β-环糊精三醋酸甘油酯悬浮液在卷烟滤嘴中的应用

为探索卷烟减害降焦的新途径,进行了含β-环糊精三醋酸甘油酯悬浮液的滤嘴、活性炭复合滤嘴和普通醋纤滤嘴的过滤效果的检测对比。结果表明,将聚乙二醇-600与三醋酸甘油酯配制成1∶2.5的溶剂,可制得满足滤棒成型工艺要求的β-环糊精含量为0.04g/mL的β-环糊精三醋酸甘油酯悬浮液;接装β-环糊精滤嘴的卷烟较普通醋纤滤嘴卷烟的总粒相物降低了13.17%;焦油降低14.15%;烟碱降低4.20%。与活性炭复合滤嘴卷烟相比,总粒相物降低了4.65%;焦油降低5.52%;而烟碱却高出1.79%。说明β-环糊精滤嘴的过滤性能不仅优于普通醋纤滤嘴和活性炭复合滤嘴,而且对卷烟焦油和烟碱具有较高的选择性吸附作用。     

醋纤和丙纤滤嘴对烟气挥发性、半挥发性成分释放量的影响

分析了聚丙烯(PP)滤嘴卷烟和醋纤(CA)滤嘴卷烟烟气常规成分和挥发性半挥发性成分的释放量.结果表明:①两种滤嘴卷烟的总粒相物、烟碱、焦油和CO释放量相当;②PP滤嘴卷烟大部分挥发性半挥发性成分的释放量都比CA滤嘴卷烟高或者相当,而且PP滤嘴卷烟与CA滤嘴卷烟释放量比值波动较大;③PP滤嘴卷烟烟气中糠醛、糠醇、苯乙醛、吡啶、乙酸、苯酚、对+间甲酚和邻甲酚的释放量远远高于CA滤嘴卷烟.     

壳聚糖改性醋纤滤嘴对烟碱和焦油的吸附效果

研究了醋纤滤嘴中壳聚糖的含量及壳聚糖的主要性质对于卷烟烟气中烟碱和焦油的滤除效果的影响,确定了在滤嘴中添加壳聚糖的较优化组合,分析测定了卷烟烟气的pH值与烟碱的关系.实验结果表明:经壳聚糖改性的醋纤滤嘴可有效去除烟碱和焦油,在较优化条件下,滤嘴的吸滤效率和截滤率分别提高了38%和30%.     

滤嘴活性炭对卷烟主流烟气生物碱截留的影响

分别以活性炭滤嘴卷烟和普通滤嘴卷烟为研究对象，对比分析滤嘴活性炭截留烟气生物碱的行为。通过单因素及正交实验建立滤嘴活性炭中生物碱的最优提取条件，并检测烟蒂及主流烟气生物碱释放量，分析活性炭滤嘴对主流烟气生物碱截留规律的影响。结果表明：(1)滤嘴活性炭中生物碱的最优提取条件为萃取剂三乙胺-氯仿溶液，萃取剂体积35 m L，超声萃取时间35 min,Na OH溶液添加量6 m L。(2)活性炭复合滤嘴对8种生物碱的截留能力低于普通滤嘴，这使活性炭滤嘴卷烟烟气劲头稍高。(3)滤嘴活性炭对生物碱的截留能力低于普通醋纤丝束；活性炭对8种生物碱截留能力由大到小依次为二烯烟碱、假木贼碱、烟碱、可替宁、麦斯明、2,3’-联吡啶、新烟草碱、降烟碱。(4)向滤嘴中添加活性炭会导致滤嘴中丝束部分对降烟碱、新烟草碱和2,3’-联吡啶的截留能力降低，对其他5种生物碱的截留能力增强。     

