啤酒污染菌酒花抗性基因型的多样性分析

为了评价采用酒花抗性基因horA和horC作为分子标记,快速检测和鉴定具有腐败能力的啤酒污染菌的准确性,对来自5家工厂的53株啤酒污染菌基因型和表型进行比较分析,包括M13-PCR指纹、horA/horC的PCR扩增、菌株的酒花抗性和啤酒腐败能力。M13-PCR指纹的聚类分析表明不属于同一菌种的指纹相似性一般小于70%,同菌种不同菌株之间的指纹也存在较大差异,因此53株菌株之间存在一定的个体差异。表型的比较分析表明,酒花抗性或腐败性较强的菌株,horA/horC检测结果一般为阳性,针对这一类菌株其检测准确性较高。然而,部分弱酒花抗性或无腐败能力的菌株,horA/horC检测结果也为阳性,其中无腐败能力的菌株的假阳性检出率达到了78.6%;部分弱腐败能力菌株的horA/horC检测为阴性,即假阴性率为28%。2株具有较强酒花抗性的菌株的horA/horC检测为阴性,表明可能存在新的酒花抗性机制。令人感兴趣的是,通过菌株间的比较分析表明horA/horC在L. plantarum中具有较高的保守性。以上研究结果表明,horA/horC作为单一的分子标记,难以准确地检测和鉴定所有啤酒污染菌的酒花抗性和腐败性。     

啤酒有害乳酸菌PCR引物的设计与验证

根据乳酸菌16SrDNA序列的特征，设计合成了针对啤酒有害乳酸菌的通用引物，在16SrDNA基因水平上采用聚合酶链式反应（PCR）技术鉴定了啤酒中59株有害乳酸菌的种类。同时根据鉴定结果设计了8种乳酸菌的特异引物，PCR技术验证结果表明该8种特异引物能够准确鉴定乳酸菌。     

食源性肠球菌荧光定量PCR检测方法的建立与评价

利用基因组序列比对分析等生物信息学方法发掘肠球菌新的属特异性靶点,根据42个候选靶点序列设计50对引物,结合普通PCR初筛和荧光定量PCR复筛,挑选特异性和灵敏度等检测性能最佳的引物,建立相应的荧光定量PCR检测方法,并对该方法应用于食品中肠球菌检测时的效果作出评价。分析结果显示,特异性最强的引物为EF1902,利用该引物建立的荧光定量体系检测肠球菌时均产生特异性扩增信号,而检测非肠球菌菌株时均无特异性扩增信号形成。经优化PCR体系后,该方法的基因组DNA检测灵敏度为13.78拷贝/PCR,纯培养物灵敏度为38.4 cfu/PCR。以肠球菌人工污染牛奶,当初始接菌量为2.63 cfu/mL时,只需增菌6 h即可用该方法检出肠球菌。对52份食品样品进行检测准确率为94.23%,证实了该方法可应用于食源性肠球菌的快速检测。综上所述,作者建立的肠球菌荧光定量PCR方法,特异性强且灵敏度高,可应用于食品中肠球菌的快速检测。     

PCR在啤酒污染茵检测和鉴定中的应用

综述了PCR技术在啤酒污染菌鉴定中的应用，主要阐述了种或属的专一性PCR扩增和抗啤酒花质粒的跨种标记PCR扩增，三个抗啤酒花基因标记分别是horA、horB和horC，并介绍了论证抗啤酒花性的方法，它们分别是溴化乙锭和啤酒花的排溢试验，质粒重组试验和多个种中携带这三段基因的质粒比较试验等；还阐述了细菌抗啤酒花的主要机制，得出乳酸菌的抗啤酒花质粒可以通过基因的水平转移获得；最后通过比较两种PCR方法的优缺点，得出只有把两种方法结合起来使用才能在实际生产中产生加以应用。     

Taqman MGB PCR定量检测水产品中沙门氏菌的方法建立

建立采用Taqman MGB实时荧光PCR法快速定量检测水产品中沙门氏菌。根据沙门氏菌fimY基因保守序列,设计引物和Taqman MGB探针,建立Taqman MGB实时PCR定量检测体系。采用本方法对24株共14种血清型沙门氏菌和17株与沙门氏菌亲缘关系比较近,以及在样品中能同时存在的常见食源性致病菌菌株进行PCR扩增。结果显示：所有的沙门氏菌菌株结果均为阳性,而非沙门氏菌菌株检测结果均为阴性,反应特异性为100%。本方法的纯菌最低检测低限为13CFU/ml,样品江瑶贝和蚬子肉中添加肠炎沙门氏菌的最低检测低限为130CFU/ml;香螺肉中添加肠炎沙门氏菌的最低检测低限为1300CFU/ml。定量关系式为y=－3.381418lnx+45.115715,R2= 0.964878。整个实验2h即可完成,可应用于水产品中沙门氏菌污染状况调查及快速检测。     

