激光重熔锌铝基陶瓷复合层的组织与性能

采用金相显微镜、透射电镜、X射线衍射仪、显微硬度计以及微动磨损机研究了激光重熔等离子喷涂锌铝基Al2O3复合陶瓷涂层的组织结构、硬度及其耐磨性能.研究结果表明:等离子喷涂层由α-Al2O3和γ-Al2O3组成,层间为机械结合界面;经激光重熔后的组织为单一的体心四方结构的δ-Al2O3相,其点阵常数a0=7.943×10-8cm,c0=23.500×10-8cm,Al2O3与基体间的界面结合状况得到明显改善;熔覆后的Al2O3涂层硬度达150～170 HV100g,耐磨性能(S=L 988)比基体材料(S=2.837)有较大提高,其磨损机制是疲劳磨损和磨粒磨损,但以磨粒磨损为主.     

等离子喷涂Al2O3+13%TiO2陶瓷涂层的组织结构及其耐磨性

本文用X射线衍射、扫描电镜等研究了等离子喷涂Al2O3+13%TiO2(质量分数)陶瓷涂层的相结构、相组成及其组织特征.陶瓷涂层孔隙率低,致密程度较高,以亚稳相γ-Al2O3为主要相,同时存在α-Al2O3和金红石TiO2.富Al2O3区与富TiO2区呈明显相互交迭的层状结构,且存在相互成分扩散.另外,涂层设计对硬度有一定影响,TiO2的引入提高了涂层的耐磨性.     

Al2O3陶瓷爆炸喷涂涂层性能分析

使用爆炸喷涂法制备了Al2O3陶瓷涂层,以自熔性NiAl合金粉末作为底层,基体为45钢。涂层的XRD图谱分析表明,爆炸喷涂的Al2O3陶瓷涂层结构以α-Al2O3及γ-Al2O3为主,说明在爆炸喷涂中存在相变过程;使用国标JB/T7509-94铁试剂方法进行测定,Al2O3陶瓷涂层孔隙率为0.019个/mm2,爆炸喷涂的Al2O3陶瓷涂层结构致密;滑动磨损试验说明,爆炸喷涂Al2O3陶瓷涂层提高了钢基体的耐磨损性能,适用于耐磨涂层。     

Al-Fe2O3体系等离子反应合成金属颗粒增韧复合陶瓷涂层的研究

利用Al-Fe2O3体系放热反应,采用等离子反应合成技术,制备出了金属颗粒增韧的FeAl2O4-Al2O3-Fe复合陶瓷涂层,并研究分析了复合涂层的组织及其性能.结果表明:等离子反应合成得到了以层状基体相FeAl2O4与硬质相Al2O3为骨架,球状Fe相弥散分布于基体相上的复合涂层;所制得的金属/陶瓷复合涂层的韧性得到明显提高,其韧性优于在同样基材上等离子喷涂的陶瓷涂层;特别是复合涂层具有较高的耐磨性能.     

纳米掺杂Al2O3/ZrO2等离子喷涂涂层组织结构研究

利用大气等离子喷涂技术,在N80钢基体上制备纳米掺杂Al2O3/ZrO2热障涂层。利用XRD、SEM等观察分析了纳米掺杂Al2O3/ZrO2粉末及等离子喷涂涂层组织形貌及结构,结果表明,Al2O3/ZrO2等离子喷涂粉末是由纳米包覆微米级粒子及少量的纳米团聚体球团粒子构成。纳米掺杂等离子喷涂Al2O3/ZrO2涂层的微观组织形貌复杂,存在着纳米柱状晶薄壳内包裹着微米级柱状晶、未熔化的ZrO2陶瓷粒子嵌镶在晶体内部的独特晶内结构。涂层主要由α-Al2O3及亚稳四方相t,-ZrO2相构成。     

等离子喷涂Fe/Al2O3涂层的微观结构及介电性能

以往将等离子喷涂层用于介电性能的研究较少。采用大气等离子喷涂在石墨表面制备了一系列Fe/Al2O3陶瓷涂层。采用表面分析技术研究了不同Fe/Al2O3含量涂层的微观结构和在8.2～12.4GHz频率范围的介电性能,探讨了Fe含量对涂层相组成和微观结构以及介电性能的影响。结果表明:Fe/Al2O3陶瓷涂层中Fe粉和气孔分布均匀;随着Fe粉量的增加,颗粒热导率变大,涂层中未熔融颗粒减少,γ-Al2O3随之增加,气孔率逐渐下降;涂层的复介电常数随着Fe粉含量的增加而增大。     

