中国居民成人饮酒者DEHP的风险评估

评估中国居民成人饮白酒者(以下简称饮酒者)DEHP膳食摄入水平及其健康风险。方法 利用2011—2013年间收集的24类食品中DEHP含量数据(9 284条),结合2002年中国居民营养与健康状况调查数据,采用简单分布评估的方法,对我国居民成人饮酒者全人群以及18～59岁(男、女)、60岁以上(男、女)4个不同年龄组人群DEHP膳食摄入水平及其健康风险进行评估。结果 各类食品DEHP平均含量为0.12 mg/kg。成人饮酒者全人群DEHP膳食平均摄入量为2.23 μg/kg BW,占TDI(50 μg/kg BW)的4.45%,最高摄入量为10.04 μg/kg BW。其中18～59岁的男性饮酒者的DEHP平均摄入量和最高摄入量均高于其他性别年龄组。对成人饮酒者全人群而言,大米是成人饮酒者贡献率最高的食品,达26.97%,远高于其他类别食品。其次是白酒,为15.89%。结论 中国居民成人饮酒者DEHP膳食摄入水平低于健康指导值,健康风险较低。     

青岛市市北区居民主要邻苯二甲酸酯类物质膳食暴露水平及其风险评估

目的分析青岛市北区主要食品中邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP)和邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)含量水平,计算本区居民膳食暴露水平并进行初步风险评估。方法全区采集7类样品共281份,采用气相色谱-质谱法测定食品中DEHP和DBP的含量。利用食品中DEHP和DBP的平均含量,同时结合居民平均食物消费量,计算7类食品的DEHP和DBP的膳食暴露水平,并分别与DEHP和DBP的每日可耐受摄入量(tolerable daily intake,TDI)比较,初步评估市北区居民主要食品中DEHP和DBP的暴露风险。结果 7类食品中DEHP和DBP的含量范围分别为0.00~5.90和0.00~7.20 mg/kg BW。市北区居民经7类食品中DEHP和DBP暴露量分别为0.006 927和0.005 558mg/kg BW,均未超过相应的TDI。结论市北区居民经7类食品摄入DEHP和DBP的的健康风险较低。     

毒理学关注阈值方法的建立及其在食品接触材料评估中的应用

目的以邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP)为模式化学物,建立可用于食品接触材料的毒理学关注阈值(TTC)风险评估方法。方法建立基于Cramer结构分类的TTC决策树方法;利用Cramer结构分类流程和Toxtree软件对DEHP进行Cramer结构分类;利用2002年中国居民营养与健康状况调查数据和部分食物中DEHP的监测数据,估计我国不同年龄组人群通过饮料、植物油、发酵乳、方便面、果冻、果酱的DEHP暴露量,并按照TTC决策树方法对DEHP进行风险评估;同时,采用传统的风险评估方法进行验证。结果 DEHP属于Cramer I类结构,其对应的TTC阈值为30μg/kg BW。我国居民的DEHP最大暴露量为4.06μg/kg BW,4个年龄组的最大暴露量为11.10μg/kg BW,分别占DEHP TTC阈值的13.5%和37.0%。按照DEHP的健康指导值———每日耐受摄入量(TDI)(50μg/kg BW)计算,全人群和4个年龄组的最大暴露量分别占TDI的8.1%和22.2%,两种方法的风险评估结果基本一致。结论 TTC决策树方法是一种有效的风险评估工具,可用于食品接触材料的优先筛选和初步评估。我国居民膳食DEHP的健康风险较低,不需要引起健康关注。     

烟台市居民经饮料和白酒摄入邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯和邻苯二甲酸二丁酯的风险评估

目的通过对烟台市居民饮料及白酒中邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)和邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP)含量检测分析,计算烟台市居民膳食暴露风险并进行初步评价。方法在烟台市采集饮料和白酒样品共385份,采用气相色谱-质谱法测定饮料及白酒中DBP和DEHP的含量。利用饮料及白酒中DBP和DEHP的平均含量,结合居民平均食物消费量,计算烟台市居民经饮料和白酒摄入的DBP和DEHP水平,并分别与DBP和DEHP的每日可耐受摄入量(TDI)进行比较,初步评估烟台市居民经饮料及白酒摄入的DBP和DEHP的健康风险。结果饮料及白酒中DBP和DEHP含量范围分别为未检出(ND)~4.106和ND~3.285 mg/kg。烟台市居民饮料和白酒中DBP和DEHP暴露量分别为0.038和0.031μg/kg BW,远远低于健康指导值。结论烟台市居民经饮料及白酒摄入DBP和DEHP的健康风险较低。     

中国居民邻苯二甲酸二丁酯膳食摄入水平及其风险评估

目的了解我国主要食品中邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)的含量,评估我国居民经膳食暴露于DBP的水平以及潜在的健康风险。方法利用2011—2013年收集的24类食品中的DBP含量数据以及2002年中国居民食物消费量调查数据,采用简单分布评估方法,计算我国居民DBP膳食摄入水平,以及不同食物对DBP摄入的贡献率,并与每日可耐受摄入量(TDI,0.01 mg/kg BW)比较,进行风险特征描述。结果各种食品中DBP的含量范围为0.00~46.50 mg/kg,平均含量为0.11 mg/kg,全人群的膳食DBP平均摄入量为1.21μg/kg BW,占TDI的12.08%。全人群高食物消费量人群(P97.5)的DBP摄入量为2.84μg/kg BW,占TDI的28.42%。大米、方便面对DBP膳食摄入的贡献率较高,分别为20.30%和15.34%。结论中国居民膳食DBP摄入的健康风险较低,处于可接受水平。     

