小麦粉堆垛硫酰氟熏蒸及杀虫效果的实仓试验

研究了五面密闭方式密封的小麦粉堆垛以20 g/m3硫酰氟熏蒸工艺,分析了硫酰氟的熏蒸杀虫效果和渗透性。结果表明,硫酰氟熏蒸52 h完全可以杀死常见储粮害虫。试验中,以五面密闭方式薄膜密封的小麦粉堆垛气密性较差,硫酰氟浓度半数衰减时间HLT仅为1.6 h,此种密封方式不适合进行硫酰氟熏蒸。硫酰氟可以渗透到1.5 m深度的小麦粉中,熏蒸52 h可以杀灭小麦粉堆内0.6 m深度的害虫。此外,赤拟谷盗、锈赤扁谷盗、米象、锯谷盗对硫酰氟存在不同的耐受力。     

硫酰氟熏杀锈赤扁谷盗实仓应用

使用硫酰氟对高抗性害虫锈赤扁谷盗进行实仓熏蒸杀虫处理,在12 h内可以灭杀成虫及卵,表明硫酰氟在熏蒸过程中具有粮堆穿透性强、杀虫时间短、杀虫效果好等优点。     

大黑粉盗与赤拟谷盗和锈赤扁谷盗对磷化氢的耐受力比较研究

潜在危害的储粮害虫大黑粉盗Cynaeus angustus研究缺乏,掌握其磷化氢耐受力有助于科学治理。采用快速击倒和FAO推荐方法测定了磷化氢对大黑粉盗的KT50值和毒力方程,并与赤拟谷盗Tribolium castaneum和锈赤扁谷盗Cryptolestes ferrugineus进行了比较,测定了100、200、300、400、500 mL/m3磷化氢模拟熏蒸中3种害虫卵、幼虫、蛹和成虫不同时间的死亡率。磷化氢对大黑粉盗、赤拟谷盗和锈赤扁谷盗的KT50值分别为7、127和3 736 min,相应毒力方程斜率值b为3.67、8.28和9.94,相应LC50值为0.008、1.34和5.88 mg/L。害虫不同虫态在100~500 mL/m3浓度下的半数致死时间LT50值于大黑粉盗卵为4~2 h、幼虫4~1 h、蛹4~1 h、成虫3~1 h,于赤拟谷盗为卵12~5 d、幼虫11~5 d、蛹13~7 d、成虫10~4 d,于锈赤扁谷盗为卵28~13 d、幼虫为18～9 d,蛹26～11 d,成虫17~9 d。相应的完全致死时间（LT100）于大黑粉盗卵为21~6 h、幼虫8~3 h、蛹9~6 h、成虫5~3 h,于赤拟谷盗卵为21~18 d、幼虫21~15 d、蛹27~18 d、成虫21~12 d,于锈赤扁谷盗卵为54~30 d、幼虫42~30 d、蛹48~30 d、成虫36~25 d。所测大黑粉盗为磷化氢敏感品系,其各虫态对磷化氢的耐受力为卵>蛹>幼虫>成虫,其耐受力远小于赤拟谷盗和锈赤扁谷盗磷化氢抗性品系。     

实仓与模拟熏蒸完全致死磷化氢抗性锈赤扁谷盗试验研究

锈赤扁谷盗是当前普遍发生且采用磷化氢熏蒸难以有效治理的储粮害虫,为了探讨抗性锈赤扁谷盗的实仓治理效果,在大型浅圆仓中采用磷化氢与二氧化碳仓外施药环流熏蒸实仓,研究了对5个高抗性锈赤扁谷盗品系的现场杀虫效果,并比较了室内模拟熏蒸条件下磷化氢对高抗性锈赤扁谷盗的致死情况。试验结果为:在实仓条件下,磷化氢浓度在700ml/m~3以上维持3d,在500ml/m~3以上维持11d,抗性系数为560~668倍的5个强抗性锈赤扁谷盗品系在15d内完全死亡;在模拟熏蒸条件下,保持磷化氢浓度500ml/m~3,完全杀死同样抗性的锈赤扁谷盗品系需要24d。在实仓熏蒸下,采用磷化氢和二氧化碳仓外施药、环流并保持磷化氢浓度在760~370ml/m~3的浓度变化水平,可在15d的时间内完全致死强抗性锈赤扁谷盗,且致死效果明显好于模拟条件下单独采用500ml/m~3磷化氢浓度的杀虫效果,仓外施药中二氧化碳和较高磷化氢浓度有利于促进对抗性锈赤扁谷盗的熏蒸治理。     

