熔融Ni与固态多晶α型Al2O3的润湿现象

采用座滴法观察了熔融Ni与固态多晶α型Al2O3间的润湿行为,测定了1773 K、1823 K和1873 K温度下的接触角,分析了接触角变化规律,评价了二者间的润湿性.结果表明,在1773～1873 K温度范围内,温度对初始接触角的影响不大,约为115°;熔融Ni与固态多晶α型Al2O3间发生反应,在界面生成45%Al-12%Ni-43%O物质,接触角随着时间的延长而下降,由此判定熔融Ni与固态多晶α型Al2O3间的润湿行为为反应润湿;1873 K温度下,当界面反应达到平衡时,还原气氛中的熔融镍的表面张力增加将导致接触角升高.     

Mo添加对Ni3Al-TiC润湿特性的影响机制研究

采用2AP－LEITZ高温显微镜对Ni3Al-TiC的润湿接触角进行了实验测定，着重探讨了Ni3Al对TiC的润湿特性以及Ni3Al中添加少量Mo的影响机制。结果表明，TiC与Ni3Al之间具有良好的润湿性能。5wt%Mo的添加使Ni3Al向TiC基板浸渗的深度增大，并与TiC颗粒发生固溶反应置换出部分Ti，在其周围形成一个含Mo的壳层，在这个壳层里，Ti,Mo进一步与Ni3Al固液，这些反应降低了液－固表面张力，导致了润湿接触角的下降，从而改善了TiC-Ni3Al的润湿性。     

熔体浸渗法制备Al/Al2O3复合材料中界面的研究进展

界面是复合材料特有的而且及其重要的组成部分,形成更稳定的界面结合是复合材料研究的重点.理想平面间润湿行为的研究对优化复合材料的制备方法以及提高复合材料的结合性能有重要意义.综述了Al和Al2O3异质材料平面间润湿行为的研究现状,并按界面结合机理对Al2O3复合材料现有制备方法进行了归纳.Al2O3复合材料凸显的性能优势和潜在的商业前景将鼓励人们对这一领域展开更深入的研究.     

铝液在Al2O3上润湿性的改善

液态铝对Al2O3不润湿使该体系复合材料制备困难,性能也难以提高.本研究采用改进的座滴法装置测定了纯铝和Al-La合金在Al2O3表面的润湿性,并用电子探针分析了Al-La合金与Al2O3的界面.结果表明:少量稀土元素La的加入可以使铝润湿Al2O3,其润湿角从90.5°减小到80°左右.La与Al2O3在液/固界面反应生成La2O3是改善铝对Al2O3润湿性的主要原因.     

DD421单晶高温合金在无SOx气氛下的低温热腐蚀硫化行为

采用涂盐法研究表面涂覆有90％(质量分数,下同)Na2 SO4+10％NaCl混合盐(750℃熔融态)和纯Na2 SO4盐(750℃固态)的第二代镍基单晶高温合金DD421在750℃大气环境下(无SOx气氛)的热腐蚀行为.结果表明:在熔融混合盐腐蚀介质中,硫化反应主要由液相熔融盐侵蚀所导致.热腐蚀100 h后合金腐蚀产物主要为典型的简单氧化物(Al2 O3,Cr2 O3,TiO2)以及Ni/Cr/Ti的硫化物.而在纯Na2 SO4固态盐热腐蚀实验中,热腐蚀100 h后合金腐蚀产物与混合盐实验中的产物基本相同,但其腐蚀层厚度相对更薄,硫化物尺寸相对更大.结合热力学和微观组织分析,本研究明确了在无SOx气氛的腐蚀环境下合金元素能够与固态Na2 SO4盐发生硫化反应.     

