冰鲜鸽肉贮藏过程中的微生物菌群多样性

采用Ion Torrent PGM高通量测序技术,从分子水平上对冰鲜鸽肉贮藏过程中的细菌在4 ℃与37 ℃ 2 种增菌温度下的细菌群落结构、丰度及演替规律进行深入研究。结果表明：在整个贮藏过程中,4 ℃与37 ℃增菌处理的结果表明：在门水平上,冰鲜鸽肉中的微生物菌群均以变形菌门、厚壁菌门、拟杆菌门为优势菌门,其中变形菌门占比达78%;在科水平上,4 ℃增菌条件下,假单胞菌科、莫拉氏菌科、假诺卡氏科及肠杆菌科为优势菌科,37℃增菌条件下,气单胞菌科、动球菌科、肠杆菌科及假单胞菌科为优势菌科,占比最多的为假单胞菌科。2 种增菌温度下细菌群落的多样性及菌群结构变化反映了冰鲜鸽肉潜在的安全风险,可用于冰鲜鸽肉冷藏过程或贮藏过程中温度失控情况下的质量管理。     

Changes in aerobic microflora of skin and gills of Mediterranean sardines (Sardina pilchardus) during storage in ice

Sardines from the Adriatic Sea were examined fresh and after 4 and 8 days of storage in ice. A total of 1500 strains isolated were identified from the gills and the surface of the fish. Pseudomonadaceae, Neisseriaceae, Flavobacterium/Cytophaga, Enterobacteriaceae, coryneform bacteria and Micrococcaceae were the most common bacteria in fresh fish. During storage the pseudomonads (mainly the non-fluorescent strains) increased and became the dominating microflora; the Neisseriaceae (Moraxella, Psychrobacter and Acinetobacter) showed a distinct increase during the first 4 days in ice; the percentage of the other bacterial groups clearly decreased. On the gills the quantitative changes in the microflora were less pronounced than on the surface.     

基于传统培养和高通量测序方法分析羊肉加工过程中的菌群多样性

通过传统培养和高通量测序分析了羊肉加工过程中的菌群多样性及其变化,确定了羊肉加工过程主要的污染菌群组成。传统培养结果表明在羊肉加工过程中,初始胴体表面菌数在103~104 CFU/cm2之间,而在后续的分割过程中其菌数增长到105~106 CFU/cm2,说明加工过程可能会造成羊肉二次污染。从不同选择性培养基中分离得到43株菌,通过16S rDNA序列分析鉴定为嗜水气单胞菌、肠杆菌、变形杆菌、葡萄球菌和大肠杆菌,结晶紫染色测定成膜能力结果发现上述肠杆菌的成膜能力最强。高通量测序发现,胴体和台面表面的腐败菌均有莫拉菌科、嗜水气单胞菌科、嗜冷杆菌科、希瓦氏菌科、普雷沃氏菌科、假单胞菌科、李斯特菌科、葡萄球菌科、肠杆菌科等,说明胴体和加工环境间存在交叉污染。本研究发现羊肉加工过程中的优势菌群复杂,并且污染菌株也具有较强的成膜能力,为冷鲜羊肉的保鲜技术开发提供了理论基础。     

Effect of partial substitution of sodium with potassium chloride in the fermenting brine on organoleptic characteristics and bioactive molecules occurrence in table olives debittered using Spanish and Castelvetrano methods

This research was aimed at testing whether the partial substitution of NaCl with KCl (50 or 75% relative substitution) in the fermenting brine of green table Nocellara del Belice olives debittered using two used method (Spanish and Castelvetrano) affected the presence of nutritionally relevant molecules (tocopherols, carotenoids, squalene, phenolic compounds) or the organoleptic characteristics of the table‐ready product. Results support the effectiveness of NaCl partial substitution by potassium chloride for olive processing, with the advantage of a significant decrease in the amount of sodium in the end product. The presence of the main bioactive molecules remained substantially unchanged, but KCl was associated with an increase in bitterness in both debittering methods. However, bitter properties (bitter, persistence and aftertaste) of olives obtained through the modification of Castelvetrano method still remained below those debittered with the classic Spanish method preserving, for such olives, the characteristic of ‘sweet olives’.     

