甜油和酱油中氨基酸和还原糖含量的比较研究

探讨甜油和酱油中两种关键营养成分氨基酸和还原糖的含量差异,分析原料不同、工艺相近的两种调味品特征指标存在差异的原因,并提出甜油和酱油存在的优势和缺点。结果表明,甜油中氨基酸总量和鲜味氨基酸谷氨酸低于酱油,甜油和酱油中氨基酸总量分别为15.86～23.21 mmol/L和31.69～46.04 mmol/L,其中谷氨酸含量分别为2.94～7.54 mmol/L和20.62～35.34 mmol/L;但每类氨基酸含量差距不大,比较协调;甜油中甜味氨基酸比例较大,为49.41%,酱油中的鲜味氨基酸比例较大,为71.19%;甜油中还原糖含量（14.24～27.53 g/L）高于酱油（4.80～8.26 g/L）。因此,酱油因高氨基酸和谷氨酸含量鲜味明显、口感厚重,适合烧制菜肴,而甜油口感协调、丰满,适合炒菜和凉拌菜;另外,甜油中高含量的还原糖含量能够改善菜肴质量、色泽和口感。     

市售老抽酱油滋味品质的评价

运用电子舌检测技术、高效液相色谱法以及多元统计学等方法对常见市售老抽滋味品质进行评价,并通过多种检测方法对老抽酱油样品的颜色指标及各项理化指标进行分析。根据其滋味品质的差异可将其分为两个聚类,而其滋味品质差异主要表现在其酸味和鲜味;通过主成分分析得出聚类Ⅱ中样品鲜味较浓,品质较好;在其理化指标中氨基酸态氮差异最为明显,而氨基酸态氮含量直接决定老抽酱油的品质,氨基酸态氮含量越高,老抽酱油品质越好;在颜色指标上色深差异最大;在有机酸质量浓度方面,乳酸和乙酸含量最高,有机酸种类及含量则间接影响老抽酱油的滋味品质。根据其各项指标的差异可对老抽酱油滋味品质的优劣加以判断,进而对老抽酱油品质进行准确且合理的划分。     

老抽酱油储存期间关键气味物质分析及其风味特征的变化

为阐明老抽酱油在不同储存期的关键气味化合物及其风味特征的变化,采用液液萃取与气相色谱-嗅闻-质谱(GC-O-MS)相结合提取并鉴定不同储存期老抽酱油中的挥发性气味化合物,并利用香味提取物稀释分析(AEDA)鉴定关键气味化合物。结果表明:在老抽酱油样品中共检测到56种气味活性物质,其中FD因子>1024的化合物分别为2-甲基吡嗪、2,6-二甲基吡嗪、5-甲基-2(3H)-呋喃酮、2-乙酰基呋喃、2-乙酰基-5-甲基呋喃、1,4-丁内酯、5-甲基-2-呋喃甲醇、2-羟基-3-甲基-2-环戊烯酮、愈创木酚、麦芽酚和4-羟基-2,5-二甲基-3(2H)-呋喃酮 (HDMF),其中,2,6-二甲基吡嗪、5-甲基-2(3H)-呋喃酮、2-羟基-3-甲基-2-环戊烯酮、麦芽酚和HDMF的香气活性值>1,对老抽酱油整体香气起主要贡献作用。感官评价结果表明,老抽酱油随着储存时间的延长,烤香味和烟熏味的气味强度得分升高。该研究分析了老抽酱油的关键气味化合物以及在储存过程中气味特征变化,为老抽酱油相关风味研究提供了理论参考。     

Effect of different halophilic microbial fermentation patterns on the volatile compound profiles and sensory properties of soy sauce moromi

