溶剂对溶胶-凝胶燃烧法合成YAG粉体的影响

以Y(NO3)3.6H2O、Al(NO3)3.9H2O和柠檬酸为原料,分别以去离子水和无水乙醇为溶剂,采用溶胶-凝胶燃烧法合成YAG粉体。借助FT-IR、XRD、SEM等分析仪器研究了溶胶-凝胶燃烧法合成YAG粉体的过程,重点讨论了前躯体溶液不同溶剂对溶胶-凝胶燃烧法合成过程及合成产物的影响。结果表明:去离子水和无水乙醇对合成的YAG粉体的形貌和分散性有重要的影响。     

水热-溶胶-凝胶法制备钠离子电池正极材料Na_3V_2(PO_4)_3/C及其性能研究

分别采用溶胶凝胶法和水热-溶胶-凝胶法合成了钠离子电池正极材料Na_3V_2(PO_4)_3/C。用XRD、SEM、恒流充放电等对样品进行了表征。研究表明,两种方法合成的Na_3V_2(PO_4)_3/C样品均为纯相,呈多孔状结构,采用水热-溶胶-凝胶法制备出的Na_3V_2(PO_4)_3/C样品颗粒尺寸更小,更有利于钠离子脱嵌,有利于提高材料的电化学性能。溶胶-凝胶法制备的样品在0.1和2C倍率下首次放电比容量为98.3和31.3mAh/g,水热-溶胶-凝胶法制备的样品在0.1和2C倍率下首次放电比容量高达111.9和94.1mAh/g,电化学性能得到明显改善。     

溶胶凝胶法制备超细负热膨胀性ZrW2O8粉体

以溶胶凝胶法制备负热膨胀材料ZrW2O8粉体并与固相法制备的粉体相比较.对其前驱体进行热重-差热分析(TG-DSC)、以X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、透射电镜(TEM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)分别对粉体进行物相分析和形貌观测.结果表明溶胶凝胶法比固相法合成温度低,于610℃合成单一立方结构ZrW2O8粉体,并且粉体颗粒比固相法小,为100nm;ZrW2O8粉体有很好的负热膨胀特性,以高温X射线衍射分析,在室温约500℃范围内,溶胶凝胶法制备的粉体的热膨胀系数为-5.93×10-6/K;比固相法(-6.31×10-6/K)的略低.     

聚合物光伏电池材料MEH-PPV的超声合成及其表征

研究了聚[2甲氧基-5-(2'-乙基己氧基)对苯乙炔](MEH-PPV)的合成路线.采用超声合成法制备出无凝胶、完全可溶、高分子量的MEH-PPV.其教均分子量可达7.9×105,并通过红外光谱、核磁共振氢谱(1H-NMR)、拉曼光谱对产物进行了结构袁征.     

介孔硅基干凝胶的制备及其止血性能的研究

采用改进的溶胶-凝胶工艺合成了具有纳米介孔结构的硅基干凝胶, 并对其止血性能进行了研究. 通过X 射线衍射(XRD)、红外光谱(FTIR)、透射电镜(TEM)和N₂等温吸附-脱附分析, 考察了合成硅基干凝胶的相态、结构、形貌、比表面积和介孔特征. 分别采用体外部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)和凝血酶原时间(PT)研究了硅基干凝胶及其加入量对内源性和外源性凝血系统的影响. 以传统止血剂云南白药为对比, 通过兔耳缘静脉止血实验评价了合成硅基干凝胶的止血性能. 结果表明: 经600℃煅烧可得到比表面积901.17m²/g、平均孔径3.255nm的非晶态硅基干凝胶; 合成的硅基干凝胶对内、外源性凝血因子活性均有明显的促进作用; 硅基干凝胶对兔耳缘静脉止血效果良好, 且比云南白药更显著.     