Efficacy of natamycin to control fungal growth in natural black olive fermentation

The effect of natamycin as a fungal control agent in natural black olive fermentation according to the traditional anaerobic system was studied. Black Conservolea olives were subjected to spontaneous fermentation in 8% (w/v) NaCl brine solution (control treatment) or brine supplemented with 0.01% (w/v) natamycin (active compound) for an overall period of 60 days. The changes in the microbial association (lactic acid bacteria, yeasts, Enterobacteriaceae), pH, titratable acidity, organic acids, and volatile compounds were monitored throughout fermentation. The initial microbiota consisted of lactic acid bacteria, yeasts, and Enterobacteriaceae. The addition of natamycin in the brine inhibited the growth of yeasts, without affecting the population dynamics of bacteria, resulting in a more vigorous fermentation with higher titratable acidity compared to spontaneous control process. Moreover, the presence of natamycin inhibited mould spoilage caused by the development of fungal mycelium on the surface of the brine during the traditional anaerobic fermentation system employed widely in Greece in natural black olive processing. Natamycin could be an important component of a processing system to control fungal growth in natural black olive fermentation and at the same time it has the potential to enhance the process by favouring the growth of the indigenous population of lactic acid bacteria against other competing microorganisms.     

裸装卤制全鸭中菌相初步研究

采用选择性培养基分离裸装卤制全鸭中的菌相并对分离出的菌株进行生理生化试验检验,从裸装卤制全鸭中分离获得乳酸菌、微球菌和葡萄球菌属、肠杆菌科菌株各2株以及热杀索丝菌、假单胞菌菌株各1株;研究了其在储藏过程中细菌数量的变化情况,发现整个过程中乳酸菌、肠杆菌、热杀索丝菌、假单胞菌、微球菌和葡萄球菌生长趋势基本一致,均呈现出明显的增长趋势,从数量上来看,乳酸菌为裸装卤制全鸭中的主要优势菌.     

Evaluation of debittered and germinated fenugreek (Trigonella foenum graecum L.) seed flour on the chemical characteristics,biological activities,and sensory profile of fortified bread

Germination of fenugreek seed showed better nutraceutical profile as evaluated by in vivo (oral glucose tolerance and acute antihypertriglyceridemic tests) on rats and in vitro DPPH and enzyme inhibition assays (α‐glucosidase, lipase, and lipoxygenase). Attempts were made to develop debittered and germinated fenugreek seed flour (DGFSF) by soaking in acesulfame (0.25%, 8 hr), curd (1:1 in water, 8 hr) and sucrose (5%, 8 hr) solution at 1:4 (wt/vol) ratio for debittering and then germinated, of which curd showed the maximum extent of debittering. The effect of substitution of wheat flour with 5, 10, 15, and 20% (wt/wt) of DGFSF on chemical characteristics and sensory properties was investigated; 10% fortified bread was organoleptically acceptable and had enhanced protein and fiber contents. Fortification increased the bulk density and crumb firmness, decreased the specific loaf volume, and darkened the crumb color. Glycemic index of the bread decreased with 10% DGFSF, which is indicative of desirable health benefits.

Practical applications

Fenugreek seeds are major constituent of Indian spices, bitter to taste and possess various medicinal properties. These seeds are an excellent source of dietary fiber and protein. Although incorporated into traditional foods, its bitterness limits its wide usage. In India, soaking and germination of seeds in water or curd was practiced traditionally since ancient days. Germination and debittering improved antioxidant activity, and various in vitro and in vivo bioactivities. Incorporation of debittered flour improved the polyphenolic, protein, and dietary fiber contents in bread which in turn demonstrated reduced rate of in vitro starch digestibility or lower glycemic index     

Classification of three Turkish olive cultivars from Aegean region based on their fatty acid composition

In this study, fatty acid compositions of three olive cultivars oils (Ayvalik, Memecik, and Erkence) grown in Aegean region, the major olive production zone of Turkey, were classified by chemometric methods: principal component analysis and discriminant analysis (DA). A total of 187 oil samples were examined over the course of two harvest years (2001–2002 and 2002–2003). The samples were divided into three subgroups according to olive-growing zones: North Aegean (Ayvalik cultivar), South Aegean (Memecik), and İzmir Peninsula (Erkence cultivar). Consistent with discriminant analysis, the predicted groupings in terms of the two harvest years were correctly separated as 98.50 and 96.60%, respectively. In addition to oleic, linoleic, linolenic, margoleic, palmitic/linoleic and linoleic/linolenic were determined to be the best describing components for the oil samples.     

