激光增材制造难熔金属研究进展

难熔金属由于具有优异的综合性能而广泛应用于航空航天、装备制造、核工业及生物医疗等领域。但是由于高熔点及高韧脆转变温度的特点,尚存在加工制造困难、生产周期长、对设备要求高等问题,从而限制了其应用与发展。激光增材制造是近年来新兴的数字化制造技术之一,为制造和加工难熔金属提供了新的发展思路。本文重点介绍了近年来激光增材制造难熔金属的热点领域,包括钨及钨基重合金、纯钼及钼硅硼合金、铌硅及铌钛合金和多孔钽,对尚存在的问题进行了总结,最后对激光增材制造难熔金属未来的发展方向进行了展望。     

金属钽板的渐进成形实验研究

钽是理想的生物适应性材料,在外科修复体中有广泛的应用前景,利用渐进成形技术进行钽板修复体制作很有意义.以轧制的1mm钽板为对象,建立了钽板渐进成形实验模型,研究钽板的渐进成形性能,初步探讨了工具头材质及形状尺寸、进给量、表面润滑等因素对钽板渐进成形性能的影响,测算出1mm钽板的成形极限角度.     

钽的熔盐阳极化工艺研究

研究了金属钽在ＬｉＮＯ３－助熔盐的熔盐体系中阳极氧化、生成表面硬质膜的工艺，并在应用稀土添加剂改善膜层，从而强化钽材，提高耐蚀性能。     

金属钽材表面强化处理

从金属钽材的物理化学特性出发,介绍了在金属钽片上实施的两种表面强化方法,即吸氮强化和电镀膜强化,通过对边两种新工艺的研究,探讨更深层次的发展方向和远景目标。     

中国钽电容器工业的进展

简述了中国钽电容器工业的发展历史,主要厂家,产品的主要品种,性能及其应用,生产设备及工艺水平,产品质量一致性和可靠性,历年年产量,进出口状况和市场分析,历外来对钽材的需求量,各种规格钽粉和钽丝的消耗量及对未来的展望。     

3D打印多孔钽表面改性及功能化研究进展

金属钽具有优异的生物相容性、耐腐蚀性和骨整合能力,是具有广阔发展前景的生物医用骨科材料。通过增材制造技术（AdditiveManufacturing,AM）制备的多孔钽具有精确和个性化控制的表面成分、拓扑结构、力学性能,极大地满足了不同骨缺损临床患者的需求,适合作为承重部位的骨缺损修复材料。然而,AM多孔钽仍具有表面惰性强、骨整合能力有限、无生物活性等缺陷。分别从表面改性方法和拓扑结构优化两个角度介绍了AM多孔钽骨修复材料功能化的研究进展。概述了几种典型的表面改性方法,并分析总结了其优缺点,高成本、难加工、表面惰性是限制AM多孔钽用于表面改性的主要原因。此外,拓扑结构优化也是实现多孔钽功能化的有效途径,合适的孔隙结构不仅赋予植入体与宿主骨相匹配的力学性能,同时有利于AM多孔钽与宿主建立有效的骨整合。综述了近年来AM多孔钽拓扑结构优化的研究进展,总结了孔隙率、孔径、孔隙几何形状对多孔钽力学及生物学功能的影响。最后,对AM多孔钽骨修复材料的功能化发展及临床应用提出了展望。     

大型金属零件电弧熔丝增材及其复合制造技术研究进展

大型金属零件广泛应用于航空航天、能源、国防等领域中的关键承力结构,多采用铸造或者锻造工艺成形制造。电弧熔丝增材及其复合制造技术是近二十年来迅速发展起来的一种快速近净成形制造技术,具有高效低成本的显著优势,是大型金属零件成形制造中热点研究方向。本文总结概述了近年来大型金属零件电弧熔丝增材制造工艺的应用与研究,指出了金属材料电弧熔丝增材制造中广泛存在的控形控性难题,介绍了多种结合传统塑性成形工艺的电弧熔丝增材复合制造技术及其控形控性方法,最后对大型金属零件电弧熔丝增材及其复合制造技术的发展进行了总结与展望。     

