脂肪酸甾醇酯的不饱和度对其降脂活性及氧化稳定性的影响

目的:研究不同饱和度脂肪酸甾醇酯的降脂活性及其在低芥酸菜籽油中的氧化稳定性。方法:以油酸甾醇酯、亚油酸甾醇酯、α-亚麻酸甾醇酯和混合脂肪酸甾醇为试材,采用金黄地鼠高脂模型研究其降脂活性。通过测定氧化诱导时间和氧化起始温度研究4种甾醇酯在低芥酸菜籽油中的氧化稳定性,比较脂溶性茶多酚、迷迭香提取物、抗坏血酸棕榈酸酯3种天然抗氧化剂对强化体系的抑制氧化效果。结果:油酸甾醇酯、亚油酸甾醇酯、α-亚麻酸甾醇酯和混合脂肪酸甾醇4种甾醇酯中以亚油酸甾醇酯和α-亚麻酸甾醇酯最为显著,添加到低芥酸菜籽油中能导致油脂氧化诱导时间减少,氧化起始温度降低,其降低幅度与连接在甾醇酯上脂肪酸的不饱和双键数呈正比;添加脂溶性茶多酚、抗坏血酸棕榈酸酯、迷迭香提取物等天然抗氧化剂能有效缓解氧化过程,其中脂溶性茶多酚效果最为显著。结论:连接在甾醇酯上脂肪酸的不饱和双键数对其降脂活性和氧化稳定性均能产生显著影响。     

三种抗坏血酸脂肪酸酯对共轭亚油酸的抗氧化性研究

本实验以葵花籽油为原料制备共轭亚油酸,以L-抗坏血酸、D-异抗坏血酸、棕榈酸和月桂酸为原料合成L-抗坏血酸棕榈酸酯、L-抗坏血酸月桂酸酯和D-异抗坏血酸棕榈酸酯,并研究上述酯对于共轭亚油酸的抗氧化效果。结果表明,添加0.02%、0.04%和0.08%的上述酯对于CLA具有明显且相似的的抗氧化作用,它们可以作为商品CLA的良好、安全的抗氧化剂。     

植物甾醇共轭亚油酸的制备及其血脂调节作用的研究

植物甾醇与共轭亚油酸甲酯通过酯交换反应合成植物甾醇共轭亚油酸脂,反应产率达94%,该法适合工业化生产。首次研究了植物甾醇共轭亚油酸酯对大鼠血脂的调节作用,实验表明植物甾醇共轭亚油酸酯具有调节血脂作用。     

苹果籽油中脂肪酸及植物甾醇成分分析

采用冷榨法制取苹果籽油,并对制取的苹果籽油进行脂肪酸和植物甾醇成分分析.结果表明:苹果籽油中的主要脂肪酸为亚油酸(48.38％),油酸(38.32％),棕榈酸(7.15％)和硬脂酸1.83％;植物甾醇为β-谷甾醇,豆甾醇和菜油甾醇.苹果籽油中不饱和脂肪酸含量高达86.92％,植物甾醇含量达384.7 mg/100 g,是一种具有开发价值的特种油脂.     

不同饱和度脂肪酸豆甾醇酯的体外生物可给率北大核心CSCD

为了探究脂肪酸饱和度对其植物甾醇酯生物可给率的影响,采用体外模拟消化静态模型,系统研究了油酸豆甾醇酯、亚油酸豆甾醇酯和亚麻酸豆甾醇酯的体外模拟消化规律。结果表明:体外模拟消化结束后(120 min),亚油酸豆甾醇酯游离脂肪酸(FFA)释放率最高,为78.51%,其次是亚麻酸豆甾醇酯,为74.21%,油酸豆甾醇酯FFA释放率最低,为69.15%;3种豆甾醇酯的水解速率由大到小为亚麻酸豆甾醇酯>亚油酸豆甾醇酯>油酸豆甾醇酯;3种豆甾醇酯的水解度由大到小为亚油酸豆甾醇酯>亚麻酸豆甾醇酯>油酸豆甾醇酯;油酸豆甾醇酯、亚油酸豆甾醇酯和亚麻酸豆甾醇酯生物可给率分别为14.01%、11.11%和10.19%,总体差异较小。综上,豆甾醇酯中结合态的脂肪酸(相同碳链长度)饱和度影响其水解速率,但对豆甾醇酯生物可给率影响较小。     

Novozym435酶法合成植物甾醇-共轭亚油酸酯的研究

研究了Novozym 435酶法合成植物甾醇-共轭亚油酸酯的工艺条件.通过单因素和正交试验探讨酶法合成植物甾醇-共轭亚油酸酯的影响因素,最佳工艺条件为酶用量20mg/mL,正己烷添加量6mL,酸醇摩尔比为1∶1,反应温度50~C及反应时间96h,在此条件下酯化率为40.5%.     