不同温度对氮气气调锈赤扁谷盗各虫态致死时间比较研究

掌握温度对氮气气调中害虫不同虫态致死时间的影响程度对科学控制气调时间和成功杀虫具有重要意义。测定了18℃、23℃和28℃温度时锈赤扁谷盗的卵、幼虫、蛹和成虫在98%氮气气调过程中不同时间的死亡率及完全致死时间。温度18℃时锈赤扁谷盗卵、幼虫、蛹和成虫的完全致死时间分别为28、18、28和14 d，23℃时完全致死时间分别为22、14、24和8 d，28℃时完全致死时间分别为16、9、18和5 d。温度18℃时卵、幼虫、蛹和成虫的完全致死时间比23℃时相应延迟6、4、4和6 d，比28℃时相应延迟12、9、10和9 d。实验温度下98%氮气气调时锈赤扁谷盗耐受力最强的虫为蛹期，其后依次为卵、幼虫和成虫期。锈赤扁谷盗蛹在18、23和28℃温度下的死亡率-时间回归方程分别为y = 3.85x - 3.85、y = 4.01x - 3.53和y = 4.72x - 3.71。温度降低显著延迟98%氮气气调杀虫时间，氮气气调锈赤扁谷盗时应以杀死其耐受力最强的蛹为目标。     

惰性粉处理稻谷防治锈赤扁谷盗的效果研究

研究了经食品级惰性粉处理的稻谷中锈赤扁谷盗的生存时间,并在实仓验证了散装稻谷仓粮堆表层应用惰性粉拌粮的防治效果。用纯惰性粉处理锈赤扁谷盗的生存时间为0.8 d,采用150 mg/kg惰性粉拌粮法处理的稻谷中锈赤扁谷盗生存时间为0.9 d;无惰性粉处理的活虫样和稻谷样中锈赤扁谷盗的生存时间分别为13.3 d和18.6d。研究表明,惰性粉拌粮对锈赤扁谷盗有显著的防治效果,实仓试验中应用惰性粉可以减少锈赤扁谷盗的数量,但其应用技术有待进一步研究。     

硫酰氟对锈赤扁谷盗熏杀应用实验

采用硫酰氟以21 g/m~3的剂量,对7 818 t散存小麦进行熏蒸杀虫,探索硫酰氟对储粮害虫锈赤扁谷盗的熏杀效果,结果表明:其杀虫效果明显好于磷化氢,且密闭时间短。     

磷化氢对六种甲虫的抗性品系和敏感品系的发育未成熟的毒力与防治关系

<正> 试验用谷象、米象、谷蠹、锈赤扁谷盗、锯谷盗和赤拟谷盗6个品种甲虫的13个品系(有的叫小种)的各个发育期,在15℃和25℃温度下,置于密闭的熏蒸箱内熏蒸。其中已知7个品系的成虫对磷化氢抗性。结果发现除抗品系的成虫具有抗性外,其发育未成熟期即卵、幼虫、和蛹也具有抗性,在抗性品系甲虫的整个生活史中,抗性最大的是蛹。锯谷盗、赤拟谷盗、锈赤扁谷盗和谷蠹的敏感品系各发育期,在15℃和25℃温度下,密闭4天,可以控制,虽然其中后两者在15℃时的磷化氢剂量要高达2克/米~3,但相     

