玉露香梨可溶性固形物近红外漫透射光谱在线检测

应用近红外漫透射光谱技术探索玉露香梨可溶性固形物在线无损检测的可行性。358个试验样本被分成建模集和预测集(269∶89),分别用于建立模型和验证模型的预测能力。通过对玉露香梨样品近红外漫透射光谱分析发现,样品光谱在625,725,800nm处存在3个波峰,在673,765,825nm处存在3个波谷。通过对比不同预处理方法,发现漫透射近红外光谱分别经一阶微分、移动窗口平滑和多元散射校正组合预处理后建立的模型效果最好。结合组合预处理方法建立了偏最小二乘和偏最小二乘支持向量机预测模型,经比较,偏最小二乘支持向量机模型预测能力更强,模型预测均方根误差和相关系数分别为0.316%和0.949。对比发现主成分分析和径向基函数有利于提高最小二乘支持向量机模型的预测能力。试验结果表明采用近红外漫透射光谱技术结合最小二乘支持向量机算法,实现了玉露香梨可溶性固形物在线无损检测。     

柑橘浮皮果与可溶性固形物光谱同时在线检测

柑橘浮皮果和可溶性固形物是评价柑橘品质的重要指标,在运动速度5个/s、积分时间100ms条件下,采集350~1 150nm范围内的柑橘光谱,探讨在同一条生产线上同时在线检测浮皮果与可溶性固形物的可行性,同时探索柑橘正常果,轻度、重度浮皮果的光谱响应特征,建立柑橘浮皮果与正常果的定性判别模型,并对比分析两种判别模型,同时还建立柑橘可溶性固形物的定量检测模型,最终实现了柑橘浮皮果与可溶性固形物同时在线检测。采用未参与建模的35个样品对模型在线分选的准确性进行评价,其中柑橘浮皮果都被正确的推入预设的浮皮果出口,正确判别率为100%,而可溶性固形物正确分级率为97%。研究可为柑橘在线分选提供分选策略与理论依据。     

䥺Symbol`@@基于近红外光谱漫透射技术的苹果可溶性固形物含量在线检测

为研究苹果的内部品质,提高检测的速度和稳定性,将近红外光谱漫透射技术应用于在线检测研究,并采取偏最小二乘回归(PLSR)算法结合不同光谱预处理方法建立苹果内部的可溶性固形物含量(SSC)的定量模型。结果表明:采用一阶微分结合多元散射校正(MSC)预处理后的模型最稳定,校正集和预测集的标准差分别为0.17和0.39,校正集的相关系数也达到0.988 3。试验结果说明近红外光谱漫透射技术能够快速、无损地检测出苹果的可溶性固形物含量。     

基于近红外光谱漫透射技术的苹果可溶性固形物含量在线检测

为研究苹果的内部品质,提高检测的速度和稳定性,将近红外光谱漫透射技术应用于在线检测研究,并采取偏最小二乘回归(PLSR)算法结合不同光谱预处理方法建立苹果内部的可溶性固形物含量(SSC)的定量模型。结果表明:采用一阶微分结合多元散射校正(MSC)预处理后的模型最稳定,校正集和预测集的标准差分别为0.17和0.39,校正集的相关系数也达到0.988 3。试验结果说明近红外光谱漫透射技术能够快速、无损地检测出苹果的可溶性固形物含量。     

近红外漫反射无损检测梨果可溶性固形物的研究

应用近红外漫反射无损检测梨果可溶性固形物。通过自行设计的NIR光谱系统测定了240个梨果样品的SSC。180个梨果样品用来建模,其余60个用来验证模型的性能。采集完整梨果的近红外漫反射光谱（350～1 800 nm）,光谱经移动窗口平滑处理、一阶微分和二阶微分预处理后,再分别采用多元线性回归、主成分回归和偏最小二乘法,建立梨果可溶性固形物的定量预测数学模型。结果表明：采用一阶微分结合偏最小二乘法所建模型的预测效果较好,可溶性固形物定量预测数学模型的相关系数为0.928 5,均方根误差为0.436 4。近红外漫反射光谱作为一种无损的检测方法,可用于评价梨果的可溶性固形物。     