用炭纸做卷烟复合滤嘴材料的初步研究

用粉状活性炭、某些经改性的矿石粉和木浆经调浆后，或涂布或抄纸，制得的活性炭吸附纸（简称炭纸）疏松多孔、质地均匀、无毒无味，具有一定强度和良好的吸附性能，尤其对极性大分子有机物质有独特的吸附作用，可去除卷烟燃烧时产生的焦油和杂味。与醋纤制成复合滤嘴并接烟测试，比醋纤滤嘴降焦油效率高１５％～３０％。     

三种纸质复合滤棒对卷烟主流烟气的影响

介绍三种不同材质的纸质复合滤棒进行上机试验,对某品牌的主流烟气进行检测,对比三种纸质复合滤棒及其与普通醋纤滤棒和沟槽滤棒对主流烟气焦油、烟碱、CO含量影响的差异性。结果表明:三种纸质复合滤棒、沟槽滤棒和普通醋酸纤维滤棒对主流烟气CO、烟碱和焦油含量总体上均有显著性差异;与沟槽滤棒相比,三种纸质滤棒对卷烟主流烟气CO、烟碱和焦油含量具有显著性差异;与普通醋酸纤维滤棒相比,B1纸质滤棒对卷烟主流烟气CO、烟碱和焦油含量具有显著性差异;B2、B3对烟碱和焦油含量具有显著性差异,对CO含量无显著性差异。     

淫羊藿滤嘴降低卷烟烟气中的有害成分研究

为研究淫羊藿滤嘴降低卷烟烟气中有害成分的作用,采用对比分析方式,先用吸烟机捕集卷烟烟气,收集主流烟气的总粒相物,再用超声波萃取方法对收集烟气粒相物的剑桥滤片进行萃取,分析烟气中的常规成分（烟碱、焦油、水分）,最后用GC/MS定量、定性分析烟气化学成分。结果表明,与空白样对比,淫羊藿滤嘴对烟碱、总粒相物、焦油量有降低作用,且分别降低了8.60%、10.86%和14.97%;对烟气中的一些有害成分,特别是促癌、致癌的酚类物质的截留效果比较明显,苯酚降低56.6%,对甲苯酚降低32.8%,4-乙基间苯二酚降低50%,2,2＇-亚甲基双-（4-甲基-6-叔丁基苯酚）降低29.0%。添加淫羊藿的卷烟滤棒能有效降低烟气中的有害成分,符合＂中式卷烟＂的发展方向。     

固定化过氧化氢酶多孔淀粉制备功能性醋酸纤维丝束的研究

制备了固定化过氧化氢酶多孔淀粉,并通过丝束制浆过程将多孔淀粉均匀分散在纺丝浆液中制备功能性醋酸纤维丝束.对功能性醋酸纤维丝束的物理性能、表面形态、及接装后卷烟样品的常规烟气、烟气自由基等项目进行了分析.结果表明,与常规醋酸纤维丝束相比,功能性醋酸纤维丝束的物理加工性能与常规醋酸纤维丝束接近;由功能性醋酸纤维丝束加工的滤嘴过滤后,卷烟烟气中焦油量下降10%,而烟碱及CO基本没有变化;粒相自由基含量下降38.36%,气相自由基含量下降28.57%.     

醋纤沟槽滤棒沟槽长度及位置分布对卷烟烟气的影响

为研究醋纤沟槽滤棒不同沟槽长度及位置分布对卷烟烟气的影响,共制备35个沟槽滤棒并进行样品卷烟的卷制及烟气分析。结果表明:1单段沟槽卷烟样品中沟槽长度对主流烟气总粒相物、焦油量、烟气烟碱量及水分有明显影响,沟槽长度与上述指标均呈现二次曲线关系,而沟槽位置对上述指标没有显著影响;沟槽长度和沟槽位置对CO无明显影响。2两段沟槽卷烟样品中,沟槽总长度相同时,沟槽位置变化对主流烟气指标影响较小;而两组不同沟槽总长度样品间差异明显。3随着沟槽长度的增加,滤嘴对总粒相物和烟碱的过滤效率呈先增大后减小的趋势,沟槽长度为20 mm时过滤效率最高。     

