皮状丝孢酵母发酵丢糟水解液的应用研究

采用正交试验研究了硫酸水解丢糟的最佳工艺与皮状丝孢酵母发酵丢糟水解液生产微生物油脂的最佳工艺.结果表明:最佳丢糟酸水解工艺条件为硫酸添加量8％ (9 mol/L),水解温度90℃,水解时间1.5 h;在最佳水解条件下,丢糟水解液中还原糖含量为1.51％.最佳皮状丝孢酵母发酵丢糟水解液生产微生物油脂的工艺条件为接种量8％,发酵温度32℃,蔗糖添加量0.8％,发酵时间3d;在最佳发酵条件下,菌体的油脂含量可达24.86％.     

油菜秆酸水解糖化及水解液生产酒精的研究

对油菜秸秆酸水解糖化及水解液发酵成乙醇进行了研究.考察了稀酸浓度、温度、时间及液固比对酸水解的影响;以糖浓度为指标,用正交实验法探讨了酸水解的较佳条件;将浓缩及消毒后的酸水解糖液进行了发酵.结果表明,稀硫酸水解油菜秆以酸浓度(wt)为1.0%、温度为120℃、时间为60min、液固比(mL/g)8:1为最优,此时水解液中糖浓度可达到24.03 g/L;N-1菌发酵78.20 g/L的水解糖液以60 h为最佳,此时乙醇产量为21.70 g/L.     

圆红冬孢酵母发酵玉米秸秆水解液产油脂的研究

以玉米秸秆为原料,圆红冬孢酵母As 2.1389为实验菌株,研究了玉米秸秆稀酸水解的条件及该菌种在水解液中发酵产油脂的特性.结果表明,玉米秸秆的最佳水解条件为:硫酸体积分数2％,固液比1∶10,121℃高压水解20 min;在此条件下,水解液中的还原糖含量为38.77 g/L.圆红冬孢酵母在经Ca(OH)2脱毒处理后的水解液中进行发酵产油脂,最佳发酵条件为:pH 5,接种量15％,发酵时间5d,得到的生物量为13.5 g/L,油脂产量4.71 g/L,油脂含量为34.89％,还原糖利用率95.73％.气相色谱-质谱分析表明其油脂的脂肪酸组成与植物油脂相似,可作为制备生物柴油的原料油脂.     

稻草酸水解制还原糖的工艺条件

研究了用稀H2SO4直接酸解稻草制还原糖的最佳条件,探讨了酸浓度、酸解温度和酸解时间等因素对还原糖含量的影响。实验表明,用稀H2SO4直接酸解稻草省去了预处理步骤,能获得较大的还原糖收率。采用正交实验法,以总还原糖浓度为考察指标,对实验结果进行方差分析,得出稀H2SO4酸解稻草的最适宜工艺条件为:硫酸质量分数20%,水解温度60℃,水解时间36h,稻草与硫酸量比为1∶10,可获得还原糖浓度为23.835g/L。对于稻草水解过程,认为4h前主要为半纤维素水解,16～36h主要为纤维素水解,36h后水解基本完成。     

海带生物质酸水解条件优化及其乙醇发酵研究

采用稀硫酸对海带进行预处理,对酸浓度、水解时间、水解温度、底物浓度4个单因素进行单因素试验分析,再通过4因素3水平正交试验对预处理条件进行优化,最终确定最佳水解条件为:酸浓度2％(v/v)、水解时间60 min、水解温度121℃、底物浓度5％,还原糖得率为22.7％±0.27％.接入毕赤酵母(Pichia angophorae ATCC22304)发酵,乙醇的最大产量为1.58 g/L,乙醇得率为0.415 g乙醇/g还原糖,是理论得率的81.3％.试验结果表明,毕赤酵母可以有效水解海带液中的还原糖以进行细胞生长和乙醇发酵.     

