小麦薄层变温干燥工艺试验研究

利用自行研制可自动检测和控制干燥参数的谷物薄层干燥试验台,采用不同的风速、热风温度组合和加热时间及配套的工艺流程,进行小麦薄层变温干燥正交试验,研究了不同干燥因素对小麦品质和能耗的影响,通过极差分析和方差分析确定了小麦薄层变温干燥的最优工艺流程.研究结果表明,采用先低温后高温再低温的小麦变温干燥工艺的效果显著优于恒温干燥工艺,即45℃/60min 55℃/60min 45℃,既可以保证小麦的干燥品质又可以提高干燥效率.     

单粒莲子热风干燥特性及其干燥动力学

为了提高莲子干燥品质、缩短干燥时间并降低能耗,采用恒温和分段变温两种干燥方式对单粒莲子进行了50~90℃恒温和60(2~4 h)~80℃变温热风干燥试验,研究莲子表观变化、复水性、干燥能耗及干燥特性,计算不同干燥条件下的有效扩散系数和活化能。试验表明:在恒温干燥条件下,温度越高,干燥时间越短,而莲子色泽、复水性等品质则越差;在分段变温条件下,干燥时间较60℃恒温干燥缩短了,但品质均有所提高,60℃(3 h)~80℃变温干燥莲子的复水性优于60℃(2 h)~80℃和60℃(4 h)~80℃变温干燥,为169.41%,单位能耗比60℃恒温干燥减少2033 k J/g。根据菲克第二定律,得到莲子50~90℃恒温干燥有效扩散系数变化范围为1.79×10~(-9)~5.83×10~(-9) m~2/s,60℃(2~4 h)~80℃变温干燥平均有效扩散系数变化范围为2.97×10~(-9)~2.44×10~(-9) m~2/s。由Arrhenius方程建立有效扩散系数与温度的关系,得到莲子水分活化能为28.33 k J/mol。试验结果为莲子干燥工艺参数优化及干燥设备设计提供参考。     

滚筒分段变温干燥方式下烤烟叶丝质量的变化特征

为分析滚筒分段变温干燥方式下叶丝含水率变化、物理特性及叶丝香味成分变化规律,考察了100、120、130、140、150℃滚筒恒温干燥后,150/100、140/100、130/100、120/100℃滚筒分段变温干燥后,以及140/100℃分段变温干燥条件下分别在叶丝含水率为19%、17%、15%时改变筒壁温度进行干燥后叶丝填充值、弹性的变化情况,并对比了两种干燥方式下叶丝石油醚提取物及香味成分的变化规律。结果表明:①采用第一阶段高温第二阶段低温的变温干燥方式,通过提高脱水前期的筒壁温度,能够明显提升叶丝干燥效率;②与高温恒温干燥过程相比,采用第一阶段高温第二阶段低温的变温干燥方式有利于提高叶丝弹性、填充值,叶丝中棕色化反应产物、类胡萝卜素降解产物等香味成分含量也明显升高;③变温干燥方式下,变温点处烟丝含水率从19%降低至15%时,叶丝填充值呈降低趋势,弹性呈增大趋势,叶丝中香味成分总量也呈降低的趋势。      

香葱分段式变温催化红外干燥的特性及品质研究

为提高脱水香葱品质、缩短干燥时间、降低能耗,本研究采取了红外分段式变温加热技术。利用单板和双板进行高温加低温结合的工艺,对香葱不同干燥模式下干燥特性、色泽和复水比进行研究。研究表明,单板模式下第一阶段80、90℃分别处理12、6 min能够去大量水分,水分比分别降至0.38和0.12,第二阶段的低温干燥60、70℃干燥速率没有明显区别,总干燥时间为17～18 min。双板组合条件下,第一阶段60～90℃在2～3.5 min能够快速去除约一半水分,第二阶段温度为70℃组总干燥时间为19～23 min,60℃总干燥时间为27～29min。组合干燥模式解决了干燥过程中因高温而造成的色泽焦变的现象。通过对比不同组合干燥后香葱的色泽变化和复水比可以看出,经单板+单板的变温组合处理的产品具有较高的复水比,而双板+单板的变温组处理的产品够具有较优的色泽。     