美国和日本主导牌号卷烟主流烟气成分比较

日本男性烟民喜欢抽吸可选择性地降低主流烟气(MS)中某些挥发性成分的活性炭滤嘴卷烟.过去20年在日本销售的所有卷烟中,活性炭滤嘴卷烟至少占68%,而在美国,这种卷烟现今仅占1%的市场份额.本研究的目的是,评估美国和日本主导牌号卷烟(至少分别占各自市场的50%)MS中主要毒性和基因毒性成分含量的差异.测定了卷烟烟气中的焦油、烟碱、一氧化碳(CO)、苯并[a]芘(BaP;稠环芳烃系列的代表)和烟草特有的亚硝胺(TSNA)的含量.在标准的FTC/CORESTA机器吸烟条件下,日本和美国主导牌号卷烟均输出相同量的烟碱(1.0mg/支).然而,日本卷烟MS中的焦油/烟碱比却显著地(p＞0.000 1)低(9.8对13.2),后者表明,对单位量的烟碱而言,日本卷烟的焦油成分包括BaP和TSNA显著地低.本研究的结果表明,与美国主导牌号卷烟相比,日本主导牌号卷烟MS中的焦油与CO量平均低30%(分别为10mg/支对13mg/支),BaP低35%(8.5ng/支对11.4ng/支),TSNA低135%(245ng/支对580ng/支).     

辅助材料设计参数对烤烟型卷烟烟气焦油、烟碱和CO释放量的影响

为探索辅助材料与卷烟烟气化学成分之间的关系,研究了卷烟纸定量、卷烟纸透气度、成形纸透气度、接装纸透气度和滤棒吸阻对卷烟主流烟气焦油、烟碱和CO释放量的影响,并通过辅材设计参数的组合设计,建立了辅材设计参数预测焦油、烟碱和CO释放量的数学模型.结果表明:①卷烟纸定量增加CO释放量增加;②卷烟纸透气度增加,焦油、烟碱和CO释放量降低;③滤棒吸阻增加,焦油和烟碱释放量降低;④接装纸透气度增加,焦油、烟碱和CO释放量显著降低;⑤成形纸透气度增加,焦油、烟碱和CO释放量降低,降低程度与配合使用的接装纸透气度有关;⑥焦油、烟碱和CO释放量预测模型的预测值与实测值基本吻合.     

聚丙烯滤材对某些烟气成分过滤特性的研究

经过对聚丙烯(PP)丝束和醋酸纤维(CA)滤嘴对卷烟总粒相物,水分、烟碱、一氧化碳、氢氰酸和酚类物质过滤效率的测定,认为两种滤嘴对总粒相物和二元酚的过滤效率基本相同.对一氧化碳和氢氰酸释放量的影响不大;PP滤嘴对烟碱和过滤效率比CA滤嘴高,一元酚的过滤效率低于CA滤嘴;三醋酸甘油酯的加入,提高了PP滤嘴对一元酚的过滤效率。      

卷烟焦油测试嵌套析因设计分析

为了研究卷烟焦油测试过程中的各变异源的差异,采用完全嵌套方差分析和嵌套析因设计分析对各变期源进行分析.结果表明:①具有明确原因的变异源中,总粒相物的变异性最大,为42.0％;总粒相物和滤片含水量(W&W)的变异性较大,为30.6％;空白水分变异性为25.3％;烟碱和气相色谱仪引入的变异性仅占2.3％;在进行减小测量变异性改进时应从前3个变异源考虑;②由日期和时间引起的变异性为42.9％,在卷烟焦油比对测试时应参考日期和时间方向上的变异进行设计.     