The effect of inoculated or co-cultured halophilic lactic bacteria (Tetragenococcus halophilus) and yeasts (Zygosaccharomyces rouxii and Candida versatilis) on the quality of soy sauce moromi was investigated. Results showed no significant change in the major physicochemical properties of soy sauce moromi such as amino nitrogen, total acid, and reducing sugar at the end of fermentation, whereas the composition of free amino acids slightly changed with different fermentation patterns. In the sample inoculated with T. halophilus, the concentration of proline and tryptophan decreased by 18.83 and 50.87 % compared with the blank sample, whereas tyrosine and histidine increased by 32.41 and 27.04 %. In the sample inoculated with Z. rouxii and C. versatilis, the concentration of bitter-tasting lysine, tyrosine, and phenylalanine increased by more than 20 %, and the concentration of tryptophan decreased by 56.71 %. The proportion of amino acids with sweet taste increased by 0.8 % through the co-culture of the three strains. Meanwhile, the total amount of volatile compounds increased by 117.66, 23.28, and 216.88 % in the T. halophilus inoculated sample, two yeast strain inoculated sample, and three strain inoculated sample, respectively. Increased odour activity values of the nine compounds that mainly contributed to the flavour of moromi ranged from 1 to 7.87 times in the three strain inoculated sample. These findings revealed that the co-culture of the three strains during moromi fermentation was beneficial to the improvement of flavour of soy sauce moromi.     

Structural and chemical changes in cocoa (Theobroma cacao L) during fermentation,drying and roasting

Cocoa seeds and pulp were fermented for 144 h, followed by natural drying. The tegument was removed and the cotyledons were broken into nibs which were roasted at 150 °C for 30 min. Non‐fermented material, material fermented for 24, 48 and 72 h, material fermented for 144 h and then dried, and also the roasted nibs, were all prepared for chemical and microscopic analyses. Light microscopy revealed the presence of anionic and cationic residues and of neutral sugars. During fermentation there was a reduction in the cytoplasmic content of phenolic compounds and in the number of protein bodies. The cell wall showed a reduction in anionic residues and a loss of crystallinity. These alterations were maximum after 72 h. Drying and roasting increased the number of damaged cells and reduced the amount of cytoplasmic material. The chemical analyses generally confirmed the microscopy results. The concentration of amino‐terminal groups and total free amino acids increased during fermentation (up to 72 h), but returned to the initial values after roasting. The principal chemical changes were related to reducing sugars, free amino acids, proteins and phenols, and PCA was suggested as a useful tool to compare different samples. Microscopic analysis revealed the degradation of protein and phenolic bodies and cellular damage during roasting. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry     

Physicochemical and pasting properties of maize flour as a function of the interactive effect of natural-fermentation and roasting

The effect of natural-fermentation and roasting on maize physicochemical and functional properties were evaluated. Natural fermented maize seeds were soaked for variable times (0, 24 and 48 h) and directly decorticated or roasted before milling into flour. Generally during the 24 to 48 h natural fermentation, total sugars (80.3–92.0 g/100 g) and proteins contents (4.0–7.6 g/100 g) decreased while they significantly increased with soaking. Soluble sugars content of the unroasted maize significantly decreased with fermentation while that of roasted maize significantly increased. Reverse observations were made on soluble proteins. The antinutrients (phytates and total polyphenols) contents of the grains as well as the functional properties of their flours were observed to have been significantly changed following fermentation and roasting. In particular the least gelation concentration (6 to 18 g/100 mL), an important reverse index of gelating power significantly increased with fermentation and roasting. As consequence the viscosity of the fermented maize flours were systematically significantly lower than that of the unfermented flour. Generally while the effects of duration of fermentation and roasting on the viscosity were not consistent, the 48 h natural fermented and roasted flour was observed to particularly produce flours of much lower viscosity. This highlighted the positive effect of combining fermentation and roasting to improve the quality of weaning flour made from maize.     

高盐稀态牡蛎酿造酱油的开发与品质分析

以豆粕、小麦及牡蛎酶解液为原料,采用高盐稀态发酵工艺,研发具有甜香风味的功能性牡蛎酱油,并将其与对照酱油的感官品质、氨基酸含量及风味成分进行了分析比较。结果表明,在牡蛎酶解液添加量为25%时,牡蛎酱油的氨基态氮含量达1.2 g/100 mL。牡蛎酱油较对照酱油在海鲜风味方面更为突出,同时在鲜度、香气方面以及整体评价也更佳。牡蛎酱油和对照酱油均鉴定出6种鲜味氨基酸,但牡蛎酱油的鲜味氨基酸含量（41.8%）高于对照酱油（40.5%）;牡蛎酱油中牛磺酸含量高达36.7 mg/100 g,约为对照酱油的13.6倍。牡蛎酱油的挥发性风味物质中醇类、呋喃类相对含量较高,分别为59.5%、20.7%,从而赋予其香浓而独特的风味。     

