离子注入氮化薄SiO2栅介质的特性

研究了通过多晶硅栅注入氮离子氮化10nm薄栅SiO2的特性.实验证明氮化后的薄SiO2栅具有明显的抗硼穿透能力,它在FN应力下的氧化物陷阱电荷产生速率和正向FN应力下的慢态产生速率比常规栅介质均有显著下降,氮化栅介质的击穿电荷(Qbd)比常规栅介质提高了20%.栅介质性能改善的可能原因是由于离子注入工艺在栅SiO2中引进的N+离子形成了更稳定的键所致.     

离子注入氮化薄SiO2栅介质的特性

研究了通过多晶硅栅洲入氮离子氮化10nm薄栅SiO2的特性,实验证明氮化后的薄SiO2栅具有明显的抗硼穿透能力,它在FN应力下的氧化物陷阱电荷产生速率和正向FN应力下的慢态产生速率比常规栅介均有显下降,氮化栅介质的击穿电荷（Qbd)比常规栅介质提高了20％,栅介质性能的可能原因是由于离子注入工艺在栅SiO2中引进的N^ 离子形成了更稳定的键所致。     

多晶硅后热退火引起SiO_2栅介质可靠性下降的原因分析及其抑制方法

实验研究表明 ,多晶硅后的高温退火明显引起热 Si O2 栅介质击穿电荷降低和 FN应力下电子陷阱产生速率增加 .采用 N2 O氮化则可完全消除这些退化效应 ,而且氮化栅介质性能随着退火时间增加反而提高 .分析认为 ,高温退火促使多晶硅内 H扩散到 Si O2 内同 Si— O应力键反应形成 Si— H是多晶硅后 Si O2 栅介质可靠性退化的主要原因 ;氮化抑制退化效应是由于 N “缝合”了 Si O2 体内的 Si— O应力键缺陷 .     

多晶硅后热退火引起SiO2栅介质可靠性下降的原因分析及其抑制方法

实验研究表明,多晶硅后的高温退火明显引起热SiO2栅介质击穿电荷降低和FN应力下电子陷阱产生速率增加．采用N2O氮化则可完全消除这些退化效应,而且氮化栅介质性能随着退火时间增加反而提高．分析认为,高温退火促使多晶硅内H扩散到SiO2内同Si—O应力键反应形成Si—H是多晶硅后SiO2栅介质可靠性退化的主要原因;氮化抑制退化效应是由于N“缝合”了SiO2体内的Si—O应力键缺陷．     

硼扩散引起薄SiO2栅介质的性能退化

采用表沟p+多晶硅栅/PMOSFET代替埋沟n+多晶硅栅/PMOSFET具有易于调节阈值电压、降低短沟效应和提高器件开关特性的优点,因而在深亚微米CMOS工艺中被采纳.但是多晶硅掺杂后的高温工艺过程会使硼杂质扩散到薄栅介质和沟道区内,引起阈值电压不稳定和栅介质击穿性能变差.迄今为止对硼扩散退化薄栅介质可靠性的认识并不是很明朗,为此本文考察了硼扩散对薄栅介质击穿电荷和Fowler-Nordheim (FN)电应力产生SiO2/Si界面态的影响.     

氮化H2-O2合成薄栅介质的击穿特性

研究了14～16nm的H2-O2合成薄栅介质击穿特性.实验发现,N2O气氛氮化H2-O2合成法制备的薄栅介质能够有效地提高栅介质的零时间击穿特性.H2-O2合成法制备的样品,其击穿场强分布特性随测试MOS电容面积的增加而变差,而氮化H2-O2合成薄栅介质的击穿特性随测试MOS电容面积的增加基本保持不变.对于时变击穿,氮化同样能够明显提高栅介质的击穿电荷及其分布.     

