草菇提取液对牛肉肌原纤维蛋白在风味吸附过程中分子间作用力的影响规律

为了探究食用菌对肉制品蛋白质风味吸附能力的影响,本文利用草菇提取液（Volvariella volvacea extract,VV）对牛肉肌原纤维蛋白（Myofibrillar protein,MP）进行预处理,分析草菇提取液处理后MP蛋白间作用力及其风味吸附能力的影响。结果表明,草菇提取液不同程度地提高了MP对苯乙醛、1-辛烯-3-醇、2-庚酮、苯甲醛和D-柠檬烯等风味物质的吸附能力;草菇提取液处理后,MP-提取液体系中上述风味物质的占比较未经处理组分别下降了2.09%、6.1%、6.41%、9.85%和11.66%。使用尿素、盐酸胍、丙二醇和β-巯基乙醇对蛋白间作用力进行破坏,推测在风味吸附过程中蛋白间疏水作用力起主导作用,其次为氢键、共价结合和离子键。草菇提取液可能通过增强MP分子间的非共价键来强化MP对2-庚酮、1-辛烯-3-醇和D-柠檬烯的吸附能力,通过增强MP间的共价相互作用来增强对苯甲醛的吸附。     

乳清抗氧化肽对冷藏猪肉糜肌原纤维蛋白功能性及品质的影响

研究乳清抗氧化肽对冷藏猪肉糜肌原纤维蛋白功能性及品质的影响。实验分为6组,第1组为空白对照,第2组加入质量分数20%未水解乳清蛋白,第3~5组中分别加入质量分数10%、15%、20%的乳清抗氧化肽冻干粉,第6组加入质量分数0.02%的丁基羟基茴香醚(butyl hydroxyanisd,BHA)。在肉糜4℃冷藏0、1、3、5、7 d时分别测定浊度、Ca~(2+)-ATPase活力、乳化稳定性、挥发性盐基氮(totalvolatilebasicnitrogen,TVB-N)含量、蒸煮损失率、表面疏水性以及肌原纤维蛋白溶解性的变化。结果表明:添加质量分数15%的乳清抗氧化肽能有效抑制冷藏肉糜肌原纤维浊度的升高,抑制Ca~(2+)-ATPase活力的下降,减少TVB-N的产生,抑制肌原纤维蛋白乳化稳定性和溶解性的降低。添加质量分数20%的乳清抗氧化肽则在抑制生肉糜蒸煮损失和猪肉糜肌原纤维蛋白表面疏水性增加方面效果最佳,其作用与质量分数0.02%BHA相当。上述结果表明,乳清抗氧化肽具有改善冷藏猪肉糜肌原纤维蛋白功能性及品质的作用。     

捶打时间对牛肉凝胶品质的影响研究

为探究捶打工艺对牛肉凝胶品质的影响,以打浆工艺制作的牛肉凝胶为对照组,通过测定不同捶打时间的牛肉凝胶色差、肌原纤维蛋白氧化程度、蒸煮损失率、脂肪渗出率、质构特性,并测定牛肉凝胶的肉糜粒径、蛋白质二级结构及微观结构的变化,了解捶打时间对牛肉凝胶品质的影响机理。结果表明,捶打时间在15~40 min之间时,随着捶打时间延长,肉糜L*值与W值先降后升,a*值和b*值先升后降;肌原纤维蛋白氧化程度不断增加,总巯基不断减少,羰基值及溴酚蓝结合量不断增加;蒸煮损失率与脂肪渗出率先减少后增加;凝胶质构中硬度、咀嚼性逐渐增加,弹性、内聚性与回复性先增加后减少,以30 min为分界点,捶打30 min以内凝胶品质呈上升趋势,超过30 min呈下降趋势。30 min前凝胶品质上升原因为肉糜粒径减小及蛋白质二级结构β-折叠增多;30 min后凝胶品质下降原因为蛋白质氧化程度加深及凝胶微观结构的改变。试验结果表明传统捶打方式能提高肉糜品质,但过度捶打会引起肉糜品质劣变。     

