共焦激光扫描显微镜及其在钢铁相变原位观察中的应用

介绍了宝钢研究院共焦激光扫描显微镜(Confocal Laser Scanning Microscopy,CLSM)的结构及其工作原理,在此基础上通过Fe-C二元合金凝固、奥氏体不锈钢凝固、低碳钢中高温铁素体(δ)←→奥氏体(γ)相变界面稳定性、AISI304不锈钢加热过程中δ相的形核与生长、AISI304不锈钢冷却过程中δ→γ相变等典型实例描述了CLSM在钢铁相变原位观察中的应用情况.表明CLSM在研究钢铁材料的凝固、固态相变、夹杂运动等方面具有无与伦比的优势与应用前景.     

冷却速率对奥氏体不锈钢凝固过程影响的原位观察

通过采用激光共聚焦扫描显微镜对AISI304奥氏体不锈钢的凝固过程进行了原位动态观察研究.发现当冷却速率为0.05℃·s-1时,奥氏体不锈钢以胞状晶方式凝固,其凝固模式为FA模式,即δ铁素体相先从液相中形核并长大,γ相在1 448.9℃时通过与液相发生包晶反应(L+δ→γ)在δ铁素体相界形成,当温度降到1 431.3℃时液相消失,δ铁素体相通过固态相变转变为γ相,富Cr贫Ni的残留铁素体位于胞状晶之间.当冷却速率为3.0℃·s-1时,奥氏体不锈钢以枝晶方式生长,冷却到1346.4℃时包晶反应在液相与δ铁素体相界之间进行,其残留铁素体位于枝晶干,与冷却速率为0.05℃·s-1时相比,其残留铁素体的数量增多,残留铁素体富Cr贫Ni的程度减轻.      

LF炉精炼AISI410不锈钢吹氮合金化研究

研究了40 t LF炉精炼AISI410不锈钢时,在常压下吹氮气增氮工艺(吹氮流量、吹氮时间及钢液温度)对AISI410不锈钢氮含量的影响,建立了AISI410不锈钢氮溶解度热力学计算模型。结果表明:钢中氮含量随着吹氮时间、氮气流量的增加而增大;常压下吹氮10 min,钢液含氮量可达到0.05%;随着氮流量增加钢液达到饱和的时间缩短,氮的溶解度随着钢液温度的降低而升高。应用热力学模型进行了分析,不同吹氮条件下氮溶解度实测值与热力学模型计算值较吻合。为LF炉精炼含氮不锈钢控制氮含量提供了理论依据。     

成分与冷却速率对高硅不锈钢凝固模式的影响

 高硅奥氏体不锈钢因其较高的Si元素含量所表现出的优异耐蚀性能而成为制酸行业普遍应用的一种特殊钢种。然而,高含量Si元素的加入会引发铸造缺陷和成分偏析加剧以及钢中析出相增多,热加工过程中易产生热裂纹等问题。高硅奥氏体不锈钢凝固过程中δ铁素体的含量、形态和分布与合金化学成分和热加工历史紧密相关,其室温组织取决于析出相的析出顺序和随后的固态相变,因此,奥氏体不锈钢的凝固模式势必会影响合金的热塑性。为此通过调整高硅奥氏体不锈钢中Si元素与Cr元素的含量,采用金相显微镜(OM)、X射线衍射仪(XRD)、扫描电镜能谱分析(SEM/EDS)、电子探针(EPMA)、JMatPro软件计算等方法,探究了合金成分变化与冷却速率对高硅奥氏体不锈钢凝固模式的影响,并对经典铬镍当量算法进行了评估。结果表明,Schneider铬镍当量算法相较于Rajasekhar铬镍当量算法对大多数合金的凝固模式预测较为准确;随着合金中Si元素与Cr元素含量的提高,合金凝固模式由AF模式转变为FA模式,合金凝固过程中经历更多的“δ→γ”固态相变,其中质量分数为6.0%Si成分的合金对应的δ铁素体增幅减缓;随着质量分数为5.0%的Si铸锭冷却速率的提高,合金凝固模式由AF模式转变为A模式;Hammar and Svensson凝固路线判据可以准确预测高硅奥氏体不锈钢的初始析出相。研究为合理制定高硅奥氏体不锈钢的合金成分与成形工艺提供理论依据。     