储藏小麦粉中害虫发生与温湿度变化的关系研究

研究了不同初始虫口密度(0、2、15头/kg小麦粉)的不同储粮害虫(锈赤扁谷盗成虫、赤拟谷盗成虫、赤拟谷盗成虫与锈赤扁谷盗成虫混合)发生对储藏小麦粉温度及环境湿度变化的影响。结果表明,在全部实验观察期间,随着实验时间延长,害虫为害引起小麦粉温度升高,初始感染害虫虫口密度越高小麦粉温度也越高;不同起始虫口密度的不同虫种害虫为害的小麦粉温度均表现出上升趋势,相互之间差异不显著。在全部实验观察期间,未受害虫感染的小麦粉温度变化在22.27～28.70℃,感染2头/kg赤拟谷盗的小麦粉温度变化在22.23～29.53℃,感染15头/kg赤拟谷盗的小麦粉温度变化在22.03～29.55℃。感染2头/kg锈赤扁谷盗的小麦粉温度变化在21.67～29.43℃,感染15头/kg锈赤扁谷盗的小麦粉温度变化在22.13～29.63℃。感染2头/kg混合虫种的小麦粉温度变化在22.30～29.63℃,感染15头/kg混合虫种的小麦粉环境变化在22.20～29.37℃。在实验观察期间,不同虫种、不同起始虫口密度害虫为害对小麦粉环境湿度变化影响差异不显著。     

掌叶苹婆种子提取物对三种主要储粮害虫的毒力测定

采用索氏提取法,以丙酮作为有机溶剂制备掌叶苹婆种子提取物,并利用滤纸药膜法研究了掌叶苹婆种子提取物对玉米象、谷蠹和锈赤扁谷盗3种试虫成虫的触杀作用。结果表明,掌叶苹婆种子丙酮提取物对玉米象、谷蠹和锈赤扁谷盗3种试虫成虫具有很强的触杀作用,且触杀作用随着处理时间延长和处理剂量增加而显著增强。在浓度3.923 mg/cm2处理剂量下处理96 h后提取物对3种试虫的触杀作用校正死亡率均达到100%。掌叶苹婆种子丙酮提取物对玉米象、谷蠹和锈赤扁谷盗成虫的触杀毒力LD50值分别为:0.875、0.716和1.389 mg/cm2。3种试虫成虫对提取物的敏感性为谷蠹>玉米象>锈赤扁谷盗。     

Ovarian structures and circulating steroids in heifers and lactating cows in summer and lactating and dry cows in winter

Two experiments compared follicular and luteal development and circulating steroid concentrations from induced luteolysis to ovulation in lactating Holstein cows (n = 27; 40.0 +/- 1.5 kg milk/day) vs. nulliparous heifers (n = 28; 11 to 17 mo-old) during summer (Experiment 1), and in lactating (n = 27; 45.9 +/- 1.4 kg milk/d) vs. dry cows (n = 26) during winter (experiment 2). All females received PGF2,, 6 d after ovulation and were monitored until next ovulation by daily ultrasound and assay of serum progesterone (P4) and estradiol (E2). Every female was used two or three times. In Experiment 1, lactating cows had high incidence of multiple ovulation (63.5%) compared with heifers (1.3%). Among single ovulators, there was no difference in maximal size of ovulatory follicles between lactating cows and heifers (15.8 vs. 16.5 mm, respectively). However, lactating cows had lower peak serum E2 (8.6 vs. 12.1 pg/ml), took longer to ovulate after luteolysis (4.6 vs. 3.8 d), developed more luteal tissue volume (7,293.6 vs. 5,515.2 mm3), and had lower serum P4 on d 6 after ovulation (2.0 vs. 3.0 ng/ml) than heifers (data included multiple ovulators). In experiment 2, multiple ovulations were similar between lactating and dry cows (17.9 vs. 17.2%, respectively). Peak serum E2 was also similar between lactating and dry cows (7.6 vs. 8.5 pg/ml) although lactating cows had larger ovulatory follicles (18.6 vs. 16.2 +/- 0.4 mm). Lactating cows took longer to ovulate (4.8 vs. 4.2 d), developed more luteal tissue (7,599 vs. 5,139 +/- 468 mm3), but had similar serum P4 (2.2 vs. 1.9 ng/ ml) compared with dry cows. Therefore, lactating cows had similar or lower circulating steroid concentrations than dry cows or heifers, respectively, despite having larger ovarian structures.     