非肉蛋白添加对猪肉糜品质及其肌原纤维蛋白结构的影响

将血球蛋白粉（spray-dried blood cells,SBC）、大豆分离蛋白（soybean protein isolate,SPI）、蛋清蛋白（egg white protein,EWP）和猪血浆蛋白（porcine plasma protein,PPP）分别以不同添加量添加至肉糜中,研究其对肉糜品质及其肌原纤维蛋白结构的影响,以未添加非肉蛋白的肉糜为空白对照,以蒸煮损失、色度、pH值、微观结构、质构等为考察指标。结果表明：与空白对照组相比,添加EWP使得猪肉糜呈现疏松多孔结构,导致其保水性降低;而添加PPP能够显著改善肉糜凝胶的保水性、质构特性和微观结构,提高肉糜pH值;质构分析结果表明,非肉蛋白的添加能够显著提高肉糜的咀嚼性;添加SBC使肉糜红度值提高;通过分析肌原纤维蛋白的二级结构发现,加入PPP和SBC组酰胺Ⅰ带最大吸收峰红移,表明α-螺旋含量提高,相应地,无规则卷曲含量下降,导致凝胶结构变致密,凝胶强度与凝胶保水性提高;经非肉蛋白处理的肌原纤维蛋白紫外吸收强度普遍有所降低,紫外吸收光谱图中的最大吸收峰略微红移,表明蛋白质发生聚集。综上所述,添加PPP可有效改善肉糜品质。     

植物多酚改善肌原纤维蛋白凝胶特性的研究进展

肌原纤维蛋白是肌肉中最主要的蛋白质,其凝胶特性决定了肉制品的感官品质。植物多酚因独特的结构,可在热诱导过程中与肌原纤维蛋白相互作用,改变蛋白的结构并促进蛋白的交联聚集,故影响蛋白的成胶过程与凝胶特性。本文综述植物多酚在正常离子强度下、低离子强度以及氧化体系下促进肌原纤维蛋白热诱导凝胶形成过程及其机理,旨在为以绿色方法改善凝胶肉制品品质提供新思路。     

蛋白添加剂增强肉制品凝胶性研究进展

凝胶性作为肉类食品的重要特性之一,是影响肉制品外观、风味、质构的重要因素,增强肉制品的凝胶性对于改善肉制品的工艺和品质具有重要意义。肉制品加工中蛋白质形成聚集体的含量、结构、聚集速率等都会影响肉制品的凝胶性,而蛋白质添加剂可在一定程度上替代肌原纤维蛋白的凝胶和乳化作用,优化产品的感官和营养特性,并降低成本,成为肉制品研发和工艺优化的研究热点。本文对肌原纤维蛋白凝胶形成机理的研究进行汇总,并综述目前主要蛋白添加剂的性质和应用,以及蛋白添加剂与多糖胶体、酶制剂、磷酸盐进行复配增强肉制品凝胶性的研究进展,为凝胶肉制品的提质增效提供参考。     

基于宰后蛋白质磷酸化研究L-组氨酸和L-赖氨酸对鸡胸肉加工特性的影响

为研究低盐（1% NaCl）条件下添加L-组氨酸（L-histidine，L-His）及L-赖氨酸（L-lysine，L-Lys）调节宰后鸡胸肉肌原纤维蛋白磷酸化的变化规律及其对鸡胸肉加工特性（蒸煮损失、质构、蛋白溶解度、流变特性）的影响，提取腌制后鸡胸肉肌原纤维蛋白，进行十二烷基硫酸钠-聚丙烯酰胺凝胶电泳，再通过荧光染色和液相色谱-串联质谱鉴定。结果表明：L-His和L-Lys的添加不影响肌原纤维蛋白的整体磷酸化水平，但是可以改变单个蛋白质的磷酸化水平；相比于1% NaCl处理组，1% NaCl＋0.06% L-His/L-Lys处理组硬度和蛋白溶解度均有显著提高，蛋白流变特性改善，蒸煮损失无显著变化；相关性分析得出，多个蛋白质磷酸化水平与肉的蒸煮损失及蛋白溶解度等加工特性呈显著正相关或负相关，且单个蛋白质的磷酸化水平还会受到其他蛋白质磷酸化水平的影响；将11 条磷酸化水平差异显著的条带进行质谱鉴定后，发现大多是与肌肉收缩或糖酵解有关的酶，表明L-His、L-Lys的添加可能通过对肌原纤维蛋白磷酸化水平产生正面效应影响宰后僵直成熟过程，进而影响肉品品质。     