荧光定量PCR方法检测杀菌型乳酸菌产品中的耐药基因

目的利用荧光定量PCR方法快速检测杀菌型乳酸菌产品中的耐药基因,并快速筛选此类产品中多种益生菌菌株耐药性。方法以杀菌型乳酸菌产品及9种耐药基因为研究对象,将样品中DNA进行提取及纯化后,利用荧光定量PCR方法,进行耐药基因检测。结果共测试14种样品,其中12种产品检测出6种不同耐药基因,检出率达85.7%,四环素耐药基因tet(K)及万古霉素耐药基因van(X)的检出率较高;有9种产品携带2种或2种以上耐药基因。结论基于荧光定量PCR方法可以实现快速的对杀菌型乳酸菌产品中多种菌株耐药性的筛选。     

PCR技术在啤酒有害菌检测中的关键技术研究

本研究以16s rDNA 为基础设计引物,利用 PCR 技术和传统的培养方法检测污染菌株作了比较,研究结果表明使用 PCR 技术检测啤酒有害菌的优势,完成检测与鉴定,可以将传统的检测时间由5～7天缩短到3天。试验中还对使用 PCR 技术检测发酵液（高泡期和贮酒期）、成品酒的方法进行了设计和优化,并对使用电泳条带的 OD 值半定量判定合格标准进行了初步研究。     

土壤磷素高效利用转基因大豆特异性PCR检测方法

华南农业大学根系生物学研究中心采用拟南芥的紫色酸性磷酸酶基因AtPAP15转化大豆品系粤春03-3（YC03-3）,获得了酸性磷酸酶活性明显提高、可高效利用土壤磷素的转基因大豆新品系AP15-1。本研究以AP15-1为研究对象,应用TAIL-PCR技术,根据载体序列设计特异引物,获得了转化载体左侧插入的旁邻序列。设计事件特异性检测引物,进行PCR扩增,只能在AP15-1的样品中扩增出特异性条带,进一步用实时荧光定量PCR作分析,结果显示,该引物对重复性好,融解曲线显示只有一个特异峰值。本实验应用该引物对建立的检测方法,检测的灵敏度可以达到0.01%,实时荧光定量PCR检测的极限值可以达到9个基因组的拷贝数,能够满足对转基因大豆新品系AP15-1及其衍生品种检测的需要。     

奶粉中阪崎肠杆菌PCR和荧光PCR检测方法的研究

建立了奶粉中可致婴幼儿高死亡率的阪崎肠杆菌的PCR和荧光PCR检测方法。利用细菌16S和23SrDNA的保守区设计通用引物,对6株阪崎肠杆菌16S-23SrDNA间区序列(ITS)进行扩增和测序,在比对阪崎肠杆菌ITS序列的基础上,设计了11条PCR和荧光PCR检测引物,组合成30对PCR引物,并筛选出一对种特异性引物,建立了奶粉中阪崎肠杆菌PCR和荧光PCR检测方法。用10株阪崎肠杆菌,18株近源菌株验证实验表明,本文所建立的PCR和荧光PCR方法特异性强;加菌实验表明,奶粉样品中阪崎肠杆菌检测低限为(2.2～5.4)CFU/100g,灵敏度高;新建的PCR和荧光PCR方法与FDABAM(美国食品及药品管理局微生物分析手册)方法比对实验表明,三种方法的检测结果完全一致。由于PCR和荧光PCR检测方法快速、可靠,因此可替代传统检验方法。     

PCR 法检测食品中大肠杆菌O157:H7

对大肠杆菌O157:H7 型菌株的各毒力基因及基因组中的特异序列进行了设计和比对,确定292bp 的检测引物。常规定性PCR 和实时定量PCR 证明该引物特异性强。模拟样品的前增菌实验结果表明本方法可以在原样品活菌浓度约2.0CFU/mL 时通过16h 增菌后检测出来,总的检测时间可以控制在24h 内。本实验建立的PCR 方法可用于食品中大肠杆菌O157:H7 的快速测定。     