Fertilization and early embryonic development in heifers and lactating cows in summer and lactating and dry cows in winter

Two experiments in two seasons evaluated fertilization rate and embryonic development in dairy cattle. Experiment 1 (summer) compared lactating Holstein cows (n = 27; 97.3 +/- 4.1 d postpartum [dppl; 40.0 +/- 1.5 kg milk/d) to nulliparous heifers (n = 28; 11 to 17 mo old). Experiment 2 (winter) compared lactating cows (n = 27; 46.4 +/- 1.6 dpp; 45.9 +/- 1.4 kg milk/d) to dry cows (n = 26). Inseminations based on estrus included combined semen from four high-fertility bulls. Embryos and oocytes recovered 5 d after ovulation were evaluated for fertilization, embryo quality (1 = excellent to 5 = degenerate), nuclei/embryo, and accessory sperm. In experiment 1, 21 embryos and 17 unfertilized oocytes (UFO) were recovered from lactating cows versus 32 embryos and no UFO from heifers (55% vs. 100% fertilization). Embryos from lactating cows had inferior quality scores (3.8 +/- 0.4 vs. 2.2 +/- 0.3), fewer nuclei/embryo (19.3 +/- 3.7 vs. 36.8 +/- 3.0) but more accessory sperm (37.3 +/- 5.8 vs. 22.4 +/- 5.5/embryo) than embryos from heifers. Sperm were attached to 80% of UFO (17.8 +/- 12.1 sperm/UFO). In experiment 2, lactating cows yielded 36 embryos and 5 UFO versus 34 embryos and 4 UFO from dry cows (87.8 vs. 89.5% fertilization). Embryo quality from lactating cows was inferior to dry cows (3.1 +/- 0.3 vs. 2.2 +/- 0.3), but embryos had similar numbers of nuclei (27.2 +/- 2.7 vs. 30.6 +/- 2.1) and accessory sperm (42.0 +/- 9.4 vs. 36.5 +/- 6.3). From 53% of the flushings from lactating cows and 28% from dry cows, only nonviable embryos were collected. Thus, embryos of lactating dairy cows were detectably inferior to embryos from nonlactating females as early as 5 d after ovulation, with a surprisingly high percentage of nonviable embryos. In addition, fertilization rate was reduced only in summer, apparently due to an effect of heat stress on the oocyte.     

2018年深圳市售蔬菜和鸡蛋中氟虫腈及其代谢物的检测分析

目的 建立超高效液相色谱-串联质谱法同时测定蔬菜和鸡蛋中氟虫腈及其代谢物(氟甲腈、氟虫腈砜和氟虫腈亚砜), 并对深圳市售的蔬菜和鸡蛋中氟虫腈及其代谢物残留状况进行抽样检测。方法 采用QuEChERS前处理方法, 以C18色谱柱为分离柱, 以乙腈和10 mmol甲酸+6 mmol甲酸铵水溶液为流动相进行梯度洗脱, 用超高效液相色谱-串联质谱(ultra performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry/mass spectrometry, UPLC-MS/MS), 电喷雾电离(electrospray ionization, ESI), 多反应监测(multiple reaction monitoring, MRM)模式检测, 外标法同时定量测定氟虫腈及其代谢物。结果 方法的线性范围为0.1~2.0 μg/L, 线性相关系数均大于0.9994, 检出限0.0005 mg/kg, 定量限0.001 mg/kg; 蔬菜中3个水平的平均加标回收率88.0%~101.2%, 相对标准偏差(relative standard deviation, RSD)均小于8.5%; 鸡蛋中3个水平的平均加标回收率86.1%~104.8%, 相对标准偏差(RSD)均小于9.2%。结论 该方法具有操作简单、干扰少、快速、准确可靠等特点, 可适用于蔬菜鸡蛋中氟虫腈及其代谢物的检测。     