Ti0.7Al0.3N涂层的抗NaCl和水蒸气腐蚀行为

用电弧离子镀方法在1Cr11Ni2W2MoV不锈钢表面制备Ti0.7Al0.3N涂层,研究了涂层在450℃空气中恒温氧化行为和在固态NaCl和水蒸气综合作用下的腐蚀行为.结果表明:Ti0.7Al0.3N涂层在空气中均具有优良的抗氧化能力,而不锈钢在固态NaCl和水蒸气综合作用下的腐蚀严重,施加Ti0.7Al0.3N涂层显著地提高了不锈钢基体的抗腐蚀性能.1Cr11Ni2W2MoV不锈钢由于生成内层富Cr,外层富Fe的疏松氧化物,其在固态NaCl和水蒸气综合作用下发生严重的腐蚀,而Ti0.7Al0.3N涂层生成致密的Al2O3和TiO2的混合物,使其具有良好的抗氧化和腐蚀性能.     

热处理对Ni/Al2O3界面电子结构的影响

在多晶Al2O3基片上用射频磁控溅射法沉积Ni薄膜,将所得的样品N2气保护下在400℃和800℃保温30分种,采用光电子能谱配合Ar3+离子原位刻蚀的方法分析不同热处理样品原子沿纵深方向的化学状态.界面区域化学状态和化学组成的研究结果表明在本文的实验条件Ni在界面与Al2O3没有明显的化学状态变化,即对界面电子结构的影响不明显,但在高温(800℃)条件下存在Ni向Al2O3基片的扩散.     

纳米炭纤维的表面润湿行为

采用动态渗透法研究了不同结构的纳米炭纤维(Carbonnanofibers,CNF)表面润湿性以及在不同溶剂中润湿性的变化和表面改性对其润湿性的影响。结果表明,生长条件如催化剂组成、碳源等对CNF的表面性质有显著影响,并最终决定其在溶剂中的润湿能力。以Fe/γ-Al2O3为催化剂,以C2H4为碳源得到的CNF在水中的润湿性能最差;而以Ni/γ-Al2O3为催化剂,CO为碳源得到的CNF在环己烷中的润湿性能最好。CNF在不同溶剂中的相对接触角测定表明CNF是一种表面非极性较强的材料。设CNF在润湿性能最好的环己烷中的接触角为0°,则CNF在水,丙酮,乙醇中的相对接触角分别为81.6°,45.2°,24.8°。不同的表面改性手段可对CNF的表面性质进行调变以控制其在不同溶剂中的润湿行为。在浓硝酸中液相氧化可提高其对水溶液和环己烷的润湿性能;在氩气中的高温热处理可提高其对水溶液的润湿性能,但降低了对环己烷的润湿能力;而在过氧化氢溶液中的处理则同时降低了对水溶液以及环己烷的润湿能力。     

轴向送粉等离子喷涂Ni/Al2O3涂层的力学及微波介电性能

以轴向送粉等离子喷涂法制备了Ni/Al2O3陶瓷涂层,分析了Ni含量变化对涂层材料的显微结构、力学性能及微波介电性能的影响.结果表明,随着Ni含量增加,涂层中Ni粒子的分布逐渐由孤立向部分桥连方式转变;陶瓷涂层的相对密度、抗弯强度呈下降趋势,这主要是由于在陶瓷涂层中Ni与Al2O3不润湿,Ni与Al2O3热膨胀系数不匹配从而形成空隙引起的.涂层断裂韧性随Ni含量的增加而升高,则是由于材料中Ni粒子发生了延展变形和引起裂纹转向.复介电常数性能测试结果表明,在8.2～12.4GHz微波频率范围内,陶瓷涂层复介电常数的实部值随Ni粒子含量的增加先逐渐上升后逐渐下降,复介电常数的虚部上升.这与Ni粒子形成的桥连结构有关.     

残余热应力对Al2O3/Ni金属陶瓷断裂行为和力学性能的影响

运用残余热应力理论定性地解释也残余热应力对Al2O3/Ni金属陶瓷断裂行为和力学性能的影响，Ni颗粒位于Al2O3晶内或Ni含量低时，在Al2O3-Al2O3晶界产生张应力，易发生沿晶断裂；而其位于Al2O3晶界或Ni含量高时，在Al2O3-Al2O3晶界产生压应力，易产生穿晶断裂。     

Estimation of Parameters of Universal Distribution of Moments of Failure of Products

A method is proposed for estimating the parameters of a mixture of exponential and Weibull distributions for which the accuracy of preliminary estimates obtained by graphical analysis is refined in accordance with the criterion of maximum likelihood. The efficiency of the proposed method is supported by the results of statistical modeling.     