氮化H2-O2合成薄栅介质的击穿特性

研究了14～16nm的H2-O2合成薄栅介质击穿特性.实验发现,N2O气氛氮化H2-O2合成法制备的薄栅介质能够有效地提高栅介质的零时间击穿特性.H2-O2合成法制备的样品,其击穿场强分布特性随测试MOS电容面积的增加而变差,而氮化H2-O2合成薄栅介质的击穿特性随测试MOS电容面积的增加基本保持不变.对于时变击穿,氮化同样能够明显提高栅介质的击穿电荷及其分布.     

注F栅介质抗电离辐射损伤机理

对含 F MOS结构的抗电离辐射特性和机理进行了系统研究。其结果表明 :F减少工艺过程引入栅介质的 E’中心缺陷和补偿 Si/ Si O2 界面 Si悬挂键的作用 ,将导致初始氧化物电荷和界面态密度的下降 ;栅 Si O2 中的 F主要以 F离子和 Si- F结键的方式存在 ;含 F栅介质中部分 Si- F键替换 Si- O应力键而使 Si/ Si O2 界面应力得到释放 ,以及用较高键能的 Si- F键替换 Si- H弱键的有益作用是栅介质辐射敏感性降低的根本原因 ;含 F CMOS电路辐射感生漏电流得到抑制的主要原因是场氧介质中氧化物电荷的增长受到了明显抑制。     

3—6nm超薄SiO_2栅介质的特性

采用栅氧化前硅表面在 H2 SO4/ H2 O2 中形成化学氧化层方法和氮气稀释氧化制备出 3.2、 4和 6 nm的 Si O2超薄栅介质 ,并研究了其特性 .实验结果表明 ,恒流应力下 3.2和 4nm栅介质发生软击穿现象 .随着栅介质减薄 ,永久击穿电场强度增加 ,但恒流应力下软击穿电荷下降 .软击穿后栅介质低场漏电流无规则增大 .研究还表明 ,用软击穿电荷分布计算超薄栅介质有效缺陷密度比用永久击穿场强分布计算的要大 .在探讨软击穿和永久击穿机理的基础上解释了实验结果     

衬底热空穴耦合的薄栅TDDB效应

通过衬底热空穴 (SHH,Substrate Hot Hole)注入技术 ,对 SHH增强的薄 Si O2 层击穿特性进行了研究 .与通常的 F- N应力实验相比 ,SHH导致的薄栅氧化层击穿显示了不同的击穿特性 .其击穿电荷要比 F- N隧穿的击穿电荷大得多 ,栅氧化层的击穿电荷量与注入的空穴流密度和注入时空穴具有的能量以及栅电压有关 .这些新的实验结果表明 F- N应力导致的薄栅氧化层的击穿不仅由注入的空穴数量决定 .提出了一个全新的衬底热空穴耦合的TDDB(Tim e Dependent Dielectric Breakdown)模型     

Impact of floating gate dry etching on erase characteristics in NOR flash memory

We report the effects of plasma process-induced damage during floating gate (FG) dry-etching process on the erase characteristics of NOR flash cells. As compared to flash cells processed in a stable plasma condition, it is found that flash cells processed in the nonoptimized ambient show significantly degraded erase characteristics under a negative gate Fowler-Nordheim (FN) bias, exhibiting a fast-erasing bit in the distribution of erased bits. However, little differences are found in their tunneling characteristics under a positive gate biasing. The gate bias polarity dependence of FN tunneling indicates that positive charges are created near the poly-Si/SiO/sub 2/ interface during the FG dry-etching, prior to the backend processes such as metal- or via-etch.     