Effect of marinating time and low pH on marinade performance and sensory acceptability of poultry meat

The effects of marinating time (30, 60, 120 and 180 min) and acidic marinade pH (3.0, 3.2, 3.4, 3.6, 3.8, 4.0 and 4.2) on the instrumental and sensory properties of cooked Chinese-style marinated chicken were investigated. With increasing marinating time up to 180 min, a significant (P < 0.05) increase in surface redness (a∗ value) and the dark pink sensory attribute was observed, along with a corresponding decrease in lightness (L∗ value) and colour penetration. Increased marinating times of 120–180 min were found to produce more acceptable end products with increased scores for colour, aroma and flavour attributes. Marinade uptake was greater at higher marinade pH levels of 3.8, 4.0 and 4.2, with the highest marinade uptake (3.34%) recorded at pH 4.0. As changes to core meat pH were not observed, the effect of marinating time (up to 180 min) and marinade pH on the instrumental and sensory properties of Chinese-style marinated chicken were located principally at the surface of samples. Consumers considered surface colour as contributing to acceptability of marinated chicken to a greater degree compared to colour penetration.     

粤式豉油鸡传统烹煮过程中的质地及风味变化

研究了典型粤式豉油鸡烹煮过程中鸡肉蒸煮损失、离心损失、氯化钠含量、pH 值、质构、嫩度、微观结构和风味物质的变化,结果表明：煮制初期（5 min）,鸡肉蒸煮损失和食盐渗入量迅速增加,分别为4.47%和0.22%,离心损失也达到最大值（32%）;鸡皮、鸡肉色泽品质在热浸10 min后逐渐形成且稳定提升;烹制过程中,鸡肉硬度、弹性和咀嚼性在煮制10 min后明显增加（P<0.05）,至热浸25 min后达到最高,分别为生鸡肉的1.65倍、1.54倍和4.35倍;鸡肉中肌纤维随加热进行不断收缩紧实,纤维结构变化明显;烹煮过程中鸡肉鲜味、甜味及苦味游离氨基酸总量、鸡肉特征香气物质含量逐渐上升,热浸25 min后上述风味物质含量显著增加（P<0.05）;鸡肉的各项感官评分均逐渐上升,总体可接受度不断提高。至热浸25 min后鸡肉中总游离氨基酸含量为328.81 mg/100 g,鸡肉具有一定硬度及韧性,咀嚼感好,风味品质高,满足粤式豉油鸡的口感要求。     

响应面法优化小龙虾烤箱辅助烤制工艺

以小龙虾为研究对象,探讨烤箱烤制小龙虾的加工工艺,以腌制时间、腌制液盐含量、烤制温度和烤制时间为单因素影响因子,小龙虾的感官评分和弹性为响应值,进行响应面优化分析。然后对烤制小龙虾的营养成分和风味特征进行测定和分析,并以鲜虾和水煮虾作为对照。结果表明：经优化后的小龙虾腌制时间为30 min、腌制液盐含量12 g/100 mL、烤制温度180℃、烤制时间20 min,在此工艺条件下小龙虾的感官评分为9.08分、弹性为3.88 mm,与预测值接近,表明该烤制工艺合理有效;烤制处理条件下单不饱和脂肪酸和多不饱和脂肪酸总含量显著高于鲜虾和水煮虾;烤制之后的小龙虾必需氨基酸和风味氨基酸含量较鲜虾和水煮虾差异明显,主要表现在天冬氨酸、甘氨酸、精氨酸和亮氨酸的损失,其中精氨酸损失最大;电子舌传感器上的烤虾响应值鲜度、咸味和甜味均显著高于鲜虾和水煮虾。适当的烤制有利于虾肉营养物质的保存和鲜香味的挥发,同时有利于产品营养与风味的提高。     