高效液相色谱法同时检测植物甾醇与植物甾醇酯

采用反相高效液相色谱,对同时检测植物甾醇和甾醇酯的分析方法进行了研究。通过检测条件优化,植物甾醇和甾醇酯的12种不同组分在以丙酮和乙腈(3∶1)为流动相,柱温30℃,流动相流速1.0mL/min,等度洗脱的条件下,达到最好分离效果。此方法不需要样品的前处理,分析时间25 min,检出限为5.1~1.1μg/mL,定量限为17.0~137.0μg/mL,回收率93.81%~111.98%。植物甾醇与甾醇乙酸酯在0.01~1.0 mg/mL的浓度范围内呈线性相关,甾醇亚油酸酯与甾醇油酸酯在0.1~1.0 mg/mL范围内具有良好的线性关系,标准曲线相关系数均超过0.998。该方法可应用于多种甾醇和甾醇酯产品的同时检测。     

响应面法优化皱褶假丝酵母脂肪酶催化合成甾醇共轭亚油酸酯

以皱褶假丝酵母(Candida rugosa)脂肪酶为催化剂,在正己烷体系中催化植物甾醇与共轭亚油酸合成甾醇共轭亚油酸酯.以植物甾醇酯化率为考察指标,通过单因素实验和响应面实验确定最佳工艺参数为:酸醇摩尔比6∶1,反应温度40℃,酶用量9.6％(占底物质量),反应时间87 h.在此条件下,酯化率达97.5％.     

硫酸对大豆油脱臭馏出物中天然VE和植物甾醇的影响

作为脂肪酸酯化催化剂,浓硫酸与固体酸和酯化酶相比,具有成本低,效率高,操作简单等特点。因此,浓硫酸在大豆油脱臭馏出物提取天然VE生产过程中广泛用于脂肪酸的酯化工艺。本研究考察了以浓硫酸作为天然维生素E酯化工艺的催化剂,在反应和后处理过程中硫酸对VE和植物甾醇收率的影响,并取得了一些非常有意义的发现。大豆油脱臭馏出物中天然VE包括α、β、γ、δ-生育酚,植物甾醇主要包含谷甾醇、豆甾醇、菜油甾醇和菜籽甾醇。实验结果显示,硫酸浓度和温度对大豆油脱臭馏出物中天然VE和植物甾醇的影响显著。硫酸浓度和温度越高对天然VE和植物甾醇破坏越快。同时发现天然VE中α-生育酚的耐酸性显著好于其他三种生育酚。在生产过程中为了减小硫酸对天然VE和植物甾醇的破坏,应合理控制硫酸使用条件。     

GC-MS/FID法分析玉米胚芽油中的甾醇和甾醇酯

利用薄层色谱和GC-MS/FID结合的方法分析玉米胚芽毛油中的总甾醇、游离甾醇和甾醇酯的组成及含量,并且对甾醇酯上的甾醇和脂肪酸组成和含量进行了分析。结果表明:玉米胚芽毛油的总甾醇含量为(1 1.01±0.01)g/kg,其中谷甾醇(59.04%)、菜油甾醇(21.16%)和谷甾烷醇(1 1.08%)是占比最多的3种甾醇。甾醇酯是玉米胚芽油甾醇的主要存在形式,占总甾醇的47.59%,游离甾醇占总甾醇的35.33%。谷甾醇(61.45%)、菜油甾醇(20.42%)、谷甾烷醇(11.26%)和豆甾醇(4.77%)是甾醇酯中的主要甾醇,亚油酸(57.81%)、油酸(21.09%)、棕榈酸(10.94%)和硬脂酸(2.86%)是甾醇酯中的主要脂肪酸。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.