Study of green Sicilian table olive fermentations through microbiological,chemical and sensory analyses

The production of five different green table olive cultivars was studied by a combined strategy consisting of chemical, microbiological and sensory analyses. Cultivable microflora of samples collected during processing was monitored by plate counts on seven synthetic culture media. In all samples Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonaceae, staphylococci, lactic acid bacteria and spore-forming bacteria were undetectable. Yeasts and moulds were countable from the day 42 (2 log CFU/ml) till the end of fermentation (6 log CFU/ml). The use of three different approaches for microorganism detection, including a culture-independent methodology, revealed the presence of barely three yeast species during the entire fermentation period: Candida parapsilosis, Pichia guilliermondii and Pichia kluyveri. Biochemical features of technological interest were evaluated for 94 strains in order to investigate their potential role in fermentation of green Sicilian table olives.     

冷鲜猪肉内外细菌菌群分离鉴定及变化规律研究

采用选择性培养基,分别对冷鲜猪肉内外的菌相组成进行分析鉴定,并研究其在储藏过程中的变化规律。实验鉴定出热杀索丝菌、假单胞菌、乳酸菌、肠杆菌科各2株以及葡萄球菌属1株;热杀索丝菌为托盘包装冷鲜猪肉的主要优势菌;整个培养过程中肠杆菌科和假单胞菌生长趋势明显;肉块内部的微生物生长速度高于肉块表面。     

饮料中肠杆菌科细菌污染情况分析

国内不同地区几家企业生产的绿茶、还原乳、蜜橘饮料、奶茶中出现产品变质,胀瓶、产气等感官指标的变化,pH值均有所下降。主要污染菌经过16S rDNA序列比对鉴定为肠杆菌科Enterobacteriaceae细菌。蜜橘饮料和奶茶中分离到的3株典型污染菌,经过进一步的rpoB序列比对,鉴定为阴沟肠杆菌(Enterobacter cloacae)。肠杆菌科细菌不耐热,这些产品的污染属杀菌后的二次污染,该类微生物中有不少种类的菌对人体有害,或与致病菌有着亲密的亲缘关系。从生产线排查情况看,这类微生物的污染经由水(冲洗或冷凝水)或车间内湿润空气带入。     

Lipolytic activity of the yeast species associated with the fermentation/storage phase of ripe olive processing

Ripe olives account for ca. 30% of the world's table olive production. Fruits intended for this type of product are preserved in an aqueous solution (acidic water or brine) for several months, where they may undergo a spontaneous fermentation. Enterobacteriaceae and lactic acid bacteria were not detected in the present survey during storage. Thus, the work focused on studying the yeast microflora associated with the ripe olive storage of Manzanilla and Hojiblanca cultivars in acidified brines. A total of 90 yeast isolates were identified by means of molecular methods using RFLP analysis of the 5.8S-ITS rDNA region and sequencing of the D1/D2 domains of the 26S rDNA gene. The two most important species identified in both cultivars were Saccharomyces cerevisiae and Pichia galeiformis, which were present throughout the storage period, while Candida boidinii was detected during the later stages of the process. The species Pichia membranifaciens was detected only in the early stages of the Hojiblanca cultivar. The lipase assays performed with both extracellular and whole cell fractions of the yeast isolates showed that neither of the S. cerevisiae and P. galeiformis species had lipase activity, while the P. membranifaciens isolates showed a weak activity. On the contrary, all C. boidinii isolates gave a strong lipase activity. Change in olive fat acidity was markedly higher in the presence of the yeast population than in sterile storage, indicating that lipases produced by these microorganisms modify the characteristics of the fat in the fruit.     

Olive oil and its principal bioactive compound: Hydroxytyrosol – A review of the recent literature

BackgroundOlive (Olea europaea L.) oil is one of the main ingredients of the Mediterranean diets and as such, it is considered responsible for the overall well being of the Mediterranean populations. With European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) approving the health claims of olive oil in part due to the presence of hydroxytyrosol (HT), there is a global upsurge in the exploration of the different health promoting and disease preventing abilities of this bioactive compound.Scope and approachBesides presenting an overview of the fatty acid and phenolic (minor) profiles of olive oil, the present article reviews the nutraceutical properties of olive oil attributed to the presence of HT, health promoting and disease preventing abilities of pure HT, and the synthesis of HT and its metabolic derivatives of biological interests.Key findings and conclusionsOlive oil contains high profile fatty acids and phenolics. The fatty acid profile changes with maturation of the olives. Oleic acid predominates throughout the maturation period. Palmitic acid is predominantly found in the unripe stage while as, palmitoleic acid, stearic acid, and linoleic acid are chiefly found in ripe olives. Oleuropein is the predominant secoiridoid in the early stages of olive maturation. As the maturation proceeds, oleuropein degrades to yield HT. Over the years, HT has been explored against a number of health complications and shows promising results against diabetes, inflammation, nervous disorders, angiogenesis, cancer, oxidative stress, heavy metal toxicity, hemolysis, LDL oxidation, muscle damage, and nephrotoxicity. The bioactive properties of HT are accomplished through nutrigenomic and immunomodulatory mechanisms. HT, its lipophilic derivatives, and many of its metabolites of biological interests have been synthesized through microbological, biotechnological, and other chemical strategies.     