衬底热空穴注入下的薄栅氧化层击穿特性

利用衬底热空穴 (SHH)注入技术 ,分别定量研究了热电子和空穴注入对薄栅氧化层击穿的影响 ,讨论了不同应力条件下的阈值电压变化 .阈值电压的漂移表明是正电荷陷入氧化层中 ,而热电子的存在是氧化层击穿的必要条件 .把阳极空穴注入模型和电子陷阱产生模型统一起来 ,提出了薄栅氧化层的击穿是与电子导致的空穴陷阱相关的 .研究结果表明薄栅氧化层击穿的限制因素依赖于注入热电子量和空穴量的平衡 .认为栅氧化层的击穿是一个两步过程 .第一步是注入的热电子打断 Si— O键 ,产生悬挂键充当空穴陷阱中心 ,第二步是空穴被陷阱俘获 ,在氧化层中产生导电通路     

衬底热空穴注入下的薄栅氧化层击穿特性

利用衬底热空穴(SHH)注入技术,分别定量研究了热电子和空穴注入对薄栅氧化层击穿的影响,讨论了不同应力条件下的阈值电压变化.阈值电压的漂移表明是正电荷陷入氧化层中,而热电子的存在是氧化层击穿的必要条件.把阳极空穴注入模型和电子陷阱产生模型统一起来,提出了薄栅氧化层的击穿是与电子导致的空穴陷阱相关的.研究结果表明薄栅氧化层击穿的限制因素依赖于注入热电子量和空穴量的平衡.认为栅氧化层的击穿是一个两步过程.第一步是注入的热电子打断Si一O键,产生悬挂键充当空穴陷阱中心,第二步是空穴被陷阱俘获,在氧化层中产生导电通路,薄栅氧化层的击穿是在注入的热电子和空穴的共同作用下发生的.     

Thermal Nitridation of Si and SiO/sub 2/ for VLSI

This paper presents an extensive review of our work on thermal nitridation of Si and SiO/sub 2/. High-quality ultrathin films of silicon nitride and nitrided-oxide (nitroxide) have been thermally grown in ammonia atmosphere in a cold-wall RF-heated reactor and in a lamp-heated system. The growth kinetics and their dependence on processing time and temperature have been studied from very short to long nitridation times. The kinetics of thermal nitridation of SiO/sub 2/ in ammonia ambient have also been studied. In nitroxide, nitrogen-rich layers are formed at the surface and interface at a very early stage of the nitridation. Then the nitridation reaction mainly goes on in the bulk region with the surface and near interface nitrogen content remaining fairly constant. Our results also indicate the formation of an oxygen-rich layer at the interface underneath the nitrogen-rich layer whose thickness increases slowly with nitridation time. The nitride and nitroxide films were analyzed using Auger electron spectroscopy, grazing angle Rutherford backscattering, and etch rate measurements. MIS devices were fabricated using these films as gate insulators and were electrically characterized using I-V, C-V, time-dependent breakdown, trapping, and dielectric breakdown techniques. Breakdown, conduction, and C -V measurements on metal-insulator semiconductor (MIS) structures fabricated with these films show that very thin thermal silicon nitride and nitroxide films can be used as gate dielectrics for future highly scaled-dowm VLSI devices. The electrical characterization results also indicate extremely low trapping in the nitride films. The reliability of ultrathin nitride was observed to be far superior to SiO/sub 2/ and nitroxide due to its much less trapping. Studies show that the interface transition from nitride to silicon is almost abrupt and the morphology and roughness of the interface are comparable to the SiO/sub 2/-Si interfaces.     

Oxynitridation using radical-oxygen and -nitrogen for high-performance and highly reliable n/pFETs

We report the importance of oxynitridation using radical-oxygen and -nitrogen to form a low-leakage and highly reliable 1.6-nm SiON gate-dielectric without performance degradation in n/pFETs. It was found that oxidation using radical-oxygen forms high-density 1.6-nm SiO/sub 2/, which is ten times more reliable than low-density SiO/sub 2/ formed by oxygen-ions in n/pFETs and is suitable for the base layer of nitridation. Nitrifying SiO/sub 2/ using radical-nitrogen facilitates surface nitridation of SiO/sub 2/, maintains an ideal SiON-Si substrate interface, and reduces the gate leakage current. The 1.6-nm SiON formed by radical-oxygen and -nitrogen produces comparable drivability in n/pFETs, has one and half orders of magnitude less gate leakage in nFETs, one order of magnitude less gate leakage in pFETs, and is ten times more reliable in n/pFETs than 1.6-nm SiO/sub 2/ formed by radical-oxygen.     