金属熔丝增材制造技术的研究现状与展望

随着现代计算机技术的快速发展,增材制造技术在诸多工业领域得到了广泛应用,逐渐成为智能制造技术的典型代表。其中,金属熔丝增材制造由于其成形效率高、成本低、材料利用率高等优势,已逐渐成为国内外增材制造研究的热点。介绍了金属熔丝增材制造技术的分类、应用范围、各自的优缺点和研究现状,重点讨论电弧熔丝增材制造技术的细分领域现状及应用,分析金属熔丝增材制造技术的未来研究目标与发展趋势。     

电容器用铌粉和钽粉制备技术的进展

综述了铌粉和钽粉的现行生产工艺及几种新的还原方法，介绍了金属热还原反应中的电化学反应机理。钽粉的现行生产工艺几乎都用亨特法，铌粉则大部分采用铝热还原法生产。通过对亨特法还原条件、稀释剂组成等各种工艺参数的改进，已经可以制备纯度高、形态可控的金属钽粉。铌粉新还原方法的研究主要包括金属预成形热还原法、镁等蒸气还原预成形氧化物粉末的方法、镁或钠的蒸气还原氯化物蒸气的气相还原法、以液氨为介质在低温液相中均相还原铌或钽的氯化物的方法、反应媒介熔盐在强搅拌条件下的液体镁热还原金属氧化物的方法等。     

钽的激光选区熔化成形工艺研究

通过一系列实验探究难熔金属钽的激光选区熔化(Selective?Laser?Melting,SLM)成形工艺,分别选取不同激光功率、扫描速度和扫描间距,进行了单道实验、单层实验以及块体实验.结果表明,SLM成形钽最优工艺参数为激光功率300?W,扫描速度50?mm/s.针对SLM过程中钽层出现不同程度的开裂现象,从热传导及激光选区熔化过程中产生内应力累积方面对钽层开裂的原因进行了定性分析.最终成功制备得钽块体,并采用扫描电子显微镜(SEM)及X射线散射谱(EDX)对SLM成形钽的微观组织及成分分布进行表征.     

难熔金属选区激光熔化技术研究进展

近年来,随着难熔金属的研究与深入,传统工艺难以满足在制备难熔金属及其复杂结构的需求。鉴于难熔金属材料的高熔点和优异的高温力学性能,将其与选区激光熔化技术相结合,将为难熔金属的设计提供更大的弹性和可加工性。本文对难熔金属材料的选区激光熔化技术进行了总结。按照材料分类,对钨合金、多孔钽、钼合金以及难熔高熵合金进行评述。因为选区激光熔化难熔金属对低熔点元素、加工参数等敏感,故总结了这些因素对工艺控制和最终零件质量的影响。最后,归纳了当前研究的优势和不足,并对今后的发展趋势进行了展望。     

Electrochemical behavior of titanium‐tantalum alloys in sulfuric acid solutions

Titanium exhibits a good corrosion resistance in oxidizing acids and neutral media but it is severely attacked in reducing acids. On the contrary, tantalum presents an excellent resistance in both oxidizing and reducing acids, but its high cost limits its use to very aggressive conditions. The titanium‐tantalum alloys are promising materials for use in reducing acids, due to their lower cost and density when compared to tantalum, and their higher corrosion resistance when compared to titanium. Titanium‐20, 40, 60 and 80 wt% tantalum alloys were prepared by arc‐melting and their microstructures were characterized by scanning electron microscopy and X‐ray diffractometry. Their electrochemical behaviors were studied in 20 to 80 wt% sulfuric acid solutions at room temperature, using open‐circuit potential measurements, potentiodynamic polarization and electrochemical impedance spectroscopy. Different behaviors were observed depending on the tantalum content and acid concentration. A clear tendency of increase in corrosion resistance with the increase of tantalum content is observed, especially in 80 wt% sulfuric acid solutions.     