PCR快速检测在啤酒工厂的应用

啤酒有害茵是一些能在啤酒中存活并使啤酒的外观和风味发生改变的细菌,对其进行快速、正确的检测是啤酒工厂急待解决的问题。微生物平皿培养法存在时间长及不易辨识的缺点。本文介绍了PCR用于纯生啤酒出厂检测及有害茵污染点分析两个应用实例。期望通过PCR检测技术拓展微生物检测思路,为啤酒行业同行抛砖引玉。     

EMA-PCR法快速检测啤酒中腐败短乳杆菌

将叠氮溴乙锭(ethidium bromide monoazide,EMA)与聚合酶链式反应(polymerase chain reaction,PCR)技术相结合,以酒花耐受基因hor C为靶基因,用啤酒腐败短乳杆菌基因组DNA作为模板进行扩增。结果发现,在前处理过程中加入EMA,当终质量浓度小于20μg/m L时,对活的短乳杆菌中靶基因的扩增没有明显抑制作用;而当EMA终质量浓度为1.0μg/m L时可有效抑制10~5 CFU/m L短乳杆菌死细胞的扩增。本实验建立的EMA-PCR检测方法的灵敏度为10~4活细胞/m L酒液样品。验证实验结果表明,在13株乳酸菌中,建立的hor C特异性EMA-PCR能有效检测到其中的全部5株啤酒污染菌,同时可区分这5株菌的活/死细胞混合体系,降低检测过程中的假阳性。     

啤酒污染乳酸菌PCR引物的设计与验证

根据细菌16SrDNA序列的特点,对啤酒中常见污染乳酸菌16SrDNA序列进行分析,设计合成了针对啤酒污染乳酸菌的特征引物。并用该引物对从啤酒厂分离到的7种乳酸菌进行了检测,PCR结果表明该引物能够准确检测到啤酒中常见的乳酸菌。     

啤酒污染乳酸菌PCR引物的设计

根据细菌16s rDNA序列的特点，通过对啤酒污染菌16s rDNA序列进行分析，设计合成了针对啤酒污染乳酸菌的引物，在16srDNA基因水平证明了该引物对乳酸菌的特异性，该引物的特异性是PCR检测技术在啤酒厂推广应用的前提，同时反映了16s rDNA在微生物鉴定中所起的重要作用。     

Pediococcus damnosus strains isolated from a brewery environment carry the horA gene

Beer is recognized as a safe beverage, owing to its excellent microbiological stability provided by its components, especially iso‐α‐acids from hop and ethanol which have antimicrobial activity. Despite these unfavourable conditions for bacteria, some lactic acid bacteria (LAB) can cause beer spoilage. Resistance to hop compounds is caused, in part, by the product of genes like horA . Understanding how LAB adapts to hop compounds as well as quick detection of these microorganisms is necessary to ensure high‐quality beverages produced by the brewing industry. In this work, we searched for the presence of two main hop‐resistance genes, horA and ORF5, and determined the capacity of four strains of Pediococcus damnosus isolated from a brewery environment to grow in the presence of increasing concentrations of iso‐α‐acids. All strains were able to grow in increasing concentrations of iso‐α‐acids up to 150 μg mL⁻¹. This amount is 10 times greater than the concentration in average beer. Genetic amplification of genes associated with hop‐resistance, demonstrated the presence of horA , but not ORF5 in all tested strains. This communication represents the first report of the presence of horA gene in bacteria isolated from breweries in our country. Copyright © 2017 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling     

An improved plate culture procedure for the rapid detection of beer‐spoilage lactic acid bacteria

Lactic acid bacteria (LAB) are the most frequently encountered beer‐spoilage bacteria, and they can render beer undrinkable owing to the production of lactic acid, diacetyl and turbidity. Three beer‐spoilage strains, 2011–6, 2011–8 and 2011–11, were isolated from finished beers. Based on the 16S rRNA sequence analysis, these three isolates were identified as Lactobacillus acetotolerans. Only the horA homologue was detected in these strains, while the horC homologue was not detected. In addition, an improved plate culture method for the rapid detection of beer‐spoilage LAB by the addition of catalase was evaluated. Supplementation with catalase enhanced the growth and colony sizes of the spoilage LAB investigated. These beer‐spoilage bacteria, including some slowly growing strains, were detected within five days of incubation using the modified method. Taken together, the modified procedure could be a rapid countermeasure against beer‐spoilage LAB, and it compared favourably with the conventional plate culture method. Copyright © 2014 The Institute of Brewing & Distilling     

Detection of Morganella morganii,a prolific histamine former,by the polymerase chain reaction assay with 16S rDNA-targeted primers

A polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay for the rapid and sensitive detection of the most prolific histamine former, Morganella morganii, was developed. 16S rDNA targeted PCR primers were designed, and the primer specificity and sensitivity of the PCR assay were evaluated. The 16S rDNA sequence (1,503 bp) for M. morganii showed 95% identity to those for enteric bacteria, i.e., Enterobacter spp., Klebsiella spp., Citrobacter spp., Hafnia alvei, Proteus spp., and Providencia spp. The unique primers for M. morganii were designed on the basis of the variable regions in the 16S rDNA sequence. The primers showed positive reactions with all M. morganii strains tested. However, PCR amplification was not detected when the primers were tested with other enteric or marine bacteria. When the sensitivity of the assay was evaluated, M. morganii was detected at levels ranging from 10(6) to 10(8) CFU/ml in albacore homogenate after the PCR amplification. The sensitivity of the assay was greatly improved with the enrichment of samples, and 9 CFU of M. morganii per ml of albacore homogenate was detected after 6 h of enrichment at 37 degrees C.     

Isolation,Identification, and Characterisation of Beer‐Spoilage Lactic Acid Bacteria from Microbrewed Beer from Victoria,Australia

Lactic acid bacteria are the most frequently encountered beer‐spoilage bacteria, and they may render beer undrinkable due to the production of lactic acid, diacetyl, and turbidity. Microbrewed beer is typically sold unpasteurised, leaving it more susceptible to spoilage by lactic acid bacteria. In this study, the incidence of lactic acid bacteria in bottled microbrewed beer from Victoria, Australia was investigated. A total of 80 beers from 19 breweries were screened for lactic acid bacteria. Almost 30% contained culturable lactic acid bacteria, and many had lactic acid levels well above the flavour threshold. Ethanol, hops, and the pH levels of the beers were not predictors for spoilage in the beers examined, and contamination appeared to be more closely linked to the source brewery. The 45 lactic acid strains isolated from these beers were identified by RAPD‐PCR, with Lactobacillus brevis being the most frequently isolated species. All isolates were capable of spoiling beer and contained putative hop resistance genes. At typical beer levels, pH and ethanol had no effect on the growth of the particular spoilage bacteria isolated in this study.     

Beer spoilage bacteria and hop resistance

For brewing industry, beer spoilage bacteria have been problematic for centuries. They include some lactic acid bacteria such as Lactobacillus brevis, Lactobacillus lindneri and Pediococcus damnosus, and some Gram-negative bacteria such as Pectinatus cerevisiiphilus, Pectinatus frisingensis and Megasphaera cerevisiae. They can spoil beer by turbidity, acidity and the production of unfavorable smell such as diacetyl or hydrogen sulfide. For the microbiological control, many advanced biotechnological techniques such as immunoassay and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) have been applied in place of the conventional and time-consuming method of incubation on culture media. Subsequently, a method is needed to determine whether the detected bacterium is capable of growing in beer or not. In lactic acid bacteria, hop resistance is crucial for their ability to grow in beer. Hop compounds, mainly iso-alpha-acids in beer, have antibacterial activity against Gram-positive bacteria. They act as ionophores which dissipate the pH gradient across the cytoplasmic membrane and reduce the proton motive force (pmf). Consequently, the pmf-dependent nutrient uptake is hampered, resulting in cell death. The hop-resistance mechanisms in lactic acid bacteria have been investigated. HorA was found to excrete hop compounds in an ATP-dependent manner from the cell membrane to outer medium. Additionally, increased proton pumping by the membrane bound H(+)-ATPase contributes to hop resistance. To energize such ATP-dependent transporters hop-resistant cells contain larger ATP pools than hop-sensitive cells. Furthermore, a pmf-dependent hop transporter was recently presented. Understanding the hop-resistance mechanisms has enabled the development of rapid methods to discriminate beer spoilage strains from nonspoilers. The horA-PCR method has been applied for bacterial control in breweries. Also, a discrimination method was developed based on ATP pool measurement in lactobacillus cells. However, some potential hop-resistant strains cannot grow in beer unless they have first been exposed to subinhibitory concentration of hop compounds. The beer spoilage ability of Pectinatus spp. and M. cerevisiae has been poorly studied. Since all the strains have been reported to be capable of beer spoiling, species identification is sufficient for the breweries. However, with the current trend of beer flavor (lower alcohol and bitterness), there is the potential risk that not yet reported bacteria will contribute to beer spoilage. Investigation of the beer spoilage ability of especially Gram-negative bacteria may be useful to reduce this risk.