草菇提取物对牛肉蛋白风味吸附能力的影响

为了研究草菇（Volvariella volvacea,VV）对牛肉蛋白风味吸附能力的影响,该实验用不同添加量（0%、1%、3%、9%,m/m）的草菇提取物（VV）处理牛肉肌原纤维蛋白（Myofibrillar Protein,MP）,分析处理前后MP在结构、颗粒性质、聚集状态及其吸附牛肉和草菇中常见挥发性风味物质能力的变化规律。实验结果显示,随着草菇提取物浓度的增加,MP的荧光猝灭效应愈发显著,MP颗粒的粒径和Zeta电位分别从3 654 nm和-24.1 mV减小到2 588 nm和-28.17 mV。此外,由于草菇提取物修饰后MP疏水基团的暴露及表面电荷的增加,促进了其对1-辛烯-3-醇、d-柠檬烯、糠醛硫醇和2-噻吩甲醛等特征风味物质的吸附。该研究结果表明,草菇提取物可以改变MP的结构、组分含量及其风味吸附能力。     

小麦麸膳食纤维对猪肉肌原纤维蛋白凝胶功能特性的影响

为开发低脂肪多纤维的健康肉制品,明确膳食纤维添加对肉制品品质的影响,以猪肉肌原纤维蛋白为研究对象,利用单因素分析法研究肌原纤维蛋白热诱导凝胶性质及小麦麸膳食纤维对猪肉肌原纤维蛋白功能特性的影响。结果表明：肌原纤维蛋白变性聚集的温度范围是40～70 ℃;肌原纤维蛋白凝胶硬度和保水性随肌原纤维蛋白质量浓度增加而增大,当质量浓度到达70 mg/mL时,凝胶硬度和保水性趋于稳定;pH值为5.5时肌原纤维蛋白凝胶硬度达到最大,凝胶保水性在pH 7.0时趋于稳定;离子强度为0.6 mol/L时凝胶的硬度和保水性趋于稳定。随着小麦麸膳食纤维添加量的增加,肌原纤维蛋白乳化性有所升高但是不明显,当添加量为5%时,乳化性增加7.4%,肌原纤维蛋白乳化稳定性降低;蛋白的弹性模量增大;凝胶硬度和保水性提高,添加量为4%时变化趋于平缓。随着膳食纤维粒径的减小,肌原纤维蛋白凝胶硬度和保水性逐渐提高;微观结构更加致密;蛋白弹性模量降低。由此可见,膳食纤维能够明显改变肌原纤维蛋白功能特性,通过在肉制品中添加适量的膳食纤维可以明显改良肉制品的风味,并替代脂肪,减少人体热量的摄入。     

肌原纤维蛋白对挥发性风味物质吸附作用研究进展

蛋白质对挥发性风味物质的吸附作用一定程度上决定着食品风味品质。肌原纤维蛋白功能特性的变化会直接影响其对肉制品主效风味成分的吸附能力,因此对肌原纤维蛋白功能特性的影响因素进行深入研究对明晰肌原纤维蛋白与挥发性风味物质相互作用机制具有重要意义。本文就肌原纤维蛋白对挥发性风味物质的吸附机制、影响因素、研究技术与方法进行综述,详细介绍肌原纤维蛋白、挥发性风味成分以及多种外界因素对肌原纤维蛋白与挥发性风味物质相互作用影响的研究现状,并对肌原纤维蛋白对挥发性风味物质吸附作用研究尚未深入发掘的领域进行展望,为探究肌原纤维蛋白风味吸附作用在肉制品加工领域的生产应用提供理论参考。     

