烟草黑胫病菌对氟吗啉的敏感性检测及复配药剂的效果评价

为明确烟草黑胫病菌对氟吗啉的敏感性,延缓其对氟吗啉抗药性的产生,采用菌落生长速率法测定了烟草黑胫病菌对氟吗啉的敏感性,并利用Wadley方法对不同复配比例的甲霜灵与氟吗啉进行药效评价。选择具有较高抑菌活性的杀菌剂复配比例,采用Abbott模型评价甲霜灵和氟吗啉复配与解淀粉芽孢杆菌ZY-9-13协同使用的效果。结果表明,氟吗啉对71株烟草黑胫病菌菌株的EC50值分布在0.428 5~0.760 8μg/mL之间,平均EC_(50)值为0.588 4μg/mL,敏感性分布呈单峰曲线,未出现抗性菌株。氟吗啉与甲霜灵按体积比1∶10复配时,相加作用最为明显(EC_(50)为0.398 7μg/mL)。复配杀菌剂对解淀粉芽孢杆菌的生长无抑制作用,不同浓度的化学复配药剂与ZY-9-13(浓度为10~(10)cfu/mL)协同使用时,对烟草黑胫病菌的抑制效果高于药剂单独使用的抑制效果,两者具有增效作用。     

大理州烟草黑胫病菌对烯酰吗啉的敏感性测定

采用含药平板法建立烟草黑胫病菌对杀菌剂烯酰吗啉的敏感基线,并测定了2013年从云南省大理州各烟区分离纯化的烟草黑胫病菌菌株对烯酰吗啉的敏感性。结果显示,烟草黑胫病菌的敏感基线为1.4656 μg/mL;68个田间菌株对烯酰吗啉的EC₅₀值在0.5857~2.5254 μg/mL之间,平均为1.1118 μg/mL。表明烯酰吗啉对烟草黑胫病菌的活性较高,大理州烟草黑胫病菌的抗药性风险较低。烯酰吗啉可用于大理州烟草黑胫病的有效防控,但应与其他杀菌剂进行合理的轮换使用。     

烟草黑胫病菌研究进展(Ⅲ)

综述了烟草黑胫病菌抗甲霜灵菌株群体动态及抗性水平 ,抗药性产生的原因 ,抗甲霜灵菌株的生物学性状遗传与变异 ,甲霜灵对烟草黑胫病菌的毒性作用方式 ,烟草黑胫病菌对甲霜灵抗性的遗传稳定性 ,对甲霜灵的抗药性治理策略和核酸分子杂交技术、PCR、RAPD、RFLP、ELISA技术在烟草黑胫病菌研究中的应用以及烟草黑胫病菌毒性遗传等方面的最新研究进展。     

大蒜粗提物对烟草黑胫病菌的室内抑制作用

采用平板抑菌法测定了大蒜乙醇和水提取物对烟草黑胫病菌的抑菌效果.结果表明:大蒜提取物对烟草黑胫病菌有显著抑制作用,且随大蒜提取物浓度的增大而增强;大蒜乙醇提取物对烟草黑胫病菌的抑制作用优于水提取物.0.2 g/mL和0.3 g/mL浓度大蒜乙醇提取物对烟草黑胫病菌的抑制率均为100.00%;而0.3 g/mL浓度的大蒜水提取物的抑制率亦为100.00%;大蒜水提取物与乙醇提取物的有效抑制中浓度分别为0.04 g/mL和0.03 g/mL.因此,可尝试以大蒜为原料研制植物保护剂来防治烟草黑胫病.     

烟草黑胫病菌高效杀菌剂的筛选

为了筛选防治烟草黑胫病的有效药剂,采用菌丝生长速率法分析了22种杀菌剂对烟草黑胫病菌的抑制作用,测定了其中抑菌效果较好的7种杀菌剂对烟草黑胫病菌菌丝生长的EC50值,并以50%（质量分数）烯酰吗啉悬浮剂和25%（质量分数）甲霜灵可湿性粉剂为对照药剂,通过温室盆栽试验考察了23.4%（质量分数）双炔酰菌胺悬浮剂对烟草黑胫病的防效。结果表明,在供试的22种杀菌剂中,氟吗啉、申嗪霉素、甲霜灵、代森锰锌、丁吡吗啉、烯酰吗啉和双炔酰菌胺7种杀菌剂的抑菌效果较好,其对烟草黑胫病菌的EC50值分别为2.023 0、1.923 0、1.808 2、1.758 0、1.400 0、0.783 0和0.018 0 mg/L。23.4%双炔酰菌胺悬浮剂对烟草黑胫病的病指防效为80.11%,显著高于对照药剂50%烯酰吗啉悬浮剂（64.89%）和25%甲霜灵可湿性粉剂（66.05%）,可有效控制烟草黑胫病的危害。     

