草苁蓉多糖对HepG2细胞氧化应激的抑制作用

研究草苁蓉多糖(BRPS)对过氧化氢(H_2O_2)所致HepG2细胞氧化应激的抑制作用。以HepG2细胞为研究对象,通过H_2O_2诱导细胞氧化应激损伤模型,采用四甲基偶氮唑盐比色(MTT)法检测细胞存活率;比色法检测培养液中乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)、谷草转氨酶(AST)、谷丙转氨酶(ALT)活性以及细胞中超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、还原型谷胱甘肽(GSH)及丙二醛(MDA)水平;蛋白印迹法测定细胞外信号调节蛋白激酶(ERK)、c-Jun氨基末端激酶(JNK)、p38丝裂原活化蛋白激酶(p38)活化水平。结果表明,BRPS在质量浓度12.5 mg/L~50 mg/L范围内对HepG2细胞存活率无显著影响,对细胞安全。而H_2O_2诱导使HepG2细胞存活率和抗氧化能力下降,细胞内ERK和JNK磷酸化水平升高。与H_2O_2模型组相比,BRPS预处理可提高细胞存活率;降低培养液中LDH、AST和ALT活性;降低细胞内MDA含量,升高细胞中SOD活性和GSH含量,降低细胞内ERK和JNK磷酸化水平。提示,BRPS对H_2O_2所致HepG2细胞氧化应激具有抑制作用,减轻其细胞损伤。     

鹅皮胶原蛋白肽对H_2O_2诱导IEC-6细胞氧化损伤的保护作用

为探究鹅皮胶原蛋白肽对H_2O_2诱导IEC-6细胞氧化损伤的保护作用,建立了H_2O_2诱导IEC-6细胞氧化损伤模型,测定胶原蛋白肽处理后IEC-6细胞存活率和IEC-6细胞中MDA、LDH、SOD、CAT、GSH-Px的活性变化。结果表明:胶原蛋白肽质量浓度范围在50~200 mg/L时,对IEC-6细胞无明显细胞毒性作用;与胶原蛋白肽质量浓度为0 mg/L试验组相比,胶原蛋白肽质量浓度在150 mg/L时,MDA的含量显著降至5.3 nmol/mg蛋白(P0.05),LDH释放率减少至12.6%(P0.05);IEC-6细胞内SOD的活性增加至41.8 U/mg蛋白(P0.05),CAT的活性提高到7.1 U/mg蛋白(P0.05),GSH-Px的活性提高到118.4 U/mg蛋白(P0.05),此研究显示胶原蛋白肽能够保护IEC-6细胞被H_2O_2诱导引起的氧化损伤。     

过氧化氢诱导H epG 2细胞氧化应激模型的建立

建立过氧化氢(H_2O_2)介导的HepG2细胞氧化应激模型,为筛选抗氧化活性物质以及揭示抗氧化应激机制提供细胞学模型。采用不同浓度H_2O_2处理Hep G2细胞不同时间,噻唑蓝(3-(4,5-Dimethyl-2-thiazolyl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide,MTT)法检测细胞存活率,二氯荧光黄双乙酸盐(2′,7′-Dichlorofluorescin diacetate,DCFH-DA)法检测活性氧(Reactive oxygen species,ROS)水平,分光光度法检测丙二醛(Malondialdehyde,MDA)含量,以及超氧化物歧化酶(Superoxide dismutase,SOD)、过氧化氢酶(Catlase,CAT)和谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(Glutathione peroxidase,GSH-Px)活性。结果表明,随着H_2O_2浓度升高和作用时间延长,Hep G2细胞存活率降低,ROS水平和MDA含量升高,SOD、CAT和GSH-Px活性降低。与对照组相比,200μmol/L H_2O_22处理Hep G2细胞6 h,细胞存活率显著降低(P0.05),仅为63.1%;ROS水平和MDA含量显著升高(P0.05),分别为127.1%和135.1%;SOD、CAT和GSH-Px活性显著降低(P0.05),分别为77.28%、78.56%和77.41%。H_2O_2诱导HepG2细胞建立氧化应激模型的最佳条件为H_2O_2作用浓度200μmol/L,作用时间6 h。     