奥氏体不锈钢熔体氮溶解行为的研究

在实验室条件下，以304不锈钢为例，研究了奥氏体不锈钢熔体在不同温度和氮分压下气相渗氮过程中的氮溶解行为。实验发现，氮分压越大其氮的溶解度越大，而温度越高则氮的溶解度越小。分别从热力学和动力学方面分析，建立了热力学和动力学计算公式，并通过与实验数据对比发现其精确度均较高。     

Cr和Si元素对奥氏体不锈钢组织构成及凝固路线的影响

以316Ti奥氏体不锈钢为基础,设计不同Cr和Si元素含量的合金成分,结合Thermal-Calc热力学模拟计算与合金铸锭凝固组织形貌、成分分析,研究了Cr和Si元素对合金凝固组织构成的影响。研究结果表明,热力学计算能够获得奥氏体不锈钢中析出δ相的临界Cr和Si含量。合金凝固时的元素偏析和冷却过程中的“δ→γ”相变可对δ相析出预测产生一定影响。此外,本工作还针对δ相析出评价了两种凝固路线判据。      

氮含量对无镍奥氏体不锈钢平衡相转变的影响

高氮铬锰奥氏体不锈钢有着极为广泛的应用前景,然而氮含量对其相转变的影响尚不十分清晰。设计并冶炼了氮质量分数为0.02%～1.20%的试验钢,对各钢的平衡相转变进行了热力学计算,对δ铁素体和Cr₂N的形貌进行了观察。结果表明,钢中δ铁素体的最大析出量随着氮含量的升高而降低,当氮质量分数超过1.05%后,无δ铁素体析出。获得了试验钢加热时δ铁素体的析出温度与氮含量的关系式。随着氮含量的升高,试验钢在冷却时Cr₂N的析出温度逐渐升高,并获得了其定量关系式。在GN04钢中,1 200 ℃等温2 h后的δ铁素体主要沿三叉晶界分布。Cr₂N析出优先在晶界形成,然后朝着晶内发展。在相同等温条件下,试验钢中Cr₂N的析出量随着氮含量的升高而增大,且层片间距随之减小。     

不锈钢冶炼及凝固过程氮的控制

总结了氮在不锈钢中有害和有利正反两方面的作用。通过热力学计算和实测数据分析了温度和氮分压对不锈钢熔体中氮溶解度的影响,理论分析了不锈钢熔体吸氮和脱氮的动力学,指出了真空和高压分别是生产超低氮和高氮钢的主要方法。结合以往的研究成果和生产实践提出了生产超低氮铁素体不锈钢和高氮不锈钢的具体工艺技术措施。     

304奥氏体不锈钢亚快速凝固组织演化和形成机理

通过感应炉熔化的304钢(/%:0.053C、0.55Si、1.50Mn、0.030P、0.002S、17.02Cr、8.01 Ni、0.50Cu、0.08Mo)直接浇铸在水冷铜模上得到厚7 mm直径25 mm的圆形试样,研究了Cr、当量/Ni当量和1.5～1 000℃/s的冷却速率对奥氏体不锈钢铸态凝固组织形态和分布的影响。结果表明,随冷却速率增加至75～90℃/s,该钢的凝固模式由FA(铁素体-奥氏体)模式向AF(奥氏体-铁素体)模式转变,初生相由枝晶铁素体转变成枝晶奥氏体,但冷却为～1 000℃/s时,观察到块状铁素体组织,并且枝晶状奥氏体转变成胞状奥氏体。     

高氮奥氏体钢中氮析出和溶解的热力学与动力学研究

常压下氮在钢中的溶解度遵循Sieverts定律,溶解度较低(通常低于0.3%),因此,在高氮钢的冶炼中,如何提高氮含量成为了研究的焦点。本文介绍了氮在高氮奥氏体钢中的作用,分析了氮在高氮钢中析出和溶解的热力学原理,为增压提高氮含量的措施提供了理论基础;同时分析了其动力学原理,探讨了钢液吸氮和脱氮的限制性环节。此外,本文还从微观角度,即从形核机理阐述了高氮奥氏体钢氮析出和溶解的新的研究方向。     