响应面法优化脐橙变温压差膨化干燥工艺

为了确定最佳的脐橙变温压差膨化干燥工艺参数,应用单因素试验和响应面法对脐橙变温压差膨化干燥工艺进行优化。用单因素试验对脐橙变温压差膨化干燥工艺进行初步优化,采用3因子二次回归正交组合设计,进一步优化了脐橙变温压差膨化工艺,分析了预干燥含水率、膨化温度和抽空温度三因素对脐橙脆片含水率、脆度和色泽的影响。在此基础上,构建3个指标的三元二次回归方程,并进行响应面分析,得出脐橙切片变温压差膨化最佳工艺条件为:切片厚度5 mm、预干燥含水率为31%、膨化温度78℃、抽空温度为62℃、抽空时间为90min、膨化压力差为0.1 MPa。     

稻谷变温干燥工艺研究

在分批循环式稻谷干燥机上试验了低恒温干燥和变温干燥两种干燥工艺.试验表明,采用变温干燥工艺,稻谷含水率高于21%时,采用60～70℃的介质,降水速率可每小时大于1个百分点.当稻谷含水率低于18%时,介质温度应低于60℃,降水速率每小时小于1个百分点.采用变温干燥工艺,对稻谷进行3～4次烘干缓苏,稻谷烘后的累计爆腰率降低0.85个百分点,能耗降低15%.     

变温干燥过程中烟丝含水率与温度变化特征

在前段120℃后段90℃(12090℃),11080℃和10070℃不同热风温度组合的变温干燥条件下,考察了烟丝含水率、温度等变化规律,并与恒温干燥结果进行了对比分析。结果表明:①变温干燥时,烟丝含水率及干燥速率变化曲线在变温点之前与高温热风条件下的恒温干燥曲线一致,在变温点之后则逐渐接近低温热风条件下的恒温干燥曲线,Midilli模型可较好对变温干燥动力学进行描述;②变温干燥时,烟丝干燥终点温度显著低于高温热风条件下恒温干燥终点温度;对不同变温干燥条件,在变温点附近均存在一烟丝表面温度相对稳定的脱水过程;③不同变温干燥条件下,烟丝填充值介于前后段温度热风恒温干燥之间。前段100℃后段70℃的变温干燥试验条件下,烟丝填充值则相对接近于100℃热风恒温干燥结果。     

渗透脱水对变温压差膨化干燥桃片品质的影响

本文研究了麦芽糖、蔗糖、果糖及葡萄糖4种渗透液对渗透脱水联合变温压差膨化干燥桃片品质的影响。渗透液浓度为50°Brix,渗透温度为40℃,渗透180 min后采用80℃的热风干燥预干燥到20%水分含量(湿基),之后进行变温压差膨化干燥,研究其对桃片质构、膨化度、复水比、色泽、可溶性糖类等的影响,并用扫描电镜对微观结构进行分析。结果表明:与空白对照组相比,麦芽糖渗透脱水改善了桃片的色泽,提高了膨化度及脆度,使桃片具有良好的复水性。扫描电镜结果表明:麦芽糖渗透处理的桃片具有均匀的孔隙结构;蔗糖、果糖及葡萄糖渗透脱水虽提高了桃片的硬度,但降低了膨化度、脆度及复水比,桃片微观结构较致密,且果糖及葡萄糖渗透脱水不利于色泽的改善。经综合考虑,利用麦芽糖进行桃片渗透脱水联合变温压差膨化干燥可获得较优的综合品质。     

