亚微米级钛酸钡的晶相与形貌调控及其立方-四方晶相转变

以α钛酸和八水合氢氧化钡为原料,采用低温固相法制备出均一性良好的亚微米级四方相钛酸钡,研究了焙烧工艺(焙烧温度、焙烧时间、升温速率和焙烧方式)对钛酸钡微观形貌结构、晶相含量、晶粒大小和晶相转变温度的影响。通过SEM、XRD和Raman等手段对钛酸钡样品进行了表征,其结果表明四方相钛酸钡晶粒大小为亚微米级,在300℃由亚稳态立方相钛酸钡晶相转变而来,600℃时钛酸钡晶粒以立方体形貌为主,700℃时钛酸钡粉体中以四方相钛酸钡为主。无论是晶相转变温度还是焙烧温度均较传统温度显著降低。     

溶剂热制备纳米钛酸钡粉体的结晶度和尺寸调控

以溶剂热的方法制备纳米四方相钛酸钡粉体,通过改变反应时间、前驱物钡钛摩尔比n(Ba)/n(Ti)来调控粉体的粒径大小、粒度分布和四方相结晶度。BET比表面积、激光粒度分析、SEM、XRD、FTIR测试结果表明,延长反应时间可减少钛酸钡粉体—OH含量,四方相结晶度有所提高,粉体粒径随之变大,粒度分布变宽;随着n(Ba)/n(Ti)的提高,钛酸钡粉体—OH含量相应减少,粉体颗粒尺寸呈先增大后减小的趋势,但基于"尺寸效应",粉体四方相结晶度并未因—OH含量的减少而线性增大。当反应时间为1h,n(Ba)/n(Ti)为2.5时,合成钛酸钡粉体粒径小、粒度分布较窄且具有较高的四方相结晶度,适用于制备小于2μm瓷膜的MLCC。     

微波湿法制备BaTiO3纳米粉体

以BaCl2、TiCl4为原料,以(NH4)2C2O4·H2O为沉淀剂,利用微波辐照制备了高纯四方相钛酸钡纳米粉体.应用正交实验研究了前驱体合成及分解时微波辐照时间、温度对钛酸钡粉体的粒度的影响,应用XRD、TEM等对粉体的结构、形貌进行了分析.研究表明,利用微波辐照50 min就可以获得晶粒尺寸在30nm以下的四方相钛酸钡粉体,随微波辐照时间的增加,钛酸钡的纯度与结晶度提高,粒度增大.     

微波法制备纳米钛酸钡粉体及其表征

为了探寻价廉、高效合成纳米钛酸钡粉体的方法,以TiCl4和BaCl2为主要原料,采用微波法一步合成纳米钛酸钡粉体,采用X射线衍射谱、扫描电镜、漫反射吸收谱、介电损耗谱和热重-差热分析对钛酸钡粉体进行表征。结果表明,合成的钛酸钡粉体为纯的立方相纳米粉体,颗粒大小均匀,分散性好,晶粒度约为90 nm;纳米钛酸钡粉体的禁带宽度为3.4 eV,具有良好的介电性能;纳米钛酸钡粉体中立方相BaTiO3在1 000℃煅烧后才有部分转化成四方相BaTiO3,表现出良好的热稳定性。     

水热法合成四方相超细BaTiO3粉体的研究进展

近年来，水热法合成四方相钛酸钡是一个研究热点问题，主要综述了水热法合成四方相钛酸钡粉体的研究进展，指出目前关于四方相和立方相相变的机理尚不完全清楚，临界尺寸还有待于进一步证实，四方相及其含量的测定还依赖于更为先进的设备和测试方法。     

纳米钛酸钡粉体的制备和烧结动力学研究

以四氯化钛、八水合氢氧化钡和氨水为原料,首先制备出氢氧化钛凝胶,然后以乙醇为溶剂,采用两步沉淀法在低温常压下合成了立方相纳米钛酸钡粉体.研究了反应温度、反应物浓度和反应时间对粉体物相和粒径的影响,利用XRD和TEM对粉体进行了表征.实验结果表明,在低于80℃的反应温度下可以制备出粒径＜20nm、结晶性能良好且形貌规则的纳米钛酸钡粉体.此外,以合成的粉体为原料,以热膨胀仪为测试手段,对钛酸钡陶瓷的烧结动力学进行了研究.结果表明,陶瓷的烧结温度为1150～1250℃,在1250℃的烧结温度下保温2h,陶瓷坯体的相对密度约93%,室温介电常数约4020.     