沙棘粕提取物对H2O2诱导的B16F10细胞氧化损伤的保护及修复

研究了沙棘粕提取物(SBSE)对B16F10细胞氧化应激损伤的保护及修复作用。首先建立了过氧化氢(H_2O_2)诱导的B16F10细胞氧化损伤模型,完成了流式细胞术对损伤模型的评价;其次,研究了SBSE预处理对细胞防御H_2O_2诱导的氧化损伤细胞活力的影响,以及对损伤模型的修复作用;再次,比较了各SBSE处理组与模型组细胞谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)、超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)和过氧化氢酶(CAT)活性以及丙二醛(MDA)水平。结果:H_2O_2的诱导条件为300μg/mL处理4 h,流式细胞术检测发现,H_2O_2处理4 h后活细胞百分比由(91.61±1.14)%降至(49.77±2.74)%(P0.01),早期凋亡细胞由(1.97±0.34)%升至(17.91±3.55)%(P0.01),晚期凋亡率升至(21.24±2.61)%,并且H_2O_2处理6 h的晚期凋亡细胞显著上升,晚期凋亡率在60%以上。利用H_2O_2刺激SBSE预处理后的B16F10细胞,结果发现0.10 mg/mL SBSE处理后的细胞活力显著高于模型组(P0.05),抗氧化酶活力显著提升,细胞内MDA的积累显著降低;不同浓度SBSE处理损伤模型,0.10mg/mL SBSE具有一定的修复作用(P0.05),其GSH-Px、CAT和SOD活力显著高于模型组(P0.05,P0.01,P0.01),MDA水平显著降低(P0.05)。由此可见,SBSE通过提高细胞GSH-Px、CAT和SOD的活性,降低过氧化产物MDA的含量来保护和修复H_2O_2诱导的B16F10细胞氧化损伤。     

矢车菊素-3-O-葡萄糖苷对H_2O_2诱导细胞氧化损伤的保护作用

目的:研究矢车菊素-3-O-葡萄糖苷(C3G)对人胚肾HEK-293细胞氧化损伤的保护作用。方法:通过检测细胞活力、活性氧(ROS)水平和丙二醛(MDA)水平考察C3G对氧化损伤细胞的影响,并采用Western blot法和q RTPCR检测Nrf2和Keap1的蛋白表达量和m RNA表达量变化。结果表明:C3G预处理氧化应激细胞后,细胞活力显著高于H_2O_2损伤组(p 0.05),并呈浓度依赖性提高; H_2O_2损伤组的DCF荧光强于对照组,ROS相对含量增加到近2倍,1.25、5、20μmol/L C3G预处理后细胞荧光强度逐渐减弱,ROS相对量呈浓度依赖性降低; C3G预处理后细胞MDA水平呈浓度依赖性降低; 1.25、5、20μmol/L C3G处理后,Nrf2的m RNA表达和蛋白表达量均呈浓度依赖性上调,Keap1蛋白表达量显著低于H_2O_2损伤组(p 0.05),5和20μmol/L C3G对Keap1的m RNA下调作用明显。结论:矢车菊素-3-O-葡萄糖苷对HEK-293细胞有保护作用,可降低细胞ROS和MDA水平,其作用机制可能是通过激活Nrf2/Keap1信号通路以抵抗H_2O_2导致的细胞氧化损伤。     

乌鸡低聚肽的成分分析及抗氧化活性研究

在对乌鸡低聚肽氨基酸组成及相对分子质量分布分析的基础上,对其保护过氧化氢(H2O2)所致人肝癌细胞(Hep G2)氧化损伤的作用进行了研究。采用不同浓度乌鸡低聚肽作用Hep G2细胞4 h,然后用150μmol/L H2O2对细胞进行氧化损伤,4 h后以细胞存活率、细胞内活性氧(ROS)水平、一氧化氮(NO)及乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)释放量评价乌鸡低聚肽对H2O2所致Hep G2细胞氧化损伤的保护作用。研究结果表明,乌鸡低聚肽中谷氨酸含量最高(17.26%),其次是天冬氨酸(9.52%);相对分子质量小于1000 u的组分高达92.33%;乌鸡低聚肽具有提高细胞存活率、抑制细胞内ROS生成、减少NO及LDH释放的功能,对降低Hep G2细胞的氧化应激水平及提高细胞抗氧化能力具有较好的作用效果。从细胞水平上揭示了乌鸡低聚肽对过氧化所致的氧化损伤具有一定的预防保护作用。     