溶胶凝胶法制备超细负热膨胀性ZrW2O8粉体

以溶胶凝胶法制备负热膨胀材料ZrW2O8粉体并与固相法制备的粉体相比较.对其前驱体进行热重-差热分析(TG-DSC)、以X射线粉末衍射(XRD)、透射电镜(TEM)、扫描电子显微镜(SEM)分别对粉体进行物相分析和形貌观测.结果表明溶胶凝胶法比固相法合成温度低,于610℃合成单一立方结构ZrW2O8粉体,并且粉体颗粒比固相法小,为100nm;ZrW2O8粉体有很好的负热膨胀特性,以高温X射线衍射分析,在室温约500℃范围内,溶胶凝胶法制备的粉体的热膨胀系数为-5.93×10-6/K;比固相法(-6.31×10-6/K)的略低.     

柠檬酸盐溶胶-凝胶法合成α-Li4Zn(PO4)2及其离子导电性

采用柠檬酸盐溶胶-凝胶法合成了生成温度较固相合成低的多的纯相α-Li4Zn(PO4)2(L2ZP)离子导体,并对合成材料进行了DTA、TG、XRD和SEM等表征,确证合成材料为纯相α-Li4Zn(PO4)2,探讨了不同烧结温度对粉末颗粒度的影响.实验结果表明,随着焙烧温度的升高,颗粒间发生团聚,粒径逐渐增大.电导率且逐渐减小.     

微波辅助水热法快速合成介孔磷酸镍

采用微波辅助水热法快速合成了介孔磷酸镍(MW-NiPO-2), 详细研究了在微波水热条件下微波晶化温度、微波辐射时间、碱度及Ni/P摩尔比对MW-NiPO-2合成的影响, 优化了合成条件. 并利用ICP、FT-IR、TEM和N₂吸附等手段对比研究了溶胶-凝胶法和微波水热法合成样品的结构组成、比表面和孔道特征. 研究结果表明: 在微波辅助水热条件下, 在较低温度下(60℃)即可形成MW-NiPO-2; 在100℃下, 0.25 h即有MW-NiPO-2生成. 在微波辐射1 h, 碱度(OH^-/P)为2.0、原料Ni/P比为0.7条件下, 能够合成有序度较高的MW-NiPO-2. MW-NiPO-2和 SG-NiPO-2具有相似的骨架结构和组成, 但其纳米管簇结构特征不明显, 表现出类似虫孔结构的状态. 微波辅助水热法合成的MW-NiPO-2较溶胶-凝胶法合成样品具有更大的比表面和孔容, 分别为334.4 m²/g和0.318 cm³/g.     

液相法制备TiO2光催化剂的研究现状

综述了液相法合成TiO2光催化剂的研究现状,评述了溶胶-凝胶法、水热合成法、水解法、沉淀法、微乳法和液相一步合成法的优缺点.改进后的溶胶-凝胶法和液相一步合成法制备出的TiO2粉体粒度小、光催化效率高,基本可以满足目前工业的要求.     

改性溶胶-凝胶法制备ZrO_2纳米晶粉及其团聚控制

对溶胶 -凝胶法进行改性 ,使凝胶聚沉为沉淀物 ,进而可以成功地合成ZrO2(9%Y2O3)纳米粉体。采用热重 -差热(TG -DTA)分析、粒度分布分析、透射电子显微镜(TEM)和X射线衍射(XRD)测试法对粉料制备工艺过程进行了研究。结果表明 ,改性的溶胶 -凝胶法在聚沉前加入分子量大小不同的表面活性剂 ,聚沉后采用无水乙醇超声分散 ,可以有效地消除团聚现象。沉淀产物在450℃以下可以完全分解为ZrO2(Y2O3)粉体 ,600℃煅烧颗粒晶粒度为14nm。     

Estimation of Parameters of Universal Distribution of Moments of Failure of Products

A method is proposed for estimating the parameters of a mixture of exponential and Weibull distributions for which the accuracy of preliminary estimates obtained by graphical analysis is refined in accordance with the criterion of maximum likelihood. The efficiency of the proposed method is supported by the results of statistical modeling.     