13种市售原酿本味酱油品质分析

采用电子鼻、气相色谱-质谱法（GC-MS）、氨基酸分析仪对市售的13种原酿本味酱油的挥发性物质、氨基酸组成进行解析,同时结合感官评价,对应分析评判不同产品风味物质组成及差异性。结果表明:受原料和发酵工艺的影响,我国酱油产品品质差异较大。由理化指标分析可知,不同产品乙醇和总糖含量变化最为明显。乙醇、氮氧化合物及无机硫化物是造成酱油风味差异的主要物质基础。酱油游离氨基酸组成不仅对酱油鲜味特征有显著影响,同时直接或间接与糖、酸、全氮等共同影响酱油鲜、咸、甜、酸等滋味特征。综合比较认为:当样品的氨基酸态氮≥1.00 g/100 mL,全氮≥1.80 g/100 mL,糖含量≥6.0 g/100 mL,糖/酸比值在3.40~5.80,游离氨基酸含量≥60 mg/mL时,酱油风味品质最佳。本文研究结果有助于补充和完善酱油风味物质图谱、指导建立酱油品质优劣评判标准,还可以用于追溯评估生产工艺技术条件及指导实际生产。     

Antilisterial Properties of Marinades during Refrigerated Storage and Microwave Oven Reheating against Post‐Cooking Inoculated Chicken Breast Meat

This study evaluated growth of Listeria monocytogenes inoculated on cooked chicken meat with different marinades and survival of the pathogen as affected by microwave oven reheating. During aerobic storage at 7 °C, on days 0, 1, 2, 4, and 7, samples were reheated by microwave oven (1100 W) for 45 or 90 s and analyzed microbiologically. L. monocytogenes counts on nonmarinated (control) samples increased (P < 0.05) from 2.7 ± 0.1 (day‐0) to 6.9 ± 0.1 (day‐7) log CFU/g during storage. Initial (day‐0) pathogen counts of marinated samples were <0.5 log CFU/g lower than those of the control, irrespective of marinating treatment. At 7 d of storage, pathogen levels on samples marinated with tomato juice were not different (P ≥ 0.05; 6.9 ± 0.1 log CFU/g) from those of the control, whereas for samples treated with the remaining marinades, pathogen counts were 0.7 (soy sauce) to 2.0 (lemon juice) log CFU/g lower (P < 0.05) than those of the control. Microwave oven reheating reduced L. monocytogenes counts by 1.9 to 4.1 (45 s) and >2.4 to 5.0 (90 s) log CFU/g. With similar trends across different marinates, the high levels of L. monocytogenes survivors found after microwave reheating, especially after storage for more than 2 d, indicate that length of storage and reheating time need to be considered for safe consumption of leftover cooked chicken.     

Impact of Dark Specialty Malts on Extract Composition and Wort Fermentation

Dark specialty malts are important ingredients for the production of several beer styles. These malts not only impart colour, flavour and antioxidative activity to wort and beer, they also affect the course of wort fermentations and the production of flavour‐active yeast metabolites. The application of considerable levels of dark malt was found to lower the attenuation, mainly as a result of lower levels of fermentable sugars and amino acids in dark wort samples. In fact, from the darkest caramel malts and from roasted malts, practically no fermentable material can be hydrolysed by pilsner malt enzymes during mashing. Compared to wort brewed with 50% pilsner malt and 50% dark caramel malt or roasted malt, wort brewed with 100% pilsner malt contained nearly twice as much fermentable sugars and amino acids. Reduced levels of yeast nutrients also lowered the fermentation rate, ranging from 1.7°P/day for the reference pilsner wort of 9 EBC to 1.1°P/day for the darkest wort (890 EBC units), brewed with 50% roasted malt. This additionally indicates that lower attenuation values for dark wort are partially due to the inhibitory effects of Maillard compounds on yeast metabolism. The application of dark caramel or roasted malts further led to elevated levels of the vicinal diketones diacetyl and 2,3‐pentanedione. Only large levels of roasted malt gave rise to two significant diacetyl peaks during fermentation. The level of ethyl acetate in beer was inversely related to colour, whereas the level of isoamyl acetate appeared to be affected by the use of roasted malt. With large levels of this malt type, negligible isoamyl acetate was generated during fermentation.     

