发芽糙米生物活性物质及生理功能研究进展

发芽糙米是一种极具应用前景的功能性食品原料,糙米发芽后不仅改善了其食用品质,而且能够富集生物活性成分,从而赋予发芽糙米众多生理功能。本文介绍了发芽糙米中的γ-氨基丁酸、γ-谷维素、维生素E、高级脂肪醇及膳食纤维等主要生物活性物质在发芽过程中含量的变化,以及发芽条件对这些主要生物活性物质含量变化的影响,进而综述了这些生物活性物质赋予发芽糙米的抗氧化、降血脂、降血压、预防和治疗癌症、预防糖尿病及并发症等生理功能的研究进展,最后对发芽糙米今后的研究方向及其应用进行了总结。     

一种新型功能性食品-发芽糙米

对新近兴起的一种功能性食品-发芽糙米的制备、发芽过程中糙米品质的变化情况以及发芽糙米中含有的主要功能性成分进行了较详细的介绍,同时指出了发芽糙米制备过程中需注意的主要问题,并对发芽糙米的前景进行了展望。     

发芽糙米的制备技术及制品研究进展

发芽糙米作为一种最具潜力的全谷物食物原料之一,其营养价值和保健功能已逐渐被人们所认识.通过对发芽糙米的制备、发芽糙米的主要功能性成分及其生理功能的介绍,综述了国内外发芽糙米的制备技术及其产品的开发进展,为我国开发利用发芽糙米这一功能性食品提供参考.     

糙米中功能性成分的研究

糙米中的膳食纤维、维生素和矿物质含量较高,还含有谷维素、二十八烷醇、γ-氨基丁酸(GABA)、三磷酸肌醇等功能性成分。以糙米为原料,通过挤压膨化、酶解和发芽等方法,开发糙米功能食品有很大的潜力。     

糙米发芽前后营养成分的变化及功能特性

本文简述了糙米发芽前后一些营养成分的变化,以及发芽糙米中的功能性成分和作用。     

发芽糙米——值得开发的功能性食品

本文介绍了发芽糙米中的主要功能性成分及其生理功能,综述了国内外发芽糙米产品开发的现状,同时指出了我国促进发芽糙米发展的重要意义。     

发芽糙米片的加工技术

发芽糙米是一种具有优异的生理功效的功能性食品，旨在改善其食用品质，提高食用方便性和消化吸收性，拟开发发芽糙米片、速调发芽糙米片和“三合一”发芽糙米片等3种发芽糙米食品，提出实用、适用的加工技术。     

加工方式对发芽糙米理化性质影响研究进展

介绍了发芽糙米的营养价值及生理功效,综述了加工方式对发芽糙米理化性质的影响,提出发芽糙米在食品加工中有待解决的问题,并展望未来发展前景,以期为发芽糙米的功能性食品开发提供参考。     

发芽糙米研发进展

介绍发芽糙米中的主要功能性成分及其生理功能,综述发芽糙米中γ-氨基丁酸的富集研究现状和我国发芽糙米的研究情况,以及发芽糙米产品的开发现状,同时指出开发发芽糙米需要解决的问题,并展望其发展前景.     

发芽糙米研究现状与未来发展方向

介绍了发芽糙米中的主要功能性成分及其生理功能,综述了发芽糙米中γ-氨基丁酸的富集研究现状和我国发芽糙米的研究情况,总结了发芽糙米发展中存在的问题和未来发展的方向.     

Germinated high-resistant starch rice: A potential novel functional food

High-resistant starch rice has been showing great potent in preventing diabetes but with inferior eating quality. Germinated brown rice (GBR) shows improved eating quality, GBR intake can reduce the risk of some chronic diseases and is beneficial for human health. Germination treatment might be a good solution to the dilemma between nutrition and sensory qualities. To deepen the understanding on the physiochemical properties of high RS rice during germination and widen the applications of high RS rice in functional food industry. The rice (Oryza sativa L.) mutant RS4 (RS ca.10.3%), GZ93 (RS ca.0.1%) and the wild-type R7954 (RS ca.1.6%) were used to investigate the primary physicochemical properties, antioxidant and functional substances after germination. After germination, though the contents of RS were decreased in R7954, GZ93 and RS4, the RS content in RS4 was still as high as 4.09%. Meantime, RS4 exhibited pronouncedly enhanced lipids, free glucose, polyphenolic compositions, flavonoid, GABA and β-glucan contents after germination. Germination treatment decreased the gelatinisation temperature of RS4, made RS4 cooked easier but maintained lower digestibility and higher nutrients. Germinated RS4 with high RS content might be potent in food industry as antioxidant, hypolipidaemic and immune-enhancing ingredients.     