富硒油茶籽油对H2O2诱导HaCaT细胞氧化损伤的保护作用研究

探究油茶籽油对过氧化氢诱导人永生化表皮细胞(HaCaT)氧化损伤的保护作用。以油茶果经物理压榨所得油茶籽油为材料,以体外培养的HaCaT细胞为试验对象,试验分为空白对照组、过氧化氢(H_2O_2)模型损伤组、阳性对照组(VC)、处理组(油茶籽油5～500μg/m L预处理),以细胞内细胞存活率(凋亡率)、SOD、GSH-PX、ROS及其Nrf2基因表达水平为综合评价指标,评价油茶籽油的抗氧化性。结果表明:当加入油茶籽油对细胞进行预保护后,质量浓度50～200μg/m L的油茶籽油对损伤细胞的存活率在70%～82%之间,较H_2O_2模型损伤组的高。50μg/m L油茶籽油处理组细胞凋亡率为4. 49%,较H_2O_2模型损伤组降低了44. 77%;细胞内SOD水平(22. 09 U/mg)、GSH-PX水平(64. 50 U/mg)较H_2O_2模型损伤组升高了46. 68%、63. 66%,且存在明显差异(P 0. 05);而ROS水平显著下降,与H_2O_2模型损伤组(88. 27)相比细胞内平均荧光强度下降了37. 66%;此时Nrf2基因相对表达量为1. 13,较模型组提高了101. 78%;各指标均较优于阳性对照50μg/m L VC处理组的效果。说明油茶籽油对H_2O_2造成的氧化损伤具有一定的预保护作用,且好于相同质量浓度的VC处理效果,可进一步将其开发成相应的天然有效抗氧化剂产品。     

黑灵芝多糖对氧化应激所致心肌细胞损伤的影响

目的：研究黑灵芝多糖(PSG-1)对氧化应激所致大鼠乳鼠心肌细胞损伤的影响。方法：采用过氧化氢(H2O2)作用于心肌细胞,建立氧化应激损伤模型,观察细胞搏动频率,MTT 法测定细胞存活率;比色法测定细胞乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)和超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)的活性及丙二醛(MDA)的含量,流式细胞仪检测细胞内的活性(ROS),蛋白印迹检测细胞SOD 的蛋白表达。结果：PSG-1 预处理可减少MDA 含量,ROS 产生及LDH 的漏出,增加心肌细胞搏动频率、细胞存活率和SOD 活性及蛋白表达并且呈剂量依赖性。结论：PSG-1 对心肌细胞氧化应激损伤具有保护作用,其保护作用可能与降低MDA、ROS 的含量,增强SOD 活性及蛋白的表达有关。     

白藜芦醇对不同时间高糖诱导HepG2细胞氧化损伤的保护作用

研究白藜芦醇对不同时间高糖诱导HepG2氧化损伤的保护作用。33 mmol/L高糖作为诱导剂,与不同浓度白藜芦醇(0.1、1、10μmol/L)共同孵育24、48、72 h,采用MTT法检测其对损伤细胞存活率的影响,DCFH-DA荧光探针法检测细胞自由基水平,测定细胞超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、丙二醛(MDA)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-PX)、总抗氧化能力(T-AOC)水平,Real-time PCR测定Nrf2、HO-1 mRNA表达水平,探讨白藜芦醇对高糖损伤细胞的保护作用及可能机制。结果表明,白藜芦醇与高糖共同作用48 h以上时,各浓度组均能显著提高损伤细胞存活率,显著降低细胞自由基水平(p0.05);各浓度组均能改善模型氧化还原状态,其中10μmol/L白藜芦醇作用48 h时效果极显著(p0.01);10μmol/L白藜芦醇作用48 h时,极显著上调Nrf2、HO-1mRNA表达水平(p0.01)。因此,白藜芦醇能通过清除细胞自由基、改善细胞氧化还原状态、上调抗氧化通路相关基因表达,抑制高糖诱导HepG2细胞的损伤。     

软枣猕猴桃原花青素对H2O2诱导细胞损伤的预保护作用

研究软枣猕猴桃中原花青素类化合物对过氧化氢损伤人永生化表皮细胞(Ha Cat)的保护作用。以浏阳市大围山软枣猕猴桃为试材,以体外培养的Ha Cat细胞为实验对象。试验分为3组,分别为对照组、过氧化氢损伤组、处理组(软枣猕猴桃原花青素5～1000μg/mL预处理),以细胞内细胞存活率(凋亡率)、SOD(超氧化物歧化酶)、GSH-PX(谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶)、ROS(活性氧簇)、Nrf2基因及其蛋白表达水平为综合评价指标,评价其抗氧化性强弱。实验结果表明:当加入原花青素类化合物对细胞进行预保护后,5～500μg/L浓度的原花青素对损伤细胞的存活率为77%左右,较模型组提高了2.88倍。处理组细胞内SOD(10.46 U/mg prot)、GSH-PX水平(33.83 U/mg prot)较模型组升高了108.28%、137.48%,且存在明显差异(p0.05);而ROS水平显著下降,与模型组(96.21)相比细胞内平均荧光强度下降了48.60%。此时Nrf2基因及其蛋白表达量分别为1.40、35.11较模型组分别提高了63.93%、80.70%。这说明软枣猕猴桃中原花青素类化合物对H_2O_2造成Ha Cat细胞的氧化损伤具有一定的预保护作用,可进一步将其开发成相应的天然有效抗氧化剂产品应用于市场中。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.