合成工艺对固相法制备高四方性纯钛酸钡粉体的影响

钛酸钡是一种重要的功能陶瓷材料,因具有优异的电学性能而被广泛应用于多层陶瓷电容器(MLCC)等电子元器件。本研究以碳酸钡和二氧化钛为原料,采用固相法制备形貌均匀且四方性高的BaTiO₃粉体,系统研究了合成工艺(合成温度、升温速率和保温时间)对BaTiO₃粉体的影响。通过TG/DTA、XRD和SEM等测试手段对BaTiO₃粉体进行表征,结果表明：合成温度主要影响BaTiO₃粉体的四方性,保温时间和升温速率主要影响BaTiO₃粉体的粒径和粒度分布;原材料经过90 r/min球磨24 h后,在合成温度1050℃、升温速率5℃/min和保温时间3 h的条件下,制备了平均粒径为400 nm、四方性(c/a)为1.009 1的形貌均匀的BaTiO₃粉体。本工作为固相法制备高可靠性MLCC用纯BaTiO₃粉体提供了良好的研究思路。     

微波固相法合成四方相钛酸钡纳米粉体

以BaCO_3、TiO_2为原料,SiC微球为微波良导体材料,原料经球磨,砂磨细化后与SiC微球均匀混合,采用微波微区加热技术合成BaTiO_3粉体。利用XRD、Raman和FT-IR确定合成温度以及定性分析、SEM进行形貌表征,PSD进行粒度分析,BET测试比表面积。结果表明,采用微波固相法,引入微波良导体SiC形成微波微区域加热制备出粒径400 nm,粒度分布均匀的四方相钛酸钡粉体,相比于传统固相法粒径更小,分散性良好。为钛酸钡粉体的微波固相法合成提供了新思路。     

超细高纯四方钛酸钡粉体的合成进展

阐述了超细高纯四方钛酸钡(BaTiO3)粉体的主要制备技术及最新进展,特别介绍了这一领域具创新性的连续有序可控爆发成核共沉淀法制备超细高纯四方钛酸钡(BaTiO3)粉体的方法,该方法与其它方法相比具有成本低、产率高和质量好的特点,所制得的粉体分散性好,晶粒尺寸分布范围窄,且平均尺寸在2～100nm范围内可自主调控,特别是不需经晶型转化工艺可直接制备出四方晶相粉末.并介绍了其市场前景及社会经济效益.     

掺镍对钛酸钡陶瓷结构及介电性能的影响

采用溶胶-凝胶(Sol-gel)法制备均匀掺镍钛酸钡纳米晶粉体及其陶瓷.通过XRD和SEM对掺镍钛酸钡粉体及陶瓷进行表征,并测定陶瓷的介电性能,主要研究掺镍量对钛酸钡陶瓷的相组成、显微组织和介电性能的影响.结果表明:采用Sol-gel法制得掺镍钛酸钡基纳米晶立方相粉体(25nm),经烧结后可得到四方相钛酸钡.氧化镍在钛酸钡陶瓷中的溶解限约为0.9 at.%(约为固相掺杂时的2倍);掺镍量低于此溶解限时,随着掺镍量的增大,陶瓷晶粒的长大趋势受到抑制,陶瓷的居里温度降低;当掺镍量高于此溶解限时,陶瓷晶粒长大,陶瓷的居里温度保持在85℃;随掺镍量的增加,陶瓷最大介电常数εm呈先增大后减小的趋势.     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

From Industry 4.0 to Research 4.0. Development of High Performance Fibers in the Light of Digitization

We associate a variety of innovations with the term ＂Industry 4.0＂. The pioneer of many 4.0 modifications forms the basisfor the trend towards the integrated di...     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Roman iron and steel: A review

ABSTRACT

The production of ferrous metal increased during the Roman Late Republican period, Principate and Empire. The direct bloomery process was used to extract the metal from its ores using slag-tapping and slag-pit furnaces. The fuel was charcoal and an air blast was introduced by bellows-operated tuyères. Iron formed as a bloom, often as a spongy mass of metal, which contained impurities from the smelting process, including unreacted ore, fuel, slag and fragments from the furnace walls, while the metal was often inhomogeneous with varied carbon contents. Blooms were either smithed directly into bars or ingots or they were broken up, which also allowed the removal of gross impurities and a selection of pieces with similar properties to be made. These could then be forge-welded together and formed into characteristically shaped ingots. Making steel in the furnace seems to have been achieved: it depended on the ore and the furnace and conditions within it. Surface carburization was also carried out. Iron and steel were used extensively in construction and for tools and weapons. Fire welding was often used to add pieces of steel to make the edges of tools and weapons, which could be heat-treated by quenching to harden them.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Synthesis of Alumina-Zirconia Nanocomposites by Solgel Process

Al₂O₃-ZrO₂ nanocomposites were developed starting with the solgel process. Composite alumina-zirconia nanopowders were synthesized from metallorganic precursors (Aluminium secondary butoxide and zirconium Iso propoxide) using the solgel process. The parameters affecting the synthesis—solvent, concentration of precursor, R/H ratio (i.e., dilution of water in solvent)—were varied as also the temperature and pH. BET and TEM were used to measure nanosize. Diffuse reflectance spectroscopy and also qualitative optical absorption led to identical particle size estimate. The variation of process parameters was used to study the effect and interdependence of process parameters. Artificial Neural Networks was used to rigorously analyze the process. Although this led to confirmation of interdependence of parameters, the presence of a single overwhelming solvent variable was also established. Then the optimal process was used to synthesize more nanopowder. To produce bulk nanocomposite the nanopowders were sintered by varying the temperature and time period. The sintered lithoids were probed with a vickers hardness tester to measure elastic modulus, hardness, and fracture toughness. The results showed high elastic modulus, modest hardness, and very high fracture toughness.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.