申嗪霉素对烟草黑胫病的毒力及防治效果

为探明申嗪霉素防治烟草黑胫病的潜力,在室内离体条件下测定其对烟草黑胫病菌菌丝生长、孢子囊形成和游动孢子释放的毒力,并通过温室盆栽和大田药效试验明确其对烟草黑胫病菌的防效及对烟草生长的影响。结果表明,申嗪霉素对沂水烟区黑胫病菌孢子囊的形成和游动孢子的释放抑制效果最好,EC₅₀值分别为0.31和0.35 μg/mL。室内防效结果表明,1%申嗪霉素悬浮剂（15 g a.i./hm²）对烟草黑胫病的防效为84.37%,显著高于25%甲霜灵可湿性粉剂（56.33%）和50%烯酰吗啉可湿性粉剂（80.55%）,而田间药效试验结果与室内防效基本一致,在冕宁和诸城两地1%申嗪霉素田间防效分别为90.49%和82.93%,显著高于对照药剂甲霜灵（71.89%,38.87%）和烯酰吗啉（78.42%,69.01%）。除此之外,申嗪霉素较甲霜灵和烯酰吗啉在提高株高、茎粗、有效叶片数及光合速率等指标效果更好。可见,申嗪霉素是防治烟草黑胫病的有效制剂,可作为甲霜灵和烯酰吗啉的轮换药剂使用。     

青霉菌QMYCS-2菌株的分离鉴定及其对烟草黑胫病的防治作用

为了寻找烟草黑胫病生物防治的有效途径,采用平板涂布法从健康烟株根际土壤中分离筛选出1株对烟草黑胫病菌(Phytophthora parasitica var.nicotianae)具有较强拮抗作用的青霉菌株(QMYCS-2),根据其形态学特征和ITS-r DNA序列分析,鉴定为马德里青霉菌(Penicillium madriti)。QMYCS-2菌株与黑胫病菌对峙培养抑菌结果表明,该菌株对烟草黑胫病菌的生长具有良好的抑制作用,抑制率达到71.76%。选取5种真菌培养液培养QMYCS-2菌株,获得不同的发酵滤液,测定其对烟草黑胫病菌的抑制作用,结果发现马铃薯葡萄糖液体培养基效果最好。比较QMYCS-2菌株发酵滤液与青霉素对黑胫病菌生长的抑制效果发现,二者抑菌效果差异很大,前者抑制率为64.89%~100.00%,后者最高为7.33%。温室测试QMYCS-2菌株发酵滤液对烟草黑胫病的防治效果(防效)达到73.25%,与常规药剂对照甲霜灵锰锌的防效(71.50%)相近。     

6种杀菌剂对烟草黑胫病菌的毒力测定

采用生长速率法对"谱克"、"银法利"、"烯酰锰锌"、"敌克松"、"利尔"和"甲霜灵锰锌"6种杀菌剂进行了毒力试验.结果表明:50%"谱克"、68.75%"银法利"和69%"烯酰锰锌"对烟草黑胫病菌菌丝生长均有较好的抑制效果,其中以50%"谱克"的效果最好,其EC50为1.2704 μg/mL;60%"敌克松"、50%"利尔"杀菌剂次之,EC50分别为304.2533 μg/mL和371.1388μg/mL;72%"甲霜灵锰锌"的EC50最高,为610.1751μg/mL.     

毒素胁迫烟草抗黑胫病鉴定及抗性指标分析

为建立一种高效准确的烟草黑胫病抗性鉴定方法,以4种具有不同抗性特性的烟草品种为材料,研究培养基附加不同浓度黑胫病病菌毒素及不同胁迫时间对烟草种子萌发和根系生长的影响。结果表明,烟草黑胫病病菌毒素胁迫对烟草种子的发芽率和根系生长均有抑制作用,抑制效果随胁迫浓度的增加而增强,且不同品种对毒素胁迫的耐受力不同,利用体积浓度为50%的毒素胁迫15 d时,抗病品种G28、中抗品种YN116、中感品种净叶黄、感病品种红花大金元的根系长进培养基中的株数比率分别为79.38%、70.74%、33.55%和13.36%。初步确定鉴别烟草种子抗性特性的最佳粗毒素胁迫浓度为50%（即含蛋白质13.53μg/mL,含糖19.64 mg/mL）、最佳鉴定时间为胁迫15 d,利用该方法可在短期内高效准确地鉴定出不同品种（种质）对烟草黑胫病的抗感水平,加快烟草抗黑胫病育种进程。     

烟草根际土壤浸出液刺激烟草疫霉产孢和接种研究

通过烟草疫霉游动孢子接种处理,研究了烟草黑胫病菌的产孢条件和人工接种方法。结果表明:根际草炭土和田间肥沃土浸出液均能刺激黑茎病菌产生孢子囊和游动孢子,施加40μL烟草根际草碳土浸出液和60μL田间肥沃土浸出液,两种处理的孢子囊最高产量分别为1.43×104个/mL和1.06×104个/mL;2种土壤浸出液均在40μL处理时游动孢子的产量最高,分别为3.12×106个/mL和2.30×106个/mL。烟草黑胫病菌接种方法的比较结果表明,茎基部注射接种致病效果要明显优于灌根接种。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.