皮状丝孢酵母在酶法水解丢糟生产微生物油脂中的应用

以大曲丢糟为主要原料,利用纤维素酶为催化剂,以皮状丝孢酵母为生产菌,采用正交试验进行微生物油脂发酵研究。结果表明,丢糟酶解的最佳工艺条件为：纤维素酶添加量为0．5％,水解温度为55℃,水解时间1．5h,所得丢糟水解液还原糖含量为9．83％;皮状丝孢酵母发酵丢糟水解液生产微生物油脂的最佳工艺条件为：皮状丝孢酵母接种量为11％,培养温度为26℃,培养时间为7d,培养基的糖度为9。P。在最佳条件下测得皮状丝孢酵母生物量为0．3549g／100mL,油脂含量为23．89％。     

酸-复合酶法制备玉米芯低聚木糖

以玉米芯为原料,用稀酸进行预处理,再利用复合酶水解制备低聚木糖,通过单因素和正交实验确定酸-复合酶法制备玉米芯低聚木糖的最佳工艺。结果表明:酸预处理的最佳条件为:硫酸的浓度为2.5 g/L,在120℃下,玉米芯和稀硫酸按1:6的料液比预处理90 min;复合酶水解的最佳条件为:木聚糖酶和纤维素酶按1:1配比组成复合酶,复合酶的添加量为2%,最适pH为5.0,在50℃下酶解时间为15 min。在该条件下,玉米芯水解液中可溶性总糖为110.24mg/g,还原糖含量为63.72 mg/g,平均聚合度为1.73。     

稀酸水解玉米皮制备丁二酸发酵糖液的研究

研究了稀酸水解玉米皮制备丁二酸发酵糖液的工艺条件,通过正交试验及优化调整得到稀酸水解玉米皮的优化工艺条件:水解温度110℃、加酸量1%、粒径20～40目、反应时间90min,总糖收率90.37%,总糖浓度85g/L。其糖液经活性炭脱色,脱色率达92.27%,脱色的总糖损失率低于5%,糠醛含量仅为0.236g/L。经厌氧发酵实验初步验证,玉米皮水解液可替代葡萄糖作为丁二酸发酵的碳源。     

玉米秸秆液化产物水解制糖研究

玉米秸秆通过液化技术预处理后,其主要成分为纤维素,纤维素通过酸水解或酶水解后,生成还原糖,进而利用酵母菌发酵制备燃料乙醇。该文研究的主要内容是利用无机酸对玉米秸秆液化产物进行水解,得出最佳水解条件为温度50℃,液固比1∶20(mL/g),硫酸浓度70%,水解时间60m in。水解产物中还原糖含量可以达到31.76%。     

固体酸水解法制备牛蒡果糖工艺的研究

以牛蒡为原料,对以强酸型阳离子交换树脂D061为固体酸水解牛蒡制备果糖的工艺进行研究。考察固体酸与牛蒡浸提液的体积比、水解温度、水解时间、固体酸重复使用次数4 个影响制备果糖工艺条件的主要因素。结果表明：固体酸法可以水解牛蒡制备出高质量的果糖,最佳水解工艺条件为水解时间120min、水解温度75℃、固体酸与牛蒡浸提液的体积比为1:2,重复使用固体酸水解3 次后,水解率为76.7%,还原糖含量为145.8g/L。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

Influence des ions sur le pouvoir hydratant de l'ure e: e tude sur peau de porc ex vivo

This study deals with the influence of ions (NaCl and MgSO4) in a W/O emulsion containing 10% urea. Moisturization kinetics are assessed by corneometry on pig skin ex vivo. The formula's influence on urea penetration is measured by infrared spectrometry with an ATR device and the stripping method. Corneometry and spectroscopy were chosen to record simultaneously the hydratation levels and urea localization into superficial cell layers. Urea crystallization after evaporation of emulsions and aqueous solutions is described. Results show that urea does not hydrate nor penetrate when applied to the skin through an aqueous gel. In a W/O emulsion, sodium chloride increases the ability of urea to moisturize without improving penetration. In vitro urea crystallization is disturbed by sodium chloride or magnesium sulphate for solutions and emulsions. This stabilization by ions is correlated with good moisturization values. The stabilization of urea in the solute state provided by ions increases its water epidermal binding capacity without enhancing penetration.