Evaluation of optical properties of highly scattering media by moments of distributions of times of flight of photons

A novel method for the determination of the optical properties of tissue from time-domain measurements is presented. The data analysis is based on the evaluation of the first moment and the second centralized moment, i.e., the mean time of flight and the variance of the measured distribution of times of flight (DTOF) of photons injected by short (picosecond) laser pulses. Analytical expressions are derived for calculation of absorption and of reduced scattering coefficients from these moments by application of diffusion theory for infinite and semi-infinite homogeneous media. The proposed method was tested on experimental data obtained with phantoms, and results for absorption and reduced scattering coefficients obtained by the proposed method are compared with those obtained by fitting of the same data with analytical solutions of the diffusion equation. Furthermore, the accuracy of the moment analysis was investigated for a range of integration limits of the DTOF. The moment analysis may serve as a comparatively fast method for evaluating optical properties with sufficient accuracy and can be used, e.g., for on-line monitoring of optical properties of biological tissue.     

Estimation of potentialities of methods of summation of direct measurement errors

Conventional methods for summation of direct measurement errors are considered. Conditions under which these methods provide consistent results are stated. It is proposed to utilize for characteristic of the total error, its interval estimator or the half-sum of the value obtained by adding up its arithmetic and geometric random errors.Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 4, pp. 10–12, April, 1995.     

空压机轴承箱蜗壳温度探头油封改造

由于空压机进气侧轴承箱蜗壳温度探头密封效果不好,使空压机及其后续管道受到油污染。后将温度探头的O形圈密封改为骨架油封,杜绝了轴承箱漏油问题。文章简介空压机的结构和技术参数,详细介绍了骨架油封的制作和优点。     

Characteristics of mechanical properties of materials in studies of conditions of attainment of marginal states

It is shown that conditions of attainment of marginal states in the material of structural components are formulated on the basis of analysis of force and deformation criteria of formation and development of destruction. The parameters of these criteria are data on types of structural materials, standard and special characteristics of their mechanical properties, structural forms of considered elements of the equipment, and their operating stress loading. In this case, the construction of a system of state equations for describing interrelation of current damage, external actions, and responses to them is based on the concept of calculating variations in properties of materials at all stages of the design life cycle.     

Determination of parameters of microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by the method of modeling

The article suggests a method of evaluating the microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by modeling. The method includes the measurement of deformations of metal according to meshes of a dividing grid with small base and the calculation of the distribution parameters of microdeformations in model representation. It is shown that the modeling method makes it possible objectively to evaluate the microinhomogeneity of deformation of metals independently of the chosen mesh size of the dividing grid. New structural characteristics are introduced: the base and wave of variation expressing the degree of crumbling or amalgamation of metal grains by inhomogeneity of deformation.Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 7, pp. 40–44, July, 1991.     

Analysis of the rate of propagation of the wave of change of boiling modes

An approximate analytical expression is derived for the velocity of the front of the wave of change of boiling modes on a rod and on a plate. The impact of the Thomson effect and of the heater orientation in the gravity field is included. Adequate agreement is demonstrated between the derived relations and experimental data.     

水三相点复现的不确定度评定

水三相点是开尔文热力学温度的唯一基准点，也是ITS-90国际温标重要的定义固定点。因此，水三相点不确定度分析对整个温标的建立、温度量值传递起着至关重要的作用。近3年来，中国计量科学研究院研制出一系列高质量的水三相点容器，加强了水三相点的研究，为不确定度的分析提供了更为可靠的实验依据。同时，不确定度的分析也是客观评价新研制容器性能的一个重要指标。因此，根据实验结果对新研制容器所复现的水三相点进行了不确定度评定。评定结果表明，其扩展不确定度为0．16mK(k=2．69，P=0．99)。