Co-precipitation of whey and pea protein – indication of interactions

The aim was to optimise the yield of co-precipitation of whey protein isolate (WPI) and pea protein isolate (PPI) and compare co-precipitates and protein blends with respect to solubility. The yield of co-precipitates was tested with different protein ratios of WPI and PPI in combination with different temperatures and acid precipitation (pH 4.6). The highest precipitation yield was obtained at protein ratios WPI < PPI, high temperature and alkaline protein solvation. The solubility was measured by an instability index and absorption spectroscopy of re-suspended precipitated proteins at pH 3, 7 and 11.5. Co-precipitates had significantly lower solubility than protein blends. Protein ratios WPI > PPI, low precipitation temperature and high pH showed the highest solubility. Differences in protein composition between co-precipitates and protein blends were observed with SDS-PAGE and matrix-assisted laser desorption ionisation time-of-flight, and indicated different protein–protein interaction in samples, which needs further investigations.     

大豆蛋白溶解性研究

该文概述大豆蛋白溶解特性及其与一般物质溶解差异,介绍提高大豆蛋白溶解性改性方法及研究现状,对比不同改性增溶方法优、缺点,并提出今后大豆蛋白改性研究方向。     

细菌中蛋白质样品制备方法研究进展

细菌在生长繁殖时,细菌蛋白的表达受到环境影响而存在较大差异,使得细菌蛋白表达具有复杂性.在食品生产加工过程中可能会受到致病菌污染,细菌产生的内毒素和外毒素均会对人体健康构成威胁,因此需要高灵敏度和高特异性的检测方法来定量分析和鉴定食品中的细菌毒素.蛋白组学方法可以揭示细菌蛋白组成及其潜在的生物学功能,感染过程中菌体蛋白...     

Physicochemical and Functional Properties of Soy Protein Substrates Modified by Low Levels of Protease Hydrolysis

ABSTRACT: Endo-protease treatments achieving low degrees of hydrolysis (DH 2% and 4%) were used to improve functional properties of hexane-extracted soy flour (HESF), extruded-expelled partially defatted soy flour (EESF), ethanol-washed soy protein concentrate (SPC), and soy protein isolate (SPI). These substrates had protein dispersibility indices ranging from 11% to 89%. Functional properties, including solubility profile (pH 3 to 7), emul-sification capacity and stability, foaming capacity and stability, and apparent viscosity were determined and related to surface hydrophobicity and peptide profiles of the hydrolysates. Protein solubilities of all substrates increased as DH increased. Emulsification capacity and hydrophobicity values of the enzyme-modified HESF and EESF decreased after hydrolysis, whereas these values increased for SPC and SPI. Emulsion stability was improved for all 4% DH hydrolysates. Hydrolyzed SPC had lower foaming capacity and stability. For substrates other than SPC, foaming properties were different depending on DH. Hydrolysis significantly decreased the apparent viscosities regardless of substrate. Sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) indicated differences in the molecular weight profiles of the hydrolysates. HESF and EESF, which had high proportions of native-state proteins, showed minor changes in the peptide profile due to hydrolysis compared with SPC and SPI.     

Effects of silage protein degradability and fermentation acids on metabolizable protein concentration: A meta-analysis of dairy cow production experiments