大型发酵酱油酿造过程中风味物质的动态变化分析

为促进大型发酵酱油产品风味的提高与改善,研究高盐稀态酱油在机械化酿造过程中风味成分的动态变化规律,采用气相色谱-飞行时间质谱联用技术针对不同酿造阶段酱醪中风味成分的种类和相对含量进行分析。结果定性鉴别出氨基酸及其衍生物、有机酸、糖类及其衍生物、醇类、酯类、胺类和其他物质共210 种。利用热图和主成分分析法探寻不同酿造阶段的样品风味物质差异,结果显示发酵过程对贡献酱油鲜甜味的氨基酸及其衍生物和糖类及其衍生物影响较大,第1天样品对贡献修饰风味的有机酸、胺类、酯类和其他类物质影响也较为显著,其中氨基酸及其衍生物是酱油含量最多的风味化合物。     

Inhibitory effect of mixture herbs/spices on formation of heterocyclic amines and mutagenic activity of grilled beef

ABSTRACT

Natural antioxidants in spices and herbs have attracted considerable attention as potential inhibitors against the formation of mutagenic heterocyclic amines (HCAs) in heat-processed meat. In this study, the inhibitory activity of four spices/herbs and their mixtures on HCAs formation in grilled beef were examined. A simplex centroid mixture design with four components comprising turmeric, curry leaf, torch ginger and lemon grass in 19 different proportions were applied on beef samples before grilling at 240 ºC for 10 min. The HCAs were extracted from the samples using solid phase extraction (SPE) method and analysed using Liquid chromatography mass spectrometry LC-MS/MS. All spices/herbs in single or mixture forms were found to reduce total HCA concentrations in marinated grilled beef ranging from 21.2% for beef marinated with curry leaf to 94.7% for the combination of turmeric and lemon grass (50:50 w/w). At the optimum marinade formula (turmeric: lemon grass 52.4%: 47.6%), concentration of 2-amino-3-methylimidazo[4,5-f]quinolone (IQ), 2-amino-1-methyl-6-phenylimidazo[4,5-b]pyridine (PhIP), Harman, Norharman and AαC were 2.2, 1.4, 0.5, 2.8 and 1.2 ng/g, respectively. The results of the mutagenic activity demonstrated that this optimised marinade formula significantly (p < 0.05) diminished mutagenicity of marinated grilled beef in bacterial Ames test.     

淀粉原料焙炒对酱油制曲的影响

本研究以小麦、面粉为淀粉原料,采用焙炒技术,在最佳焙炒时间下分别比较经焙炒处理的小麦、面粉与未经处理的小麦、面粉对酱油成曲的蛋白酶活、氨肽酶活、淀粉酶活、纤维素酶活和氮溶指数（NSI）等理化指标的影响。同时,通过测定酱油大曲酶解液的总糖转化率和蛋白回收率,筛选最佳焙炒时间。实验表明,小麦、面粉的最佳焙炒时间均为20 min,在此条件下,焙炒处理对酱油成曲酶系及理化指标的影响较大。经焙炒的小麦所制成曲较生小麦成曲在中性蛋白酶活、氨肽酶活、纤维素酶活、孢子数和NSI分别提高了13.06%、12.58%、9.92%、37.04%和10.46%;经焙炒的面粉所制成曲较生面粉成曲在中性蛋白酶活、氨肽酶、纤维素酶活、孢子数和NSI分别提高了32.88%、28.17%、18.07%、13.04%和10.79%;但小麦、面粉焙炒后,酱油成曲淀粉酶活略有降低。综上,小麦和面粉的焙炒处理均对成曲的酶系增强及理化指标的提高有一定的促进作用。     