Origin of positive charge generated in thin SiO2 filmsduring high-field electrical stress

The characteristics of electron capture in a 131-Å silicon dioxide after hot-hole injection have been studied, which have been compared with those after high-field Fowler-Nordheim (FN) electron injection. After hole injection from the silicon substrate into the oxide, positive charges accumulated in the oxide and electrons could be captured even at low oxide fields only under the positive gate polarity. The charge centroid of the captured electrons was near the substrate-SiO ₂ interface. The low-field electron capture can be explained based on the electron tunneling from the substrate into the positive charge and neutral trap centers created near the substrate-SiO₂ interface. In order to investigate the initial stage of the oxide degradation due to high-field FN stress, electrons were injected from the gate and the charge fluence was selected to be -1.0 C/cm². After the high-field stress, positive charges appeared in the oxide and electrons were captured only under the positive gate polarity by the positive charge and neutral trap centers, which were distributed near the interface. These facts are explained on the basis of the model describing that hole injection and trapping are the dominant causes for the generation of the positive charge centers during high-field FN stress     

Mechanism of oxide thickness and temperature dependent current conduction in n+-polySi/SiO2/p-Si structures — a new analysis

The conduction mechanism of gate leakage current through thermally grown silicon dioxide (SiO₂) films on (100) p-type silicon has been investigated in detail under negative bias on the degenerately doped n-type polysilicon (n⁺-polySi) gate. The analysis utilizes the measured gate current density J_G at high oxide fields E_ox in 5.4 to 12 nm thick SiO₂ films between 25 and 300℃. The leakage current measured up to 300℃ was due to Fowler–Nordheim (FN) tunneling of electrons from the accumulated n⁺-polySi gate in conjunction with Poole Frenkel (PF) emission of trapped-electrons from the electron traps located at energy levels ranging from 0.6 to 1.12 eV (depending on the oxide thickness) below the SiO₂ conduction band (CB). It was observed that PF emission current I_PF dominates FN electron tunneling current I_FN at oxide electric fields E_ox between 6 and 10 MV/cm and throughout the temperature range studied here. Understanding of the mechanism of leakage current conduction through SiO₂ films plays a crucial role in simulation of time-dependent dielectric breakdown (TDDB) of metaloxide–semiconductor (MOS) devices and to precisely predict the normal operating field or applied gate voltage for lifetime projection of the MOS integrated circuits.     

利用直接隧穿弛豫谱技术对超薄栅MOS结构中栅缺陷的研究

给出了超薄栅MOS结构中直接隧穿弛豫谱(DTRS)技术的细节描述,同时在超薄栅氧化层(＜3nm)中给出了该技术的具体应用.通过该技术,超薄栅氧化层中明显的双峰现象被发现,这意味着在栅氧化层退化过程中存在着两种陷阱.更进一步的研究发现,直接隧穿应力下超薄栅氧化层(＜3nm)中的界面/氧化层陷阱的密度以及俘获截面小于FN 应力下厚氧化层(＞4nm)中界面/氧化层陷阱的密度和俘获截面,同时发现超薄氧化层中氧化层陷阱的矩心更靠近阳极界面.     

Modeling boron diffusion in ultrathin nitrided oxide p+Si gate technology

Based on a network defect model for the diffusion of B in SiO₂, we propose that B diffuses via a peroxy linkage defect (pld) whose concentration in the oxide changes under different processing conditions. We show that as N is added to the gate oxide (nitridation), N atoms compete with B atoms for activation through the diffusion-defect sites. The model predicts that nitridation is ineffective in stopping B penetration when BF₂ implants dope the polysilicon gate, as well as for the case of very thin gate dielectrics with B-implanted gates