Evaluation of optical properties of highly scattering media by moments of distributions of times of flight of photons

A novel method for the determination of the optical properties of tissue from time-domain measurements is presented. The data analysis is based on the evaluation of the first moment and the second centralized moment, i.e., the mean time of flight and the variance of the measured distribution of times of flight (DTOF) of photons injected by short (picosecond) laser pulses. Analytical expressions are derived for calculation of absorption and of reduced scattering coefficients from these moments by application of diffusion theory for infinite and semi-infinite homogeneous media. The proposed method was tested on experimental data obtained with phantoms, and results for absorption and reduced scattering coefficients obtained by the proposed method are compared with those obtained by fitting of the same data with analytical solutions of the diffusion equation. Furthermore, the accuracy of the moment analysis was investigated for a range of integration limits of the DTOF. The moment analysis may serve as a comparatively fast method for evaluating optical properties with sufficient accuracy and can be used, e.g., for on-line monitoring of optical properties of biological tissue.     

Estimation of potentialities of methods of summation of direct measurement errors

Conventional methods for summation of direct measurement errors are considered. Conditions under which these methods provide consistent results are stated. It is proposed to utilize for characteristic of the total error, its interval estimator or the half-sum of the value obtained by adding up its arithmetic and geometric random errors.Translated from Izmeritel'naya Tekhnika, No. 4, pp. 10–12, April, 1995.     

空压机轴承箱蜗壳温度探头油封改造

由于空压机进气侧轴承箱蜗壳温度探头密封效果不好,使空压机及其后续管道受到油污染。后将温度探头的O形圈密封改为骨架油封,杜绝了轴承箱漏油问题。文章简介空压机的结构和技术参数,详细介绍了骨架油封的制作和优点。     

Characteristics of mechanical properties of materials in studies of conditions of attainment of marginal states

It is shown that conditions of attainment of marginal states in the material of structural components are formulated on the basis of analysis of force and deformation criteria of formation and development of destruction. The parameters of these criteria are data on types of structural materials, standard and special characteristics of their mechanical properties, structural forms of considered elements of the equipment, and their operating stress loading. In this case, the construction of a system of state equations for describing interrelation of current damage, external actions, and responses to them is based on the concept of calculating variations in properties of materials at all stages of the design life cycle.     

Determination of parameters of microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by the method of modeling

The article suggests a method of evaluating the microstructural inhomogeneity of deformation of metals by modeling. The method includes the measurement of deformations of metal according to meshes of a dividing grid with small base and the calculation of the distribution parameters of microdeformations in model representation. It is shown that the modeling method makes it possible objectively to evaluate the microinhomogeneity of deformation of metals independently of the chosen mesh size of the dividing grid. New structural characteristics are introduced: the base and wave of variation expressing the degree of crumbling or amalgamation of metal grains by inhomogeneity of deformation.Translated from Problemy Prochnosti, No. 7, pp. 40–44, July, 1991.     

Analysis of the rate of propagation of the wave of change of boiling modes

An approximate analytical expression is derived for the velocity of the front of the wave of change of boiling modes on a rod and on a plate. The impact of the Thomson effect and of the heater orientation in the gravity field is included. Adequate agreement is demonstrated between the derived relations and experimental data.     

水三相点复现的不确定度评定

水三相点是开尔文热力学温度的唯一基准点，也是ITS-90国际温标重要的定义固定点。因此，水三相点不确定度分析对整个温标的建立、温度量值传递起着至关重要的作用。近3年来，中国计量科学研究院研制出一系列高质量的水三相点容器，加强了水三相点的研究，为不确定度的分析提供了更为可靠的实验依据。同时，不确定度的分析也是客观评价新研制容器性能的一个重要指标。因此，根据实验结果对新研制容器所复现的水三相点进行了不确定度评定。评定结果表明，其扩展不确定度为0．16mK(k=2．69，P=0．99)。