On Restricting Aspects in the Production of Nonmagnetic Cr‐Mn‐N‐alloyed Steels

Cr‐Mn steel grades with high nitrogen contents are becoming increasingly important in the field of austenitic stainless steels. Industrial production facilities allow to use two different strategies to reach a high nitrogen content. The first involves taking advantage of the pressurised‐electroslag remelting process, which is operated at elevated nitrogen partial pressure; the second consists of adding elements which increase the nitrogen solubility of the melt so that high nitrogen contents can be achieved at atmospheric pressure. This paper focuses on nitrogen solubility and austenite stability. These have been observed as important and in some cases restricting for the successful implementation and production of high alloyed Cr‐Mn austenitic steels. The precondition for a stable austenitic microstructure can be predicted with the help of equations using chromium and nickel equivalents. Different formulae were tested and their results compared to the microstructure of the alloys. The nitrogen solubility in the melt is particularly important for the steel grades cast under atmospheric conditions. It has been found feasible to produce steel grades up to 0.9 mass percent nitrogen at atmospheric pressure on an industrial scale. Several theoretical approaches for calculating the nitrogen solubility in the melt were tested for atmospheric conditions and compared to the chemical analyses of conventionally cast Cr‐Mn steel grades.     

立弯式奥氏体不锈钢220 mmx220 mm铸坯动态二冷控制和应用

根据奥氏体不锈钢的热物理参数和二冷区各区出口目标温度,建立了不锈钢220mm×220 mm铸坯动态二冷综合控制模型和末端拉速电磁搅拌-拉速优化模型。304奥氏体不锈钢连铸生产应用结果表明,在该钢正常工作拉速0.8~1.1 m/min,根据目标温度（足辊1080℃,一区1 070℃,二区1060℃,三区1045℃,进拉矫机980℃）制定相应比水量（0.30~0.33 L/kg）,模型实时计算表面温度与目标温度对比,进行在线控制,铸坯温度均匀、稳定,冶金质量良好。     

High Strength Stainless Austenitic CrMnCN Steels – Part I: Alloy Design and Properties

Generally the strength of stainless austenitic steels does not live up to their good corrosion resistance. Solid solution hardening by interstitial elements is a means of raising the strength, but is used only moderately because of poor weldability, which, however, is not required in various applications. The solubility of nitrogen is high in stainless austenite of steels with 18 mass% of Cr and Mn each, but low in the melt. Carbon reveals the opposite behaviour. Instead of producing high nitrogen steels by pressure metallurgy, about 1 mass% of C+N is dissolved in the melt at ambient pressure. The new cost‐effective C+N steel reaches a yield strength of 600 MPa, a true fracture strength above 2500 MPa and an elongation above 70 %. Conduction electron spin resonance revealed a high concentration of free electrons. Thus, the ductile metallic character of the C+N steel is enhanced, explaining the high product of strength times toughness. The high interstitial content requires rapid quenching to avoid an embrittling precipitation and respective intercrystalline corrosion.     

高氮钢的基础研究及应用进展

介绍了高氮钢结构特点的最新研究,高氮钢平衡相图的进展及其在高氮钢成分设计方面的应用;概括了氮在钢液中的溶解度公式和高氮钢熔炼过程中的关键问题;分析了氮在奥氏体钢、铁素体钢和双相不锈钢中的作用,即氮在不牺牲强度的同时不仅提高了钢的韧性,且改善了钢的抗腐蚀性能;并列举了一些典型的高氮钢的用途。     

三步法和二步法不锈钢冶炼工艺的分析和生产实践

分析了HM DEP-KOBMS-VOD三步法(铁水脱硅和脱磷预处理-KOBMS转炉脱碳、合金化-真空吹氧脱碳)和EAF/BOF-AOD二步法(电弧炉炼300系不锈钢母液/400系钢转炉脱磷-氩氧脱碳和合金化)生产不锈钢的生产效率和成本。三步法工艺生产铬不锈钢和超低碳氮不锈钢具有生产效率高、氩气消耗低、P-Cu-Pb有害杂质含量低的优势,而EAF-AOD二步法工艺生产304、316L等铬镍不锈钢有可使用含镍生铁、不锈钢废钢、生产成本低,效率高的优势。文中介绍了太钢用三步法和二步法工艺生产的不锈钢品种结构和工艺实践。     

Effect of Al2O3–SiO2–MnO inclusions on precipitation of MnS in Si–Mn-killed 304 stainless steels

Laboratory experiments and thermodynamic calculation were conducted to investigate the precipitation of MnS inclusions in Si–Mn-killed 304 stainless steels with various Al and S concentrations. Three types of MnS-contained inclusions were detected: MnS phase dissolved in the MnO–SiO₂ inclusion, the Al₂O₃-rich core phase surrounded by a MnS out layer, and the individual MnS. In steel with less than 0.001% Al, the liquid SiO₂–MnO-rich inclusions can hardly influence the precipitation of MnS inclusions during the cooling process of 304 stainless steels. With the increase of Al in steel, more solid Al₂O₃-rich inclusions are formed, which can act as nucleation agents for MnS inclusions and dramatically promote the precipitation of MnS inclusions during the cooling process of Si–Mn-killed 304 stainless steels.     