Microbiological and biochemical profile of cv. Conservolea naturally black olives during controlled fermentation with selected strains of lactic acid bacteria

The effect of controlled fermentation processes on the microbial association and biochemical profile of cv. Conservolea naturally black olives processed by the traditional anaerobic method was studied. The different treatments included (a) inoculation with a commercial starter culture of Lactobacillus pentosus, (b) inoculation with a strain of Lactobacillus plantarum isolated from a fermented cassava product and (c) uninoculated spontaneous process. Microbial growth, pH, titratable acidity, organic acids and volatile compounds were monitored throughout the fermentation. The initial microbiota consisted of Gram-negative bacteria, lactic acid bacteria and yeasts. Inhibition of Gram-negative bacteria was evident in all processes. Both starter cultures were effective in establishing an accelerated fermentation process and reduced the survival period of Gram-negative bacteria by 5 days compared with the spontaneous process, minimizing thus the likelihood of spoilage. Higher acidification of the brines was observed in inoculated processes without any significant difference between the two selected starter cultures (113.5 and 117.6mM for L. plantarum and L. pentosus, respectively). L. pentosus was also determined as the major species present during the whole process of spontaneous olive fermentation. It is characteristic that lactic acid fermentation was also initiated rapidly in the spontaneous process, as the conditions of fermentation, mainly the low salt level (6%, w/v) favored the dominance of lactic acid bacteria over yeasts. Lactic, acetic and propionic were the organic acids detected by HPLC in considerable amounts, whereas citric and malic acids were also present at low levels and degraded completely during the processes. Ethanol, methanol, acetaldehyde, ethyl acetate were the major volatile compounds identified by GC. Their concentrations varied among the different treatments, reflecting varying degrees of microbial activity in the brines. The results obtained from this study could help the Greek table olive industry to improve the existing processing schemes in order to increase product consistency and quality expanding the international market for naturally black olives.     

Oil content,phenolic profiling and antioxidant potential of Tunisian olive drupes

BACKGROUND: The aim of this work was to investigate the effect of the maturation process of the olive fruit on oil content, phenolic profile and antioxidant activity of four Tunisian cultivars (Zelmati, Chemchali, Chemlali and Chétoui). RESULTS: The average oil content of the studied varieties ranged between 17.50% and 20.25% at the first stage of maturation and from 30.20% to 35% in the last harvest. Qualitative and quantitative analysis of phenolic compounds were carried out using HPLC and LC‐MS/MS. Twenty‐six biophenolic compounds were identified. In all samples, hydroxytyrosol and oleuropein were the major compounds identified while rutin and luteolin 7‐O‐glucoside were the two main flavonoids. The total phenolic content varied from 3.46 to 4.30 g kg^?1 at the first stage of maturation and from 8.71 to 11.52 g kg^?1 of fruit fresh weight at the last maturation phase. Total flavonoid content reached 432.80 mg kg^?1. The antioxidant activity of the extract was evaluated by DPPH and ABTS assays. The IC₅₀ values of the olive extracts ranged from 2.69 to 10.96 µg L^?1 and from 2.15 to 3.03 mmol L^?1 trolox equivalent at the last stage of maturation. CONCLUSION: A relationship between the changes in phenolic content and the physicochemical changes in Tunisian olive fruit during maturation was established. These findings could be used for controlling the production processes and correlating the oil sensorial characteristics to the polyphenolic pattern. Copyright © 2010 Society of Chemical Industry     

真空包装酱牛肉中腐败细菌的分离、初步鉴定与菌相变化分析

将真空包装后的酱牛肉在低温和常温条件下贮藏,对其中的腐败细菌进行分离和初步鉴定,并对主要腐败细菌菌相的变化规律进行分析。结果表明：从细菌总数平板上挑取的28 个特殊菌落中,包括不动杆菌属7 株,葡萄球菌属6 株,肠杆菌科5 株,热死环丝菌和微球菌属各3 株,乳酸菌2 株,假单胞菌属和芽孢杆菌属各1 株。贮藏温度对真空包装酱牛肉主要腐败菌相构成变化的影响不大,乳酸菌和假单胞菌属为主要腐败菌。     

Effect of dietary olive leaves and/or α-tocopheryl acetate supplementation on microbial growth and lipid oxidation of turkey breast fillets during refrigerated storage