Maximum yields might improve public health--if filter vents were banned: a lesson from the history of vented filters

Filter ventilation is the dominant design feature of the modern cigarette that determines yields of tar, nicotine, and carbon monoxide on smoking machine tests. The commercial use of filter ventilation was precipitated by the 1964 United States Surgeon‐General's report, further advanced by the adoption of an official Federal Trade Commission test in 1967, and still further advanced by the inclusion of a gas phase (carbon monoxide) measure in 1979. The first vented‐filter brand on the market in the United States (Carlton) in 1964 and the second major vented‐filter brand (True) in 1966 illustrate this. Ultimately, filter ventilation became a virtually required way to make very low tar cigarettes (less than 10 mg or, even more so, less than 5 mg tar). The key to the lower tar cigarette was not, in effect, the advanced selective filtration design characteristics or sophisticated tobacco selection or processing as envisioned by experts (although these techniques were and are used); the key to the very much lower tar cigarette was simply punching holes in the filter. We propose that the banning of filter vents, coupled with low maximum standard tar, nicotine, and carbon monoxide yields, would contribute to making cigarettes much less palatable and foster smoking cessation or the use of clearly less hazardous nicotine delivery systems. It may be necessary to link low maximum yields with the banning of filter ventilation to achieve public health benefit from such maxima.     

Effects of low nicotine content cigarettes on smoke intake.

Cigarettes with selective reductions in nicotine delivery have been considered as potential tools to prevent or treat nicotine dependence or to reduce harm by virtue of reduced nicotine and nitrosamine delivery. An important question is whether individuals smoke these products more intensively, as has been shown to occur with ventilated-filter cigarettes. To investigate this issue, we compared conventional highly ventilated filter cigarettes, having very low tar and nicotine yields when smoked by Federal Trade Commission method (1 mg tar, 2 mg carbon monoxide [CO],.2 mg nicotine), with low nicotine content cigarettes, manufactured from a genetically modified strain of tobacco, which had higher tar but lower nicotine yield (14 mg tar, 13 mg CO,.02 mg nicotine). A total of 16 cigarette smokers participated in two 8-hr sessions (order counterbalanced) during which they smoked each type of cigarette ad libitum. Expired-air CO, plasma nicotine, and smoking topography measures were collected. Subjects showed significant increases in smoking when using the highly ventilated filter cigarettes, and puff volume was significantly greater than with the low nicotine content cigarettes. Subjects achieved an expired-air CO level 74% as high as with the low nicotine content cigarettes; the latter produced CO levels similar to those measured at baseline when subjects smoked their habitual brands of cigarettes. Plasma nicotine levels obtained when subjects smoked the highly ventilated filter cigarettes also were significantly higher than when they smoked the low nicotine content cigarettes. These results indicate that the delivery of substantial amounts of smoke, with selective reductions in nicotine yield, appears to prevent compensatory smoking behavior. Further studies should determine whether similar results are obtained in naturalistic environments.     

The effect of modified starches on the adsorption of cigarette mainstream smoke composition

In this work modified starches such as porous starch (PS) and cross‐linked phosphorylated porous starch (PPS) were used as tobacco filter to investigate their adsorption efficiency on the tar, ammonia (NH₃), hydrocyanic acid (HCN), crotonaldehyde, and total particulate matter (TPM) in mainstream cigarette smoke. The pore properties and structural stability of the modified starches have been evaluated and the adsorption relationship between the modified starches and the main toxicants in tobacco smoke has also been established. Analytes of mainstream smoke from experimental cigarettes show reductions in yields of some measured constituents in mainstream cigarette smoke, such as tar, HCN, NH₃, crotonaldehyde, and TPM. The largest reductions are for NH₃ levels, up to 35.93% in one case, observed from the tobacco filter containing PPS. The largest reductions in mainstream yields of HCN (13.04%) and crotonaldehyde (31.06%) smoke toxicants were also observed. These results indicate that reducing exposure to some smoke toxicants is possible using the modified starches such as PS and PPS as tobacco filter.     