恒温与分段变温真空干燥南瓜粉的比较研究

采用恒温与分段变温真空干燥南瓜粉,通过干燥时间、南瓜粉中Vc含量、产品感官指标的比较,结果表明,分段变温真空干燥明显优于恒温真空干燥。     

不同温度条件下红外玉米穗干燥试验研究

针对玉米收获后由于气候原因导致霉变发芽、公路晾晒造成严重污染,或采用“先脱粒后干燥”工艺导致籽粒破碎严重等问题,按照“玉米穗干燥—脱粒—玉米籽粒干燥”分段干燥工艺设计了一种红外玉米穗干燥试验台。试验结果表明,采用等温干燥时,较佳的干燥温度为58℃左右;采用变温干燥时,宜选用“先低后高”的变温方式,且在保证干玉米品质的前提下,应尽量选用较高的干燥温度;无论采用等温干燥还是变温干燥,其干燥温度均不得高于60℃。本文研究的红外玉米穗干燥试验台干燥均匀性好、设备的空间利用率高,彻底解决了收获期玉米霉变或采用“先脱粒后干燥”工艺而导致的籽粒破碎率严重等问题,为红外玉米穗干燥机的研制奠定了坚实基础。     

蛋白质水解度测定方法综述

对目前国内外常用的蛋白质水解度测定方法进行了综述，其中pH—state方法是通过滴定水解过程中释放的质子测定DH；OPA、TNBS及国内常用的水合茚三酮和甲醛等测定方法是利用游离氨基的反应测定DH。     

聚多元羧酸盐的合成及应用

研究了聚多元羧酸盐的合成方法及反应机理,将其应用于洗涤剂和PVC制品中分别代替三聚磷酸钠和邻苯二甲酸二丁酯,证明有良好效果。     

SEROLOGIC IDENTIFICATION OF SPECIES OF ORIGIN OF SAUSAGE MEATS

SUMMARY: A partially purified immunoglobulin G (lgG) solution prepared from the serum of species to be tested was heated to the specifications for sausages. The resulting supernatant fluid was decanted and the precipitate washed with saline and used to immunize rabbits. The supernatant fluid was used to sensitize tanned sheep red blood cells. The immune serum was rendered monospecific by absorptions with heterologous, heated lgG precipitates. A sample of monospecific immune serum was absorbed with a washed homogenate of sausage. Aliquots of the monospecific immune serum, both untreated and sausage absorbed, were tested with cells sensitized with the homologous heated lgG supematant fluid. A significant reduction of titer by sausage absorption indicated that the sausages contained the meat homologous to the immune serum.     

BASIS OF STABILITY OF AMINE SALTS OF LINOLEIC ACID

SUMMARY— The mechanism and generality of the known stabilization against autoxidation conferred on linoleic acid by certain basic amino acids, such as lysine and arginine, was investigated. Basic amino acids were the only class of compounds found to confer the effect. However, the smallest basic amino acid, 2,3-diaminopropionic acid, was not effective, nor was αβω-diaminc acid, 3,6-diaminohexanoic acid, although a simple isomer of lysine. The stabilization was observed only in the solid phase. Inclusion of sodium chloride in the solid matrix was deleterious to the effect. A large number of physical and chemical observations were made and correlated but it has not been possible to draw detailed conclusions about the mechanism of stabilization, nor can a detailed structure of the stabilized complex be suggested. The cause of the phenomenon appears to be closely associated with the physical arrangement of the ions in the crystal lattice.     

STABILITY OF AQUEOUS EMULSIONS OF THE ESSENTIAL OIL OF HOPS

Hop oil emulsions prepared from different varieties of hops have been found to exhibit enhanced physical stability on the addition of blends of the emulsifiers Span 20/Tween 80 or Span 60/Tween 60. Examination of the particle size and volume distributions of an emulsion by use of a Coulter Counter was found to be an excellent method of monitoring its stability. An indication as to the relative efficiency of emulsifiers can be obtained from Coulter Counter measurements on hop oil emulsions after storage for 4 days. The use of an ultracentrifuge provies a rapid means of testing emulsion stability and hence the effectiveness of emulsion stabilizers.     