Zinc and iron contents and their bioaccessibility in cereals and pulses consumed in India

Several cereals and pulses commonly consumed in India were screened for zinc and iron contents and their bioaccessibility in the same was determined by equilibrium dialysis employing an in vitro simulated digestion procedure. Zinc content of cereals ranged from 1.08 mg/100 g in rice to 2.24 mg/100 g in sorghum. Zinc content of pulses was between 2.03 mg/100 g (whole chickpea) and 2.68 mg/ 100 g (decorticated chickpea). Iron content of cereals ranged from 1.32 mg% in rice to 6.51 mg% in sorghum, while that of pulses ranged from 3.85 mg% in decorticated green gram to 6.46 mg% in black gram. Dialyzability of zinc from pulses (27–56%) was generally higher than that from cereals (5.5–21.4%). Dialyzabilities of iron were almost similar from both cereals and pulses examined and were 4.13–8.05% in cereals and 1.77–10.2 % in pulses. A significant negative correlation between inherent phytate content and zinc dialyzability value was inferred in the case of pulses. Phytic acid content of the cereals had a significant negative influence on iron dialyzability. Inherent calcium had a negative influence on zinc dialyzability in cereals. Tannin did not have any significant influence on zinc or iron dialyzabilities from cereals and pulses. While both insoluble and soluble fractions of the dietary fibre generally interfered with zinc dialyzability, the insoluble fraction alone had this effect on iron dialyzability. The lower collective negative influence of the inherent factors on zinc dialyzability from pulses is consistent with their higher concentrations in these grains, relative to cereals. The negative correlation of inherent phytic acid with zinc and iron dialyzabilities was supported by enhanced dialyzabilities of these minerals upon partial removal of phytate from the grains by treatment with fungal phytase.     

果蔬及其制品中真菌毒素的污染与检测研究进展

果蔬在生长、贮存、运输及加工等一系列过程中,极易受到各种病原菌的侵染而发生腐烂,腐烂果蔬不仅造成巨大的经济损失,而且导致果蔬积累大量的真菌毒素。真菌毒素可通过食物链的传递对人或动物的健康带来巨大威胁。本文就果蔬中常见真菌毒素的种类、产毒菌株、侵染途径、产毒条件、毒性作用、检测方法和限量标准等方面进行详细的总结,旨在为果蔬中真菌毒素的控制提供参考。     

蛋白质组学技术及其在乳及乳制品中的应用研究进展

蛋白质组学技术是近年来生命科学研究的重要工具,在食品、医学及动植物研究领域具有独特优势。利用蛋白质组学技术研究乳及乳制品,深入阐明其中蛋白质的表达及动态变化已成为当前的研究热点。该文主要综述了蛋白质组学的概念、常用技术及应用领域,重点介绍蛋白质组学在乳及乳制品领域,特别是在乳脂肪球膜蛋白、乳清蛋白、乳及乳制品加工过程以及干酪制品中的研究应用,探讨了目前乳及乳制品蛋白质组学研究中存在的问题与局限,并对蛋白质组学及其在乳及乳制品中的应用前景进行了总结与展望,为应用蛋白质组学技术深入研究乳及乳制品提供了理论依据。     

