植酸酶毕赤酵母基因工程菌发酵条件的优化

对植酸酶毕赤酵母基因工程菌的营养条件和发酵条件进行研究.结果表明,其最佳培养基配方为(g/100 mL):葡萄糖5.00,玉米浆3.00,KCl 0.05,MnSO4·7H2O 0.03,FeSO4·7H2O 0.03,MgSO4·7H2O 0.07,KH2PO4 0.02;其最佳培养条件为:发酵初始pH 6.0,发酵温度31℃,用250 mL三角瓶,装液量为40 mL,菌体的接种量为10%(v:v),发酵周期60 h.在最佳发酵条件下,植酸酶活力提高3.57倍,高达5 462 u/mL.     

杏鲍菇液体发酵优化研究

以菌丝生物量为指标,对杏鲍菇液体发酵培养基和液体培养条件进行了优化,实验结果表明,杏鲍菇液体发酵最佳碳源为葡萄糖,最佳氮源为酵母粉,最佳培养基配方葡萄糖2%,玉米粉3%,酵母粉0.3%,麸皮2%,KH2PO40.1%,MgSO4·7H2O 0.05%.最佳培养条件装液量100mL/250mL,接种量10%,培养基初始pH5～6,培养温度25℃,摇瓶转速200r/min,发酵时间240h.     

纳他霉素生产菌株摇瓶发酵中种子质量的优化

采用最适的培养基条件对纳他霉素生产菌株Streptomyce.natalensis的孢子培养时间、菌种保藏时间、接种孢子浓度、种龄、接种量等方面进行研究,找出最适合发酵的种子质量条件,即优化后的斜面保藏培养基(g/L)组成为:可溶性淀粉10.0,酵母浸粉2.0,琼脂15.0,pH7.3;种子培养基(g/L)为:葡萄糖20.0,大豆蛋白胨10.0,酪蛋白胨6.0,MgSO4·7H2O 1.0,KH2PO4 0.5,NaCl 2.0,pH7.3.斜面菌种保藏时间:60d;斜面孢子培养时间:7d;接种孢子浓度:108个/mL;摇瓶发酵种龄:32h;接种量:2%.在此条件下,纳他霉素摇瓶发酵产量为2.12g/L.     

沼泽红假单胞菌产辅酶Q10发酵工艺优化研究

对沼泽红假单胞菌CoQ10的培养基和发酵条件进行了优化研究,得出最佳培养基:尿素0.06%,MgSO4·7H2O 0.04%,NaHCO30.3%,KH2PO40.05%,NaCl 0.2%,酵母膏0.7%,蛋白胨0.8%,微量元素溶液10mL/L.最优发酵条件:初始pH6.5,光照条件为10cm距离,发酵培养64h,装液量为150mL/300mL,8%的接种量.经优化后CoQ10的产量由最初的16.1 mg/L提高到24.21 mg/L,增长了50.37%.     

海洋放线菌的筛选和抑菌活性的发酵条件优化

从大连海域筛出33株放线菌,其中4株具有显著地抑菌活性,放线菌D09的抑菌活性最高,并具有广谱抗菌性.以金黄色葡萄球菌为指示菌,对放线菌D09发酵条件和理化性质进行了研究,正交试验表明,其最优发酵条件为:菌龄为48h,接种量10.0%6,发酵培养基初始pH值为7,培养条件为25℃,装样量为10%,发酵培养基配方为可溶性淀粉15g/L,KNO3 1g/L,K2HPO4·H2O0.25g/L,MgS04·7H2O0.25g/L.在最优条件下,放线菌D09生长最快,抑菌能力最强.     

普鲁兰酶产生菌的筛选鉴定与发酵条件的研究

从海洋中分离出了一株产普鲁兰酶活性较高的菌株BCT-1,初步鉴定为不动杆菌(Acinetobacter sp.)。通过对发酵培养基以及发酵条件的优化,使普鲁兰酶的酶活力达到2.347 U/mL。优化后的发酵培养基成分如下:0.02 g/mL玉米淀粉,0.01 g/mL~0.012 5 g/mL酵母膏,0.001 g/mL KH2PO4,0.000 5 g/mL MgSO.47H2O及0.000 01 g/mL FeSO4.7H2O。最佳培养条件为:发酵初始pH 6.0,接种量为8%,培养温度30℃,500 mL摇瓶装液量为150 mL,摇瓶转速为200 r/min,发酵周期72 h。     

红曲霉液态发酵多糖工艺条件的优化

研究了红曲霉产多糖的液态发酵条件,得出优化后的培养基组成为：蔗糖45 g/L,酵母粉4.5 g/L,KH2PO4·3H2O 3.5 g/L,MgSO4·7H2O 0.85 g/L.通过单因素实验和正交试验,得到红曲霉N产多糖的优化发酵工艺条件为：种龄30 h,接种量7.5%,发酵培养基初始pH 5.75,装液量162....     

高产果胶酶菌株的筛选鉴定及其发酵条件研究

采用观察透明圈与液态发酵测酶活相结合的方法,从腐烂的水果中筛选获得1株果胶酶产生菌G1。通过形态观察与18S rDNA序列分析,鉴定菌株G1为黑曲霉。对G1菌株的发酵工艺进行优化,确定最佳培养基配方(g/L):桔皮粉32,麸皮10,(NH4)2SO422,Na2HPO4·12H2O 8.4,KH2PO41.4,MgSO4·7H2O 1.0,CaCl20.1,FeSO4·7H2O 0.1,ZnSO4·7H2O 0.1,培养基初始pH 6.5;最佳发酵条件是:装液量50 mL/250 mL,转速180 r/min,接种量9%(体积分数),32℃培养7 d。在此条件下,果胶酶活力达到270.4 U/mL,比优化前提高了8.7倍。     

植物乳杆菌ZJ316高密度发酵条件优化

以1株植物乳杆菌（Lactobacillus plantarum）ZJ316为研究对象,在MRS液体培养基的基础上,以吸光度值（OD600 nm值）为响应值,通过单因素试验及响应面试验对其高密度发酵培养基组分和培养条件进行优化。结果表明,L. plantarum ZJ316高密度发酵的最优培养基组成为蔗糖43 g/L、玉米浆干粉60 g/L、Na2HPO4-柠檬酸0.12 mol/L、MgSO4·7H2O 0.20 g/L、MnSO4·H2O 0.10 g/L、吐温80 1 mL/L;最优发酵条件为接种量4%、发酵温度30 ℃、初始pH值6.5。在此优化条件下,采用发酵罐静置发酵24 h,植物乳杆菌ZJ316的OD600 nm值为5.13,活菌数可达8.01×109 CFU/mL,较优化前分别提高1.65倍、3.44倍。     

嗜盐嗜碱菌Alkalibacterium sp. F26产碱性果胶酶发酵条件的优化

对Alkalibacteriumsp.F26发酵产碱性果胶酶的培养基和培养条件进行了优化.考察了碳源、氮源、无机盐、表面活性剂及起始pH、发酵时间、温度等发酵条件的影响.经单因素和响应面分析试验得到适宜的发酵培养基为(组分g/dL):葡萄糖0.95,蛋白胨1,NaCl 6.3,MgSO4.7H2O0.02,K2HPO4.3H2O 0.1,NaCO31,吐温-80 1;培养条件为:250 mL三角瓶装液量25 mL,35℃,起始pH值11.25,培养24 h.在此优化条件下培养,酶活达1 015 U/mL.     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.