Influence of strain-induced phase transformation on the surface crystallographic texture in cold-rolled-and-aged austenitic stainless steel

Stainless steels (SSs) having a stable and metastable austenitic phase were studied to see the influence of strain-induced phase transformation in the metastable austenitic stainless steel on the evolution of texture during cold rolling and aging. AISI 304L and 316L SS plates were unidirectionally cold rolled up to a 90 pct reduction and aged at different aging temperatures. The strain-induced transformation of austenite to α′-martensite phase and the evolution of texture in both the phases were studied as a function of rolling reduction as well as aging temperature in the metastable 304L austenitic stainless steel. The X-ray diffraction (XRD) technique was employed to quantify the volume fractions and characterize the texture of austenite and martensite phases in the rolled and aged conditions. Results are compared with the texture evolution in the stable austenitic 316L SS.     

The effect of quenching on the solidification structure and transformation behavior of stainless steel welds

Weld solidification structure of three different types of stainless steel,i.e., 310 austenitic, 309 and 304 semiaustenitic, and 430 ferritic, was investigated. Welds of each material were made without any quenching, with water quenching, and with liquid-tin quenching during welding. The weld micro-structure obtained was explained with the help of the pseudobinary phase diagrams for Fe-Cr-Ni and Fe-Cr-C systems. It was found that, due to the postsolidification 5 → γ phase transformation in 309 and 304 stainless steels and the rapid homogenization of microsegregation in 430 stainless steel, their weld solidification structure could not be observed unless quenched from the solidification range with liquid tin. Moreover, the formation of acicular austenite, and hence, martensite, at the grain boundaries of 430 stainless steel welds was eliminated completely when quenched with liquid tin. The weld solidification structure of 310 stainless steel, on the other hand, was essentially unaffected by quenching. Based upon the observations made, the weld microstructure of these stainless steels was summarized. The effect of cooling rate on the formation of primary austenite in 309 stainless steel welds was discussed. Finally, a simple method for determining the relationship between the secondary dendrite arm spacing and the solidification time, based on welding speeds and weld pool configurations, was suggested.     

Characterization of stainless steels melted under high nitrogen pressure

Mechanical properties of stainless steels increase with increasing nitrogen concentration. Currently, the maximum nitrogen concentration in commercial stainless steels is 0.8 wt pct. In this study, type 304 and 316 stainless steels were melted and cooled in a hot-isostatic-pressur(HIP) furnace using nitrogen as the pressurizing gas, producing alloys with nitrogen concentrations between 1 and 4 wt pct. These nitrogen levels exceeded the alloys’ solubility limits, resulting in the formation of nitride precipitates with several different microstructures. A new phase diagram for high nitrogen stainless steel alloys is proposed. Several properties of these nitrogen stainless steel alloys with chromium nitrides present were studied: tensile strength was proportional to the interstitial nitrogen concentration; hardness, wear, and elastic modules were proportional to the total nitrogen concentration. Formerly Research Scientist, National Institute of Science and Technology, Boulder, CO, is retired.     

经济型双相不锈钢的研发进展

 经济型双相不锈钢是一种高性能低成本的氮合金化不锈钢新材料,具有典型的铁素体-奥氏体双相组织。利用氮取代镍元素的奥氏体化作用,降低成本的同时获得优良的力学性能和耐腐蚀性能。介绍了经济型双相不锈钢的发展历史,重点讨论了合金元素和热处理对相变、力学性能和耐腐蚀性能的影响规律,并与304和316进行对比;同时,分析了经济型双相不锈钢焊接性能和焊接工艺的研究进展。经济型双相不锈钢S32101、S32003、S32202等,已用于核电、桥梁、建筑、热交换器等行业,取代传统奥氏体不锈钢AISI 304和316。由于经济型双相不锈钢具有高强度和优良耐蚀性,同时镍、钼等贵金属的含量都较低,已成为未来不锈钢发展的方向之一。