不同抽吸模式卷烟主流烟气中常规成分和某些有害成分释放研究

对比研究了ISO抽吸模式和加拿大深度抽吸模式下不同卷烟主流烟气中焦油、烟碱和水分3种常规成分释放量及一氧化碳、氨和苯酚3种有害成分释放量。结果表明, 加拿大深度抽吸模式下, 卷烟主流烟气中焦油、烟碱和水分3种常规成分及一氧化碳、氨和苯酚3种有害成分释放量远远高于ISO抽吸模式下的释放量;随着滤嘴通风率的增加, 主流烟气常规成分和某些有害成分释放量的增加幅度越来越大;主流烟气中水分释放量的增加幅度远远大于焦油、烟碱、一氧化碳、氨和苯酚释放量的增加幅度。     

Filter ventilation and nicotine content of tobacco in cigarettes from Canada, the United Kingdom, and the United States

OBJECTIVES: The purpose was to determine filter ventilation and the nicotine content of tobacco and their contribution to machine-smoked yields of cigarettes from the United States, Canada, and the United Kingdom. METHODS: Ninety-two brands of cigarettes (32 American, 23 Canadian, and 37 British brands) were purchased at retail outlets in State College, Pennsylvania, United States, Toronto, Canada, and London, United Kingdom. A FIDUS FDT filter ventilation tester measured the percentage air-dilution from filter vents. High-pressure, liquid chromatography was used to measure the nicotine content of tobacco. Regression techniques were used to examine the contributions of tobacco nicotine content and filter ventilation to machine-smoked yields of tar, nicotine, and carbon monoxide (CO). RESULTS: Ninety-four per cent of the American brands, 91% of the Canadian brands, and 79% of British brands were ventilated. The total nicotine content of tobacco and percent nicotine (by weight of tobacco) averaged 10.2 mg (standard error of the mean (SEM) 0.25, range: 7.2 to 13.4) and 1.5% (SEM 0.03, range 1.2 to 2) in the United States, 13.5 mg (SEM 0.49, range: 8.0 to 18.3) and 1.8% (SEM 0.06, range: 1.0 to 2.4) in Canada, 12.5 mg (SEM 0.33, range: 9 to 17.5) and 1.7% (SEM 0.04, range: 1.3 to 2.4) in the United Kingdom. Multiple regression analyses showed that ventilation was by far the largest factor influencing machine-smoked yields of tar, nicotine, and CO. CONCLUSION: Filter ventilation appears to be the predominant method for reducing machine-smoked yields of tar, nicotine, and CO in three countries. However, some brands contain about twice as much nicotine (total content or percent nicotine) as do others, indicating that tobacco types or blends and tobacco castings can be used to manipulate nicotine content and nicotine delivery of cigarettes.     

爆珠滤棒设计参数对卷烟通风率及主流烟气成分的影响

为进一步拓宽爆珠滤棒设计思路,制备了不同爆珠直径和位置的爆珠滤棒和卷烟样品,分析了爆珠滤棒设计参数对常规卷烟主要物理指标、主流烟气常规指标及烟碱过滤效率的影响。结果表明:①随爆珠直径的增加,烟支滤嘴通风率和吸阻的升高幅度分别可达28.4%和28.1%;卷烟焦油和烟碱释放量分别降低6.8%和3.3%,烟碱过滤效率升高幅度达15.8%。②随爆珠距唇端距离的增加,滤嘴通风率和过滤效率在爆珠位置与打孔位置较近时达到最小。③爆珠破碎后,烟支吸阻显著降低,幅度可达210 Pa;焦油和烟碱释放量最大分别可升高1.9和0.08 mg/支,烟碱过滤效率降低16.3%。④随爆珠直径的增加,爆珠破碎后,烟支滤嘴通风率和总通风率整体降低,烟支吸阻呈增加趋势;烟碱和焦油释放量逐渐增加。⑤随爆珠距唇端距离的增加,爆珠破碎后,焦油和烟碱的释放量逐渐增加,过滤效率逐渐减小,并在爆珠距离打孔位置较近时出现极值。