难熔金属增材制造研究进展

难熔金属具有熔点高、高温性能良好的特点,是发动机、燃气轮机、火箭、导弹等高温服役工况条件下不可或缺的材料,在军事装备领域和国民经济生活中都发挥着十分重要的作用。然而也正是因为高的熔点和导热系数,导致其加工制备十分困难。增材制造技术是近年来发展起来的一项先进制造技术,具有很多独特的优点,为难熔金属的加工提供了一种可选途径。本文概述了钨及钨合金、多孔钽、铌合金、钼合金、难熔高熵合金等难熔金属增材制造方面的研究现状及最新进展,以期为相关领域的研究提供参考。     

Densification of plasma-sprayed titanium and tantalum coatings

Thermal spraying of corrosion- resistant coatings of titanium and tantalum is difficult; dense coatings are not produced, and oxidation of these metals increases coating porosity. In this study, oxidation during plasma spraying was reduced with a shrouding system. Porosity and oxide content also were minimized by optimizing the spraying parameters. After optimization, the coatings still had open porosity and thus were incapable of protecting the substrate material against corrosion in water solutions containing 3 % NaCl. Therefore, posttreatments for improvement of corrosion resistance were studied. Electron beam fusion produced corrosion resistance equal to or better than that of bulk commercial samples of titanium and tantalum.     

Flake tantalum powder for manufacturing electrolytic capacitors

The FTP200 flake tantalum powder was introduced.The microstructures of the powder with leaf-like primary particles having an average flakiness of 2 to 20 and porous agglomerated particles were observed.The chemical composition,physical properties,and electrical properties of the FTP200 powder were compared with those of the FTW300 nodular powder.The FTP200 powder is more sinter-resistant,and the surface area of the flake tantalum powder under sintering at high temperature has less loss than that of the nodular tantalum powder.The specific capacitance of the flake tantalum powder is higher than that of the nodular tantalum powder with the same surface area when anodized at high voltage.Thus,the flake tantalum powder is suitable for manufacturing tantalum solid electrolytic capacitors in the range of median and high（20-63 V） voltages.     

Corrosion Properties of Cold-Sprayed Tantalum Coatings

Cold spraying enables the production of pure and dense metallic coatings. Denseness (impermeability) plays an important role in the corrosion resistance of coatings, and good corrosion resistance is based on the formation of a protective oxide layer in case of passivating metals and metal alloys. The aim of this study was to investigate the microstructural details, denseness, and corrosion resistance of two cold-sprayed tantalum coatings with a scanning electron microscope and corrosion tests. Polarization measurements were taken to gain information on the corrosion properties of the coatings in 3.5 wt.% NaCl and 40 wt.% H₂SO₄ solutions at room temperature and temperature of 80 °C. Standard and improved tantalum powders were tested with different spraying conditions. The cold-sprayed tantalum coating prepared from improved tantalum powder with advanced cold spray system showed excellent corrosion resistance: in microstructural analysis, it showed a uniformly dense microstructure, and, in addition, performed well in all corrosion tests.     

电子束选区熔化成形高强钽的组织与性能

采用粉末床电子束选区熔化技术制备了高密度（99.93%）且无明显缺陷的块状钽样品,并对其微观结构、力学性能进行了研究。结果表明,沉积态的钽金属具有平行于生长方向的柱状晶结构。由于成形过程中的高冷却速率,在块状样品中观察到（001）织构和大量的小角度晶界。由于间隙元素氧和氮的固溶强化,电子束选区熔化成形的钽试样表现出了优异的室温屈服强度（613.55±2.57 MPa）和延伸率（30.55%±4.23%）。     

Effect of tantalum film on corrosion behaviour of AA6061 aluminium alloy in hydrochloric acid- and chloride-containing solutions

ABSTRACT

The present work is concerned with the corrosion resistance of AA6061 aluminium alloys with tantalum films in hydrochloric acid- and chloride-containing solutions. The tantalum films were produced by magnetron sputtering at different sputtering times (50 and 120 min). The films’ morphologies were observed by metallographic microscope and scanning electron microscope with energy dispersion spectrum. It is shown in this paper that with longer sputtering time, the film’s thickness increased, but it became less dense. The corrosion behaviour was characterised by potentiodynamic polarisation, scanning electrochemical microscopy analysis and an immersion experiment. These investigations revealed that the corrosion resistance of AA6061 aluminium alloy in chloride ions medium and hydrochloric acid was significantly improved after deposition of a tantalum film. Specifically, samples deposited for 50 min exhibited the best corrosion resistance in hydrochloric acid, while samples deposited for 120 min showed best corrosion resistance in sodium chloride solution.