基于FPGA的老陈醋定量与定性分析系统设计

首先采用判别分析(DA)算法结合不同光谱预处理方法建立老陈醋醋龄的判别模型,采用偏最小二乘法建立老陈醋的pH值和可溶性固形物的定量分析模型,通过选择校正集验证了采用近红外光谱实现对老陈醋醋龄判别具有较高的准确性,对老陈醋的pH值和可溶性固形物的定性与定量分析的模型的精度和稳定性都较好,然后采用可编程逻辑器件(FPGA)的设计,完成从光谱的采集、预处理、定性定量分析和显示等整个功能,其中光谱采集采用的是近红外透射光谱采用NEXUS傅里叶变换近红外光谱仪(热电尼高力仪器公司,美国)及其相应的透射附件进行采集,定性与定量分析模型的建立采用数字信号处理器(DSP)核实现,最终实现对老陈醋的在线检测系统的设计.     

基于光谱技术与光学仿真的柚果在线检测托盘设计与试验

采用Trace pro软件对柚果及配套传送托盘模型进行光学仿真分析,设计一款适用于柚果在线检测的传送托盘。通过结构优化和材料替换等方法,对仿真结果中辉度/照度值较高的托盘模型,进行实物加工。柚果置于不同类托盘上,自主搭建光谱平台分别采集柚果漫透射光谱进行试验对比。以试验结果最优的托盘配合柚果进行光谱采集,光谱经预处理,连续投影算法提取光谱特征波段,建立柚果可溶性固形物含量的偏最小二乘回归法的预测模型,最佳预测决定系数为0.957;预测均方根误差为0.271°Brix。结果表明,模型的预测能力好、预测精度高,传送托盘设计合理。     

可见/近红外光谱半透射法检测苹果中可溶性固形物含量

目的 检验自行搭建的半透射光谱采集平台检测水果中可溶性固形物含量的可行性, 并比较不同光谱采集方式对光谱模型的影响。方法 以红富士苹果为检测对象, 光谱采集平台中的USB2000 光谱仪采集半透射光谱数据, AntarisⅡ FT-NIR光谱仪采集漫反射光谱数据, 同标准法检测得到的苹果可溶性固形物含量建立偏最小二乘(PLS)模型, 并结合不同的预处理方式优化近红外光谱模型。结果 比较发现采用半透射的光谱采集方式优于漫反射方式。半透射光谱采用平滑处理后模型预测性能最佳, 对样本预测得到相关系数为0.937, 均方根误差为0.517。结论 自行搭建的光谱采集平台可行, 为今后检测水果的光谱采集方式提供参考。     

近红外漫反射光谱检测网纹瓜可溶性固形物含量的研究

目的:利用近红外漫反射光谱检测网纹瓜可溶性固形物含量.方法:用偏最小二乘回归建模方法比较取样部位以及7种光谱预处理对建模的影响.结果:在有效信息波谱范围6101.9～5446.2cm-1和4601.5～4246.6 cm-1,对3个取样部位(共9个检测点)的平均光谱应用偏最小二乘结合矢量归一化建立模型,其决定系数R2=0.8647,内部交叉验证均方根差RMSECV为0.412.用此模型预测验证集22个样本,模型的R2=0.8895,预测标准偏差RMSEP为0.339.结论:该模型能够满足网纹瓜可溶性固形物含量快速检测的要求.     

近红外光谱采集方式与样品形态对带鱼新鲜度检测结果的影响

研究了近红外漫反射和漫透射两种方式以及鱼糜和整鱼两种形态对带鱼新鲜度检测结果的影响。利用积分球漫反射系统采集4000~10000cm-1范围内的带鱼鱼糜漫反射、漫透射和整鱼漫反射光谱,根据训练集交叉验证均方差(RMSECV)及相关系数r对建模参数进行优化,分别建立了挥发性盐基氮(TVBN)、pH和菌落总数的偏最小二乘(PLS)定量检测模型。根据模型对预测集样品的预测均方差(RMSEP)及其相关系数r以及配对t-检验验证模型的预测能力。结果表明,所建模型对带鱼新鲜度的预测性能均良好。但近红外漫反射与漫透射两种光谱采集方式相比,前者所建模型的预测能力高于后者。采用漫反射光谱时,鱼糜模型的预测能力高于整鱼。因此,检测带鱼新鲜度时宜采用鱼糜的漫反射光谱。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.