纳米陶瓷等离子喷涂层硬度的Weibull分布及与涂层组构的对应特性

等离子喷涂层的硬度是反映其耐磨性、强度、使用寿命的重要指标,它与涂层的组构有对应的关系,但其测定结果分散性较大。为了精确测量陶瓷等离子喷涂层的硬度,在NiCrAl合金表面等离子喷涂制备了Al2O3-13%TiO2(AT13)纳米陶瓷涂层(ncc)和对照用微米涂层(mcc),采用显微硬度测试仪测量了其显微硬度,研究了其Weibull分布特性,通过SEM、XRD等分析了ncc涂层显微硬度与微观组织结构的关系,并通过TEM对涂层的微区结构进行了表征。结果表明:ncc涂层的平均显微硬度显著高于mcc,且呈双态分布;两者硬度的Weibull分布呈分散性,但ncc涂层的分布较均匀,微裂纹细小且粒径小,以α-Al2O3和γ-Al2O3及少量金红石型TiO2为主要物相;ncc涂层具有优异的力学性能主要归因于其组织的晶粒细化、纳米TiO2颗粒镶嵌于Al2O3孔隙中、Al2O3微晶弥散分布、微裂纹韧化等。     

冷喷涂制备TiAl_3-Al复合层及其抗高温氧化性能

为了提高γ-TiAl合金的抗高温氧化性能,采用冷喷涂技术在γ-TiAl合金基体上喷涂纯Al层后进行热扩散处理,制备了厚约250μm的TiAl3-Al复合涂层,研究了该涂层在950℃下的长时间高温氧化行为,用X射线衍射仪(XRD)分析了复合涂层的相组成,用场发射电子显微镜研究了其形貌,用电子探针分析了其成分。结果表明:冷喷涂纯Al层致密,存在少量微裂纹和微气孔;TiAl3-Al复合涂层和基体之间生成了TiAl3相,TiAl3与Al的界面有空洞;γ-TiAl合金高温氧化70 h即失重,氧化产物为TiO2和Al2O3的混合物;TiAl3-Al复合涂层进入稳态氧化阶段后,增重缓慢,遵循近抛物线规律,高温氧化1 000 h后涂层仍完好,氧化产物主要为Al2O3相,还有微量的TiO2及钛氮化合物;TiAl3-Al复合涂层提高了γ-TiAl合金的抗高温氧化性能。     

低温烧结氧化铝基体材料性能的研究

以目前最常用的LTCC材料为基础,选择Al2O3为片式熔断器基体材料.系统研究在不同烧结温度下的Al2O3-Bi2O3陶瓷基体,通过X射线衍射和扫描电镜分析了不同温度下样品的相组成及密度变化,指出形成这种相结构的可能影响因素;测试了不同频率下样品的介电性能.结果表明,Bi2O3的掺杂可以提高Al2O3陶瓷的烧结活性,进而大大降低了陶瓷的烧结温度,密度在900℃达到最大值3.7g/cm3,陶瓷样品的主晶相为α-Al2O3,没有杂相存在,且断口形貌分布均匀没有明显的气孔存在,同时总结出了介电常数和介质损耗的变化规律.     

耐锌蚀陶瓷防护层的制备与腐蚀机理初探

采用电弧喷涂法预先在Q235钢试样基体上喷涂FeCrAl粘结层,再利用等离子弧喷涂制备Al2O3陶瓷涂层,分析了陶瓷涂层在500℃静态锌液腐蚀试验中的腐蚀机制及影响因素.通过SEM和XRD分析可知,Al2O3陶瓷涂层与锌液为不互溶材料,起隔离基体与锌液、防止铁锌发生互扩散反应的作用.试验结果表明,等离子喷涂的Al2O3陶瓷涂层能极大地延缓Q235钢腐蚀失效的时间,耐液锌腐蚀性极好;陶瓷涂层的结合强度和涂层厚度是影响耐锌蚀性能的主要因素.     

Insertion of triangulated surfaces into a meccano tetrahedral discretization by means of mesh refinement and optimization procedures

In this paper, we present a new method for inserting several triangulated surfaces into an existing tetrahedral mesh generated by the meccano method. The result is a conformal mesh where each inserted surface is approximated by a set of faces of the final tetrahedral mesh. First, the tetrahedral mesh is refined around the inserted surfaces to capture their geometric features. Second, each immersed surface is approximated by a set of faces from the tetrahedral mesh. Third, following a novel approach, the nodes of the approximated surfaces are mapped to the corresponding immersed surface. Fourth, we untangle and smooth the mesh by optimizing a regularized shape distortion measure for tetrahedral elements in which we move all the nodes of the mesh, restricting the movement of the edge and surface nodes along the corresponding entity they belong to. The refining process allows approximating the immersed surface for any initial meccano tetrahedral mesh. Moreover, the proposed projection method avoids computational expensive geometric projections. Finally, the applied simultaneous untangling and smoothing process delivers a high‐quality mesh and ensures that the immersed surfaces are interpolated. Several examples are presented to assess the properties of the proposed method.     