冰酒中的毕赤属和汉逊属酵母菌的筛选及其在葡萄酒酿造中的应用

从冰葡萄酒自然发酵过程中分离、鉴定出10株毕赤属(Pichia)和汉逊属(Hanseniaspora)酵母,对其耐受性(酒精、糖、酸、SO2)进行研究,筛选得到4株耐受性能优良的酵母菌株,编号为"HO"和"HU"(Hanseniaspora属)、"PO"和"PK"(Pichia属)。再将此4个酵母菌株与商业酿酒酵母(Saccharomyces cerevisiae)按不同比例(1:1和10:1,1:1编号为1,10:1编号为2),先接种非酿酒酵母菌株,48 h后再接种酿酒酵母的顺序进行混合发酵。研究了发酵过程中菌群及乙醇的动态变化,又对发酵结束后冰葡萄酒的主要成分进行分析。结果显示:"HO"随接种量的增加菌落数受到抑制,"HU""PO"及"PK"随接种量的增大菌落数受到促进作用;HO1、HU1、HU2、PK1、PK2乙醇含量在发酵前期增长较少,在发酵中期迅速增大,HO2、PO1、PO2乙醇含量在发酵前期增长较多,在发酵中期显著增大,所有发酵乙醇含量皆于第21天稳定在9%左右;"HO""HU""PO"及"PK"不同比例混合发酵各理化指标(酒精度、总糖、总酸、有机酸)均符合国家葡萄酒标准,"HU"乙酸含量过高,葡萄酒品质中含有缺陷。以上结果表明4株酵母菌株均可应用于本土葡萄酒的酿造中,为生产具有本地特色的葡萄酒提供一定的参考。     

Fenvalerate residue level and dissipation in tea and in its infusion

Fenvalerate is a non-systemic insecticide/acaricide used in controlling a wide range of pests, including those resistant to organochlorine, organophosphorus and carbamate insecticides. The study investigated the dissipation behaviour (residue level) of fenvalerate in tea and its transfer during infusion. Fenvalerate was applied on tea crop at two dosages, 100 and 200?g a.i.?ha^?1 (recommended and double the recommended) in the dry and wet seasons under field conditions. Samples (green tea shoots, made tea, its infusion and spent leaves) were analysed for fenvalerate by high-performance liquid chromatography using diode array detection. The residue dissipated faster in the wet season than in the dry season. Seven days after the treatment (normal round of plucking) the residues observed in the green shoots at the two dosages were 0.5?±?0.01, 1.1?±?0.01 and 0.4?±?0.02, 0.9?±?0.01?mg?kg^?1 in the dry and wet seasons, respectively. During processing of green tea shoots to made tea a 30–40% loss of residue was observed. The transfer of residue from made tea to infusion was in the range 10–30% for both seasons, whereas 50–70% of the residues remained in the spent leaves. However, the degradation rate in both seasons followed first-order kinetics. The half-lives were in the range of 2–3 days for green shoots and made tea in both seasons.     

Fenvalerate residue level and dissipation in tea and in its infusion

Fenvalerate is a non-systemic insecticide/acaricide used in controlling a wide range of pests, including those resistant to organochlorine, organophosphorus and carbamate insecticides. The study investigated the dissipation behaviour (residue level) of fenvalerate in tea and its transfer during infusion. Fenvalerate was applied on tea crop at two dosages, 100 and 200 g a.i. ha^-1 (recommended and double the recommended) in the dry and wet seasons under field conditions. Samples (green tea shoots, made tea, its infusion and spent leaves) were analysed for fenvalerate by high-performance liquid chromatography using diode array detection. The residue dissipated faster in the wet season than in the dry season. Seven days after the treatment (normal round of plucking) the residues observed in the green shoots at the two dosages were 0.5 ± 0.01, 1.1 ± 0.01 and 0.4 ± 0.02, 0.9 ± 0.01 mg kg^-1 in the dry and wet seasons, respectively. During processing of green tea shoots to made tea a 30-40% loss of residue was observed. The transfer of residue from made tea to infusion was in the range 10-30% for both seasons, whereas 50-70% of the residues remained in the spent leaves. However, the degradation rate in both seasons followed first-order kinetics. The half-lives were in the range of 2-3 days for green shoots and made tea in both seasons.     

生物技术在制浆造纸中的应用与研究进展

介绍了生物技术在制浆造纸工业的应用与研究进展，包括生物制浆、生物漂白、生物脱墨及造纸过程中的生物技术等。