Germinated Brown Rice and Its Role in Human Health

Brown rice, unmilled or partly milled, contains more nutritional components than ordinary white rice. Despite its elevated content of bioactive components, brown rice is rarely consumed as a staple food for its dark appearance and hard texture. The germination of brown rice can be used to improve its taste and further enhance its nutritional value and health functions. Germinated brown rice is considered healthier than white rice, as it is not only richer in the basic nutritional components such as vitamins, minerals, dietary fibers, and essential amino acids, but also contains more bioactive components, such as ferulic acid, γ-oryzanol, and gamma aminobutyric acid. Moreover, germinated brown rice has been reported to exhibit many physiological effects, including antihyperlipidemia, antihypertension, and the reduction in the risk of some chronic diseases, such as cancer, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and Alzheimer's disease. Therefore, it is likely that germinated brown rice will become a popular health food.     

添加高钙菜、辣木对大米和糙米米粉品质及餐后血糖的影响

研究大米米粉、糙米米粉、高钙菜糙米米粉和辣木糙米米粉的蒸煮特性、体外模拟环境下葡萄糖释放量及小鼠餐后血糖反应的差异。结果表明,相比于大米米粉,配方为100%的糙米粉的米粉,无论是在米粉品质方面还是在血糖控制方面都较优于大米米粉,其最终葡萄糖释放量要比大米米粉的葡萄糖释放量减少约40mg,而添加了辣木、高钙菜等含有功能性成分物质的糙米米粉对小鼠的餐后血糖值也有降低作用,其最终的葡萄糖释放量分别比大米米粉的葡萄糖释放量减少约11mg和33mg,且更能维持米粉的结构完整性,说明添加功能性成分对降低餐后血糖也有一定的作用;但是添加2%辣木和4%高钙菜的含量可能较少,与100%糙米米粉相比,其减缓葡萄糖释放的效果略不显著,100%糙米米粉更有利于人体血糖的调控。     

Dietary fibre, glycaemic response, and diabetes

The much publicised global trend in rising levels of obesity and diabetes has refuelled interest in the dietary intake of the macronutrients (fat, protein, and carbohydrates) necessary to maintain the state of normalcy (good health) of an individual. Both scientific and public attention have focused on the dietary mediation of chronic health syndromes, either through use of dietary supplements, or a review of the whole diet situation. Dietary supplements have been used extensively both as pharmacological supplements, food ingredients, in processed foods to aid weight control, and the regulation of glucose control for diabetic patients. Particular interest has focused on the use of dietary fibres, especially soluble dietary fibres (such as guar gum, locust bean gum, and psyllium fibres), resistant starch, and slowly digestible carbohydrates. These have been shown to alter food structure, texture, and viscosity, and hence the rate of starch degradation during digestion. Research has also illustrated an association between the rate of carbohydrate degradation during digestion, and the regulation of postprandial blood sugar and insulin levels. The current paper explores the potential use of dietary fibres in the treatment of obesity and diabetes.     

Antioxidant activity of white rice,brown rice and germinated brown rice (in vivo and in vitro) and the effects on lipid peroxidation and liver enzymes in hyperlipidaemic rabbits

Antioxidant activity of different rice extract and the effect on the levels of antioxidant enzyme activity, superoxide dismutase (SOD) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx), vitamin E, lipid peroxidation and liver enzymes in hyperlipidaemia rabbits were investigated. Germinated brown rice (GBR) has the highest antioxidant activity compared to white rice (WR) and brown rice (BR). All rice grains increased the activity of SOD and GPx. However, vitamin E levels increased only in the groups that received the BR and GBR diets. The reduction of lipid peroxidation levels and activity of hepatic enzymes (alanine transferase, ALT and aspartate transaminase, AST) were only significantly observed in the GBR group. In conclusion, GBR supplementation has the greatest impact on increasing antioxidant enzyme activity and vitamin E level and on reducing lipid peroxidation in hypercholesterolaemia rabbit, thereby preventing the formation of atherosclerotic plaques. Furthermore, GBR diet can also reduce the level of hepatic enzymes.     