矩阵乘积的行式,列式

给出了ｍ×ｍ矩阵与ｍ×ｎ矩阵的行（列）式的表达式．若Ａ＝ａ１１ａ１２…ａ１ｍａ２１ａ２２…ａ２ｍ……ａｍ１ａｍ２…ａｍｍＢ＝ｂ１１ｂ１２…ｂ１ｎｂ２１ｂ２２…ｂ２ｎ……ｂｍ１ｂｍ２…ｂｍｎ分别是ｍ×ｍ，ｍ×ｎ矩阵，则｜Ａ｜｜Ｂ｜＝｜ＡＢ｜＋∑ｉ１＜ｉ２＜…＜ｉｔｊ１＜ｊ２＜…＜ｊｔ１≤ｔ≤ｍｎ－ｔ≥ｍＮＢｉ１ｉ２…ｉｔｊ１ｊ２…ｊｔＮＡＢ１…ｍ（－１）ｓｔ＋１ｊｔ＋１…（－１）ｓｎｊｎ其中ｉ１，ｉ２，…，ｉｔ是１，２，…，ｍ中ｔ个数码；ｊ１，ｊ２，…，ｊｔ，ｊｔ＋１，…，ｊｎ是１，２，…，ｎ的一个排列；ｓｒ＝π（ｊ１，ｊ２，…，ｊｔ，ｊｒ）（ｒ＝１，２，…，ｎ）是排列ｊ１，ｊ２，…，ｊｔ，ｊｒ的反序数．     

百年风尚

一场流光溢彩、赏心悦目的展览,一段百年风尚演进的传奇旅程,一次东西方文化艺术的完美对话。2013年9月13日,“博萃臻艺一中西方珍宝艺术展”在辽宁省博物馆举行了隆重的开幕仪式,法兰西共和国驻华大使白林女士、辽宁省文物局局长丁辉先生、辽宁省博物馆馆长马宝杰先生、卡地亚全球总裁兼首席执行官邓阁仕先生、卡地亚区域行政总裁（北亚洲）陆慧全先生、卡地亚中国区首席执行官陆意斯先生、辽宁省文物店总经理张春鹰先生,以及众多文化界与文博界的贵宾齐聚一堂,共同见证了这场文化艺术盛事。     

基于复合运动理论推导求点的速度及加速度的球坐标法

本文基于点的复合运动理论,用球坐标法推导出点的速度及加速度的计算公式,进一步论证了理论力学中点的速度,加速度公式的正确性。     

DEVELOPMENT OF CHAINS OF CELLS OF SACCHAROMYCES CEREVISIAE DURING FERMENTATION

The lengths of chains of cells of Saccharomyces cerevisiae were studied during fermentation. Pitching yeast generally contained about half of the total number of cells as two-celled chains. The chain lengths varied during the subsequent fermentation and the variations were characteristic of the strain. Electronic counting assessments of chain length were unreliable.     

EFFECTS OF TYPES OF FAT AND OF RATES AND TEMPERATURES OF COMMINUTION ON DISPERSION OF LIPIDS IN FRANKFURTERS

ABSTRACT— The effect of time, temperature and rpm of comminution of emulsions was determined on the dispersion of approximately 25% of beef fat, pork fat or cottonseed oil in frankfurters. The numbers of lipid particles 5 μ or less in diameter increased in frankfurters containing either beef or pork fat as comminution was continued to higher temperatures, with pork fat dispersed more thoroughly. Fat tended to separate from frankfurters containing beef fat in particles 200 μ or more in diameter. In contrast, no specific degree of dispersion of particles 5 μ or less in diameter consistently indicated emulsion stability, or its lack. Increased rpm during comminution produced an increased dispersion of beef or pork fat. Under the same conditions pork fat was dispersed more finely than beef fat. Dispersion of cottonseed oil produced finely dispersed particles beyond the resolution of light microscopy, as was confirmed by electron microscopy which showed a substantial number of particles to be less than 1 μ in diameter.