3 种食源性致病菌Tem-PCR检测方法的建立

应用靶序列富集多重聚合酶链式反应（target-enriched multiplex-polymerase chain reaction,Tem-PCR）技术建立金黄色葡萄球菌、沙门氏菌和志贺氏菌3 种食源性致病菌的快速检测方法。分别以金黄色葡萄球菌femA基因、沙门氏菌invA基因和志贺氏菌ipaH基因为靶基因,设计3 对特异性引物,并与通用引物连接组成Tem-PCR引物,通过反应条件优化,建立了Tem-PCR检测方法。结果显示,建立的Tem-PCR方法特异性强,对沙门氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和志贺氏菌的检测灵敏度分别为1.1×103、2×103 CFU/mL和1.2×103 CFU/mL。Tem-PCR检测方法有效地解决了传统多重PCR引物扩增效率不均衡的问题。     

多重PCR快速检测三种食品病原菌

建立一种快速、经济、实用的可以同步检测食品中金黄色葡萄球菌、沙门氏菌、小肠结肠炎耶尔森氏菌的多重聚合酶链式反应(polymerase chain reaction,PCR)的方法。根据金黄色葡萄球菌的nuc基因,沙门氏菌的invA基因,小肠结肠炎耶尔森氏菌的ail基因,分别设计了三对引物,对单个基因PCR和单管多重PCR扩增进行特异性、灵敏性实验以及优化反应体系。三对引物能特异性扩增出236、475、127bp的目的条带。建立的多重PCR同时对3种食源性致病菌进行检测具有较高的灵敏度,灵敏度金黄色葡萄球菌为102CFU/mL、沙门氏菌为102CFU/mL、小肠结肠炎耶尔森氏菌为102CFU/mL。初步建立能同步、简便、快速、灵敏地检测食品中金黄色葡萄球菌、沙门氏菌和小肠结肠炎耶尔森氏菌的三重PCR方法。     

4种食源性致病菌的多重PCR快速检测方法研究

为快速检测蜡样芽孢杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、志贺氏菌和沙门氏菌4种食源性致病菌,建立4重聚合酶链式反应(polymerase chain reaction,PCR)的检测方法。针对菌株的特异性基因设计引物,选择退火温度相近,扩增条带区间不同的引物为多重聚合酶链式反应引物组,并对多重PCR的引物浓度、退火温度进行优化,确定扩增条件。结果表明,在54℃的退火温度下,4种菌可扩增长度为246、166、65、107 bp的清晰片段,其检测灵敏度为蜡样芽孢杆菌2×101CFU/mL,金黄色葡萄球菌可达1.3×102 CFU/mL,志贺氏菌可达1.3×102 CFU/mL,沙门氏菌可达1.4×102 CFU/mL。     

多重PCR检测食源性致病菌的研究

建立多重PCR方法来同时检测和鉴定食品中单增李斯特氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和肠出血性大肠杆菌三种致病菌。试验以单增李斯特菌蛋白转录调控基因(hlyA)、金黄色葡萄球菌耐热核酸酶基因(nuc)和肠出血性大肠杆菌O157︰H7的O157抗原特异基因(rfbE)为靶基因设计引物,并对其反应体系进行优化,确定其灵敏度及检出限。多重PCR反应的灵敏度为102cfu/mL,检出限为103cfu/mL。该研究建立的多重PCR检测方法简单、快速、灵敏度高具有很好的应用前景。     

3种食源性致病菌多重PCR检测体系的建立

目的:探究用PCR方法检测食品中金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)、沙门氏菌(Salmonella spp.)及志贺氏菌(Shigella spp.)的检测灵敏度,建立快速检测3种食源性致病菌的多重PCR方法。方法:分别依据金黄色葡萄球菌的fem A、沙门氏菌的hil A基因及志贺氏菌的ipa H基因设计3对特异性引物,对3对引物进行多重PCR反应体系构建与优化。结果:建立的多重PCR方法具有灵敏度高、特异性强、方便快捷的优点。结论:研究结果为上述3种食源性致病菌快速检测试剂盒的研发及在食品安全检测工作中的应用提供了重要技术保障。     