The Research of Anti-Wear Properties of Organomolybdenum Compounds in the Engine Oils

A four-ball tester was used to evaluate the anti-wear performance of three kinds of organomolybdemun compounds in the engine oils, i. e., molybdenum dialkyldithiophosphate (MoDDP), molybdenum dialkyldithiocarbamate ( MoDTC), and sulphur and phosphorus freeorganomolybdeum (Molybdate). The results indicate that a low concentration of MoDDP doesn' t improve the anti-wear properties of the commercial engine oils, but a high concentration of MoDDP can obviously improve the anti-wear properties and the load-carrying capacity of the engine oils. MoDTC doesn' t improve the antiwear properties of the engine oils, but worsens the anti-wear properties of the oils. Signifi can timprove ment of frictional and wear characteristics is obtained with Molybdate added in the commercial engine oils and the formulated oils.     

Certification Institutions Expected to Update and Transfer Information on Present Standards

Standards are the basis for production enterprises to organize production, ex-factory inspection, trade (delivery) and technical exchanges, product certification, quality arbitration and supervision.……     

Flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases

A flow calorimeter for enthalpy increment measurements on condensed gases is presented. A better knowledge of the properties of the liquefied natural gas is needed, and therefore a liquid loop has been designed for our flow calorimeter. The fluid loop in the calorimeter is designed in order to avoid the two-phase region, since two phases would give compositional disturbances in the measurements. The avoidance of the two-phase region is made possible by increasing the pressure of the test fluid after the measurement section, then heating the fluid at super-critical pressure past the critical point. Finally, the fluid is throttled to the low-pressure gas state at the inlet condition of the compressor that circulates the fluid. To perform the pressure increase, a new cryogenic pump has been designed. To evaluate the new equipment, measurements were taken on liquid ethane over the temperature range 146–256 K at pressure between 0.9 and 5.1 MPa.     

Refrigerators Enter a New Era of Health Preservation Frestech initiates the establishment of China's first standard for household sterilization refrigerators

On November 30, 2007, the China Association for Standardization (CAS) held a press conference at Beijing Diaoyutai State Guest House. Leaders from the China Household Electric Appliance Research Institute, the China Household Electric Appliance Association, and the China Consumers' Association attended and made speeches.……     

A study of centrifugal cast high boron high speed steel

In the present study a high‐boron high speed steel (HSS) roll material was designed. Many expensive alloy elements have been substituted by cheap boron alloy, and high‐boron high speed steel roll has been manufactured by centrifugal casting method. The microstructures, mechanical properties and wear resistance of centrifugal casting high‐boron high speed steel roll have been investigated by optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and X‐ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, hardness test, impact test and wear test. The results indicated that the solidification microstructures of high‐boron high speed steel roll consisted of M₂(B,C), (W,Mo)₂(B,C), M₃(B,C), M₂₃(B,C)₆ type borocarbides and martensite, a small amount of retained austenite. Borocarbides were continuously distributed over the grain boundary. After quenching from 1050 °C, local broken network appeared in partial borocarbides, and fine secondary borocarbide precipitated from the matrix. After tempering from 525 °C, the amount of precipitated borocarbide increased significantly. After heat treatment, the hardness of high‐boron high speed steel roll excelled 60 HRC, and its impact toughness excelled 8.0 J/cm². The single groove steel rolling amount of high‐boron high speed steel rolls increases by 500% than that of bainite cast iron roll, when the rolls are used in K₁ mill housing of bar mill.     

Optimum-Simulation von Ernteprozessen

Zusammenfassung Bei der Gestaltung von Ernteprozessen — beispielsweise des Prozesses Mähdrusch, Körnertransport und -abnahme — als transportverbundene Fließarbeitsverfahren mit mindestens zwei verschiedenen Arbeitsmitteln gibt es einen großen Optimierungsspielraum. Solche Prozesse sind mehrstufige Bedienungsprozesse mit gemischter Anordnung der Bedienungseinrichtungen. Außerdem besitzen sie stark ausgeprägte räumliche Aspekte. Es wird vor allem gezeigt, welche Merkmale solcher Prozesse in Simulationsmodellen abgebildet sein müssen, welche Zielgrößen in Abhängigkeit von welchen Einflußgrößen unter Berücksichtigung welcher Prozeßbedingungen ermittelt werden sollten und wie der Bewertungsprozeß zur Ermittlung der gewünschten Informationen gestaltet werden muß.     

Certification Becomes Important for the I Quality; and Safety Supervision of the Chinese Liquor Sector

The end of 2007, over 200 unit products of more than 80 Chinese firms have passed the quality grade certification for liquor products. These products involve distilled spirits, beer, wine, yellow wine, fruit syrup wine and others, and cover over 80% of the national top-branded liquor products.……     

Deposition and Coating Properties on CVD Tungsten

Surface characterization and microstructure studies are performed on chemical vapor deposited (CVD) tungsten coating. There is about 2 μm thickness diffusion layer of tungsten in the molybdenum substrate. The thermal shock test shows tungsten coating has good adhesion with molybdenum substrate, but the elements of oxygen and carbon in the tungsten coating have the bad affection to the adhesion. The result of high-temperature diffusion experiment is the diffusion rate from molybdenum substrate to tungsten coating is faster.