菜品质的变化规律,并探讨了不同预冷终温对小青菜质量、质构和呼吸强度的影响。实验结果表明,与对照组相比,真空预冷能够地起到保鲜小青菜的作用。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.