多重PCR检测原料乳中沙门氏菌、无乳链球菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的研究

目的:建立快速检测沙门氏菌、无乳链球菌和金黄色葡萄球菌的多重PCR方法。方法:根据沙门氏菌(Salmonella)组氨酸转运操纵子基因、无乳链球菌(Streptococcus agalactiae)的STRA-Agl-23-1D基因和金黄色葡萄球菌(Staphylococcus aureus)的耐热核酸酶nuc基因分别设计引物,进行PCR扩增及反应条件的优化,建立这3种菌的多重PCR检测方法。结果:通过建立多重PCR方法,3对引物同时特异性地扩增出495 bp、360 bp和279 bp目的片段;3种菌的检测限:沙门氏菌1.9×102 cfu/mL、无乳链球菌2.0×102 cfu/mL、金黄色葡萄球菌2.9×102 cfu/mL;3种菌DNA含量的(最低)检出限分别为3.86、25.5、3.47pg。结论:本文建立的多重PCR检测方法,简单、快速、灵敏度高,具有很好的应用前景。     

多重重组酶介导等温扩增技术检测食品中3种食源性致病菌

建立快速、灵敏的多重重组酶介导等温扩增方法（recombinase aided amplification,RAA）同时检测食品中的大肠埃希氏菌O157:H7、沙门氏菌和金黄色葡萄球菌。方法 根据大肠埃希氏菌O157:H7的rfbE基因、沙门氏菌的invA基因以及金黄色葡萄球菌的nuc基因的序列保守区域设计RAA特异性引物,筛选出最优的引物组合并优化各项实验条件;通过标准菌株验证方法特异性和灵敏度,并通过人工污染实验,验证方法在实际食品样本中的检测能力。结果 多重RAA方法最佳扩增温度为37℃,反应时间为50 min;方法特异性良好,仅对目标菌株存在特异性扩增条带,与其他常见食源性致病菌无交叉反应;方法对基因组DNA的检测灵敏度为0.10 ng/μL;方法对经过简单增菌的人工污染牛奶样本和牛肉干样本中目标菌株的检出限为100 CFU/mL。结论 本研究建立的多重RAA扩增方法具有特异性好、灵敏度高、检测通量高等优势,适用于多种场景下食品样本中3种食源性致病菌的快速检测。     

牛奶中志贺氏菌PCR检测方法的建立

根据Genbank志贺氏菌侵袭性质粒抗原H (ipaH)基因序列, 自行设计引物, 扩增特异的326 bp核酸片段, 经过优化PCR扩增条件, 建立了志贺氏菌特异、敏感、快速的PCR检测方法, 并对牛奶中的志贺氏菌进行了检测.特异性试验结果表明, 志贺氏菌参考菌株均能扩增出特异的核酸片段, 大肠杆菌、巴氏杆菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、沙门氏菌、蜡样芽孢杆菌、变形杆菌、绿脓杆菌的扩增结果均为阴性.敏感性试验结果表明, 采用试剂盒提取基因组, 该方法的敏感性可达到1.75×102 cfu/mL.人工污染牛奶的模拟检测结果表明, PCR方法的检测限为1.75×103 cfu/mL.     

食品中3种致病菌多重PCR检测体系的建立及初步应用

目的:建立同步速测食品中沙门氏菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、单核细胞增生性李斯特菌的多重聚合酶链式反应(polymerase chain reaction,PCR)方法。方法:利用基因组比对法寻找3种致病菌的特异性序列——沙门氏菌的invA基因、金黄色葡萄球菌的nuc基因和单增李斯特菌的prs基因,运用Primer Premier 5.0分别设计3对片段大小不同的特异性引物;通过优化反应体系,建立3种致病菌的多重PCR检测体系。结果:建立的多重PCR方法灵敏度测试结果分别为7.6、3.8、5.1pg/μL,在此灵敏度下可以扩增出全部特异性引物条带,验证性实验结果出现相应的目的条带且未发生交叉影响。结论:初步建立能同步、简便、快速、灵敏地检测食品中沙门菌、金黄色葡萄球菌和单核细胞增生性李斯特菌的三重PCR方法。     

5种食源性致病菌PCR检测方法的建立

目的建立食品中的沙门氏菌、副溶血性弧菌、大肠埃希氏菌O157:H7、金黄色葡萄球菌和单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌的PCR快速检测方法。方法以缓冲蛋白胨水为增菌培养基,采用直接提取法提取DNA并测定其核酸浓度。对PCR的退火温度、模板浓度进行优化,把5种目标菌分为两组进行检测分析,并进行特异性和灵敏度实验。结果 5种目标菌培养后均表现出良好的生长趋势。PCR扩增最佳退火温度为59℃, 5种目标菌的引物特异性好,方法的检测灵敏度高。沙门氏菌、副溶血性弧菌、大肠埃希氏菌O157:H7、金黄色葡萄球菌和单核细胞增生李斯特氏菌最低检出核酸浓度分别为0.0202、0.158、0.187、2.30和1.05μg/mL。结论该方法简便、快速、灵敏度高,能满足食品安全检测要求。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.