Effects of germination time on the structural,physicochemical and functional properties of brown rice

Germinated brown rice (GBR) is a gluten-free food raw material. Its tissue structure, physicochemical properties and functional properties depend on the germination time. In this study, rapid viscosity analyses, differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray diffraction et al were used to analyse the structural, physicochemical and functional changes in brown rice (BR) during germination. Gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA), total phenolic compound, glutathione (GSH) and amino acid contents increased during germination. GBR exhibited the highest GSH (22.70 mg per 100 g) and amino acid (8.02 mg per 100 g) contents at 24 h and the highest GABA content (253.35 mg per 100 g) at 36 h. Furthermore, BR germinated for 36 h showed greater enthalpy (ΔH) than ungerminated BR. Although GBR showed less crystallinity than ungerminated BR, germination did not change the crystalline structure type of starch (A-type). These results inform choices of the appropriate applications of GBR to promote its utilisation in the food industry.     

Whole processing and use of rice polishings

The rice bran is the main by-product in the process of brown rice milling. It is rich in nutrition and has a huge annual output. However, it is not fully utilized in food due to its easy rancidity, rough taste and poor processing properties. In order to improve its utilization rate, in addition to the deep utilization of protein, oil, dietary fiber and oryzanol, the research on the overall processing and utilization of rice bran is more active in recent years. Herein, the research status of the whole processing technology of rice bran, such as stabilization, extrusion, biological enzymolysis, fermentation and ultra-fine comminution, was reviewed. The application of rice bran as a whole ingredient in food was summarized, and the existing problems in the processing were analyzed and prospected, which provided the reference for the processing and utilization of rice bran.     

Utilization of germinated and heat-moisture treated brown rices in sugar-snap cookies

Utilization of germinated brown rice (GBR) in sugar-snap cookies and effect of heat-moisture treatment of the GBR were investigated. Brown rice was germinated at 30 °C for 48 h and then a heat-moisture treatment was conducted for the moistened GBR (17 g/100 g moisture content) at 100 °C for 4 h. Sugar-snap cookies were prepared with white rice, brown rice, GBR and the treated GBR flours, as substitutes for wheat flour (30–100 g/100 g). All cookies containing rice flours, regardless of germination and heat-moisture treatment, required significantly less force to compress than did the wheat flour cookie, and this softening effect was increased as the level of rice flour substitution increased. The cookies made with the GBR flour displayed inferior physical characteristics compared to those with wheat flour, but the cookies containing the treated GBR flour showed improved physical properties with lower moisture content and higher spread factor than those containing untreated GBR flour. The cookies containing the treated GBR flours showed relatively a low degree of firming during the ambient storage. The overall results showed that the cookies with acceptable quality and improved nutrition could be prepared by partial or complete replacement of wheat flour with the heat-moisture treated GBR flour.     

超声波辅助处理对发芽糙米营养及食用品质的影响

本研究采用超声波技术辅助加工发芽糙米,探究超声波辅助处理对发芽糙米总黄酮、基本营养成分、米糠皮层微观结构及质构等的影响。结果表明,超声波辅助处理工艺顺序对发芽糙米总黄酮的含量有一定影响,其中糙米先浸泡13 h,再用160 W超声处理25 min后发芽,发芽糙米的总黄酮含量达到最大值218.17 mg/100 g。在此工艺条件下,与未超声处理组相比,发芽糙米的发芽势和发芽率分别升高了19.60%（P<0.01）和4.66%（P<0.05）;蛋白质、维生素B₂及矿物质元素（钾、磷、锰、锌）的含量均显著增加（P<0.05）;糙米皮层变得更加疏松多孔;硬度、黏着性、弹性和粘度均下降。热物性方面,发芽糙米淀粉糊化相关热物性参数无显著性变化（P?0.05）,可见超声波辅助加工能在一定程度上改善发芽糙米的功能营养特性及食用品质。