Thirty turkeys were allocated to five groups of six birds each. One group that served as control was fed a basal diet, while the others were fed diets supplemented with olive leaves at 5 or 10 g/kg, or α-tocopheryl acetate at 150 or 300 mg/kg. Following slaughter, fillets from breast were stored at 4 °C in the dark for 12 days, and lipid oxidation and microbial growth were assessed. Results showed that the incorporation of olive leaves in turkey diets increased (P < 0.05) the oxidative stability of raw breast fillets during refrigerated storage. Dietary olive leaves at 10 g/kg were more effective (P < 0.05) in inhibiting lipid oxidation compared to 5 g/kg, but inferior to the supplementation of 300 mg α-tocopheryl acetate/kg. In turn, α-tocopheryl acetate supplementation at 150 mg/kg was equal to olive leaves at 5 g/kg but inferior to olive leaves at 10 g/kg. Total viable counts, lactic acid bacteria, Enterobacteriaceae and psychrotrophic bacteria counts were all increased (P < 0.05) in breast fillets of all groups throughout the refrigerated storage. Diet supplementation with α-tocopheryl acetate had no effect on the bacterial counts recorded in the control group, but diet supplementation with olive leaves resulted in decrease (P < 0.05) of all bacterial counts at day 2 of storage and thereafter; during this period, olive leaves at the level of 10 g/kg were more effective in inhibiting bacterial growth compared to the level of 5 g/kg.     

Influence of fruit ripeness and salt concentration on the microbial processing of Arbequina table olives

Arbequina table olives are processed as “naturally green olives”, they are directly placed in brine and fermentation starts spontaneously. Olives are harvested just before they change to ‘turning colour’. Different salt concentrations are used depending on the producer. The aim of the study was to evaluate how (i) the ripeness of the olive when it is harvested and (ii) the salt concentration of the brine influence the different microorganism populations in brine during the fermentation of Arbequina table olives.The results showed that the Enterobacteriaceae population lasted longer in black and turning colour olives than in green olives, whereas the growth of lactic acid bacteria was delayed in green olives. A higher salt concentration favoured the elimination of Enterobacteriaceae and hindered yeast growth. The main yeast species identified were Pichia anomala, Candida sorbosa and Candida boidinii, while Lactobacillus plantarum was the only lactic acid bacteria species involved in the process. In a sensory test, panellists preferred green olives and were not able to tell the laboratory-scale processed olives from a commercial sample, nor could they distinguish green olives from different brines.     

Protein hydrolysate from salmon frame debittered by plastein reaction: amino acid composition,characteristics and antioxidant activities

Impacts of plastein reaction on bitterness, physicochemical and antioxidant properties of salmon frame hydrolysate with the aid of various proteases (alcalase and papain) at different concentrations and varying reaction temperatures were investigated. Plastein was produced from hydrolysate by papain at 40°C, which had 30% degree of hydrolysis (30DHP). Rearrangement of peptides in hydrolysate was performed by 1% papain at 40°C for 10 h, yielding plastein namely ‘30DHP-P1’. It showed the lowest bitterness (P < 0.05) than other plasteins and hydrolysates. Surface hydrophobicity was not related well with bitterness. Therefore, the size of peptides also determines the bitterness. 30DHP-P1 had augmented solubility; however, its antioxidant activities (DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities and ferric reducing antioxidant power) were slightly lower (P < 0.05) than those of hydrolysates. Bitterness of hydrolysate was markedly debittered via plastein reaction under optimal condition. Plastein generally had lighter colour and still possessed antioxidant activity.     

摩洛哥发酵橄榄汁中乳酸菌的分离鉴定及其多样性研究

为了分离、保藏自然发酵食品中乳酸菌资源,丰富自然发酵食品中乳酸菌多样性信息,本文采用纯培养方法和宏基因组16S rRNA基因测序技术对采集自摩洛哥的2份自然发酵橄榄汁中的乳酸菌进行分离鉴定和多样性研究。结果表明:2份样品中共分离鉴定出52株乳酸菌,分属于3个属、4个种,其中乳酸乳球菌（Lactococcus lactis）为摩洛哥卡萨布兰卡地区发酵橄榄汁中的优势菌种,占总分离株的42.31%,同时还分离到植物乳杆菌和肠球菌;利用PacBio SMRT16S rRNA测序技术,将橄榄汁中的细菌归为5个门、40个属和80个种,优势菌种同样为Lactococcus lactis,其次还检测到干酪乳杆菌（Lactobacillus casei）和植物乳杆菌（Lactobacillus plantarum）。