不同脱盐方式对酱油品质的影响

目的：研究日晒、加热浓缩结晶和电渗析脱盐技术对酱油品质的影响,研制高效实用的酱油脱盐工艺。方法：以氨基酸态氮、可溶性无盐固形物、游离氨基酸含量和感官评分作为指标,比较不同工艺制备的低盐酱油(脱盐率为60%)的营养与感官品质。结果：日晒浓缩结晶、加热浓缩结晶和电渗析处理酱油的脱盐速率分别为2.6%/d、0.4%/h和0.3%/min,可溶性无盐固形物损失率分别为22.44±2.23%、4.62±0.67%和68.61±1.07%,相应的感官评分为25.8、28.8和23.1(原酱油为27.2)。有趣的是,日晒浓缩结晶和电渗析脱盐酱油的氨基酸态氮损失率分别为4.65±0.47%和28.51±0.52%,游离氨基酸总量损失率为36.24±1.35%和68.34±0.54%；而加热浓缩结晶脱盐的氨基酸态氮和游离氨基酸总量增加了14.07±0.43%和78.35±3.02%。结论：采用日晒和加热浓缩结晶脱盐制备低盐酱油速度较慢,但其氨基酸态氮、可溶性无盐固形物和游离氨基酸的损失率明显比电渗析的低,且综合感官质量更好。本文研究结果可为酱油及其他食品的脱盐提供参考,有利于解决因高盐饮食引起的健康问题。     

Nutritional and physicochemical evaluations of tahina (sesame butter) prepared from heat‐treated sesame seeds

Dehulled sesame seeds were roasted using different heat treatments. The effects of roasting treatments on the nutritive value, physicochemical properties and sensory properties of produced tahina were studied. Resultant tahina contained 586–594 g kg⁻¹ crude oil, 219–226 g kg⁻¹ crude protein and <30 g kg⁻¹ crude fibre and ash. Crude protein, crude fibre, ash and N‐free extract in tahina samples were not affected by roasting treatments. However, crude oil was decreased by steam roasting and hot plate roasting. Hot plate roasting was more effective in reducing raffinose content than other roasting treatments, whereas vacuum roasting was less effective in reducing raffinose content than other roasting treatments. Tahinas were good sources of essential amino acids, especially sulphur‐containing amino acids, aromatic amino acids and tryptophan. Hot air roasted tahina followed by vacuum roasted tahina had higher total essential amino acid contents than steam roasted and hot plate roasted tahinas. Lysine was the first limiting amino acid in tahinas. Tahinas had a relatively high in vitro protein digestibility (over 83%). Tahina is a good source of niacin. Hot air roasted tahina had the highest content of B group vitamins compared with other tahina samples. Resultant tahinas had relatively high amounts of Na, Mg, K, Cu, Zn and Fe and a low amount of Ca. Roasting treatments did not affect the mineral contents. All roasted samples had a typical protein spectrum with a maximum absorption at 280 nm and minimum at 260 nm. However, the spectrum of hot air roasted tahina proteins was sharper than the spectra of other tahina proteins. Size exclusion HPLC fractionated tahina proteins into two fractions for hot roasted and vacuum roasted tahinas and three fractions for steam roasted and hot plate roasted tahinas. The gel filtration pattern of tahina proteins contained four peaks with identical elution volumes but different proportions. Hot air roasted and vacuum roasted tahinas had higher panel scores than steam roasted and hot plate roasted tahinas for all tested sensory properties. © 2000 Society of Chemical Industry     

Effect of superheated-steam roasting on physicochemical properties of peanut (<Emphasis Type="Italic">Arachis hypogea</Emphasis>) oil

Peanut (Arachis hypogaea) is an important source of protein and lipid globally. The effect of superheated-steam roasting on quality of peanut oil was evaluated based on physicochemical quality parameters. Three roasting temperatures (150, 200, and 250 °C) were used for different periods of roasting time and the obtained results were compared with those of conventional roasting. At 250 °C, superheated-steam roasted peanuts yielded more oil (26.84%) than conventionally roasted peanuts (24.85%). Compared with conventional roasting, superheated-steam roasting resulted in lower oil color, peroxide, p-anisidine, free fatty acid, conjugated diene and triene, and acid values and higher viscosity and iodine values in the roasted peanut oil. These values were significantly different from each other (p < 0.05). The fatty acids in roasted peanut oils were affected by roasting temperature and time for both the roasting modes. The superheated steam technique can be used to roast peanuts while maintaining their favorable characteristics.