A meta-analysis was conducted using data from dairy cow production studies to evaluate silage metabolizable protein (MP) concentrations. The data consisted of 397 treatment means in 130 comparisons, in which the effects of silage factors (e.g., date of harvest, wilting, silage additives) were investigated. Within a comparison, a fixed amount of the same concentrate was fed. A prerequisite of data to be included in the analysis was that silage dry matter (DM), crude protein (CP), ammonia N, lactic acid (LA), and total acid (TA) concentrations and digestibility were determined. A smaller data set (n = 248) comprised studies in which silage water-soluble N concentration was also analyzed. The supply of MP was estimated as amino acids absorbed from the small intestine using a model with constant values for ruminal effective protein degradability (EPD) and intestinal digestibility of rumen undegraded protein. Microbial protein was calculated on the basis of digestible carbohydrates and rumen degradable protein (RDP). Alternative models were used to estimate microbial protein formation, assuming the energy values of RDP and TA to be equivalent to 1.00, 0.75, 0.50, 0.25, and 0 times that of digestible carbohydrates. Because EPD values are seldom determined in production trials, they were derived using empirical models that estimate them from other feed components. The goodness of fit of models was compared on the basis of root mean squared error (RMSE) of milk protein yield (MPY) predicted from MP supply (adjusted for random study effect) and Akaike's information criterion. Metabolizable protein supply calculated from basal assumptions predicted MPY precisely within a study (RMSE = 16.2 g/d). Variable contribution of RDP to the energy supply for microbial synthesis influenced the precision of MPY prediction very little, but RMSE for MPY increased markedly when the energy supply of rumen microbes was corrected for TA concentration. Using predicted rather than constant EPD values also increased RMSE of MPY prediction. These observations do not mean that the supply of MP from undegraded feed protein is constant. However, it suggests that our current methods overestimate the range in EPD values and that the techniques have so many inherent technical problems that they can mask the true differences between the feeds. Including new elements in feed protein evaluation models may not improve the precision of production response predictions unless the consequent effects on the supply of other nutrients are taken into account.     

大豆分离蛋白改性对其功能性质影响

大豆分离蛋白是大豆蛋白最为精制形式,广泛应用于食品工业,并在不同产品中表现出不同功能。该文综述近年来大豆分离蛋白物理、化学、酶法及基因工程改性对其功能性质影响,经不同方式改性可产生合适功能性质,从而拓宽大豆分离蛋白在食品工业中应用。     

The structures and functions of ice crystal-controlling proteins from bacteria

Many organisms have evolved into unique mechanisms which minimize freezing injury due to extracellular ice formation. Specifically, certain bacteria have produced a few proteins each with different functions. For example, the ice nucleation protein acts as a template for ice formation, which is responsible for imparting ice nucleating activity. The anti-nucleating protein inhibits the fluctuation of ice nucleus formation by a foreign particle in the water drop. Also, the antifreeze proteins depress the freezing temperature, modify or suppress ice crystal growth, inhibit ice recrystallization, and protect the cell membrane from cold-induced damage. In this article, a review on the current knowledge of the structure and the function of these three types of proteins, which are capable of interacting with ice itself or its nuclei from bacteria.     

Effect of amidation on the foaming and physico-chemical properties of bovine serum albumin

Amidation of bovine serum albumin (BSA) was achieved by a water-soluble carbo-diimide, ethyl-3-(3-dimethylaminopropyl) carbodiimide (EDC)-mediated reaction using ammonium chloride as the nucleophile. Partial and substantial amidation of 0.5% (w/v) BSA in 5.5 m ammonium chloride solution with 1 times 10-²mmol EDC over 120 min and 1 times 10^-1mmol EDC over 10 min respectively was achieved on a large scale using diafiltration for rapid termination of the reaction and purification. Residual ammonium chloride otherwise enhanced foaming properties. The amidated proteins were characterized by isoelectric focusing, electrophoresis and hydrophobicity and disulphide- and sulphydryl-group measurements. Compared with native BSA, partially amidated BSA (PA-BSA) produced enhanced foam expansion and foam stability values. This was attributed to minimal denaturation and to the presence of both acidic and basic components (pI range 5.25–7.50) within the single protein. In contrast, substantially amidated BSA (SA-BSA) (pI range 7–9.1) had similar foaming properties to those of the ultrafiltered BSA control which were slightly lower than those of native BSA. However SA-BSA interacted synergistically with native BSA producing enhanced foaming properties particularly at the 1:1 ratio through electrostatic interactions, conformational changes and increased hydrophobicity.     

几种新型花生蛋白产品的生产

本文从花生蛋白质利用的角度介绍了几种新型花生蛋白产品的加工工艺，针对我国人民膳食结构中蛋白质的摄入水平较低的实际情况，论述了花生蛋白开发利用的必要性，展望了花生蛋白开发利用的广阔前景。     

芝麻蛋白研究概况

简述芝麻蛋白的结构及氨基酸组成、蛋白质性质和应用,并展望进一步研究芝麻蛋白的 前景。