RISK21分析工具在邻苯二甲酸酯类物质膳食暴露风险评估中应用研究

目的应用RISK21框架和工具分析我国2～6岁儿童邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基)己基酯(DEHP)、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)、邻苯二甲酸二异壬酯(DINP)、邻苯二甲酸丁基苄基酯(BBP)、邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯(DIBP)、邻苯二甲酸二甲酯(DMP)、邻苯二甲酸二乙酯(DEP)7种邻苯二甲酸酯类物质(PAEs)的膳食暴露风险,为风险管理决策提供科学基础。方法以PAEs的毒性为纵坐标,以暴露为横坐标,以暴露限值(MOE)和不确定系数为参数,应用RISK21工具中RISK PLOT模块,通过矩阵计算,以图形展示2～6岁儿童暴露于7种PAEs的风险大小和等级。应用TTC PLOT模块,分析毒理学资料缺乏的DMP、DEP、DIBP 3种PAEs的暴露风险。结果 RISK PLOT表明一般人群7种PAEs均处于风险较低的绿色区域;高食物消费量人群7种PAEs暴露风险排序为DBP、DIBP、DEHP、DMP、DEP、DINP及BBP, TTC PLOT显示我国2～6岁儿童DMP、DEP、DIBP膳食暴露风险低于相应的毒理学关注阈值(TTC)。结论 RISK21框架和工具可应用于风险评估及其后期的管理决策, RISK21分析结果表明我国2～6岁儿童7种PAEs膳食暴露风险较低。     

陕西省居民膳食中铝暴露风险评估

目的了解陕西省市售食品中铝污染状况,评估陕西省居民膳食中铝摄入水平及其潜在的健康风险。方法 2013—2015年在陕西省10个地市随机采集8类食品共计666份,按照食品中铝测定的标准操作程序进行检测,结合陕西省开展的居民膳食营养状况调查中各类食物的消费量数据,采用点评估方法,对陕西省不同性别-年龄组人群膳食中铝摄入水平及其潜在的风险进行评估。结果陕西省居民全人群膳食中铝平均每日摄入量为0.154 9 mg/kg BW,不同性别-年龄组人群以18~59岁女性摄入量最高,为0.178 5 mg/kg BW。当食物中铝含量取P97.5数值时,膳食中铝摄入量最高的人群是2~7岁儿童。各性别-年龄组人群膳食中铝平均暴露量(铝含量数据采用平均值)安全限值(MOS值)均1,偏高暴露量(铝含量数据采用P97.5数值)MOS值均1。2~7岁和8~12岁儿童膳食中铝摄入贡献率较高的食品是油炸食品和焙烤食品,其他组人群膳食中铝摄入贡献率前3位的食品均是油炸食品、凉皮和淀粉制品。结论陕西省居民不同性别-年龄组人群膳食中铝偏高暴露量已超过最新的健康指导值。女性和儿童是暴露量较高的人群,油炸食品是不同性别-年龄组人群膳食中铝摄入的最主要来源。     

内蒙古自治区居民膳食中铝暴露风险评估

目的 了解内蒙古自治区主要食品中铝的污染现状,对当地居民膳食中铝暴露风险进行评估。方法 对2010—2018年内蒙古自治区食品安全风险监测中主要含铝添加剂食品的铝残留量进行分析,结合2012年内蒙古自治区居民食物消费量数据,按照性别-年龄组计算内蒙古自治区居民膳食中铝摄入量并评估其健康风险。结果 本次评估主要的含铝添加剂食品9类共1 083份,其中铝的检出率为69.44%(752/1 083),铝残留量均值为142.81 mg/kg,含量范围为2.50～2 950.00 mg/kg;全人群膳食中铝每周平均摄入量为0.692 mg/kg BW,低于食品添加剂联合专家委员会(JECFA)制定的每周可耐受摄入量(PTWI,2 mg/kg BW),高食物消费量人群膳食中铝每周摄入量为4.868 mg/kg BW,是PTWI的2.43倍;不同性别-年龄组人群膳食中铝每周平均摄入量均未超过PTWI,但各性别-年龄组人群的平均铝摄入量随年龄增加有降低的趋势。结论 粉条、油条中含铝添加剂超标现象严重,膨化食品、发酵面制品中存在含铝添加剂超范围使用现象。各性别-年龄组高消费量人群铝的暴露风险较大,相关部门需加强含铝添加剂超范围、超标使用的监管力度。     

典型膳食来源亚硝酸钠暴露对我国人群健康风险的研究

目的 评估中国居民膳食因素亚硝酸钠摄入量及对健康影响的潜在风险,为食品安全风险管理提供科学依据.方法 应用典型食品(酱类、肉制品和腌菜)中亚硝酸钠含量的实际监测结果和我国居民对含亚硝酸钠食品实际的膳食消费量数据,采用简单分布模型方法,对我国居民全人群的膳食亚硝酸钠摄入量进行估计,并与国际组织JECFA制定的亚硝酸钠每日允许摄入量(ADI)进行比较.结果 全人群的亚硝酸钠平均摄入量为0.021 mg/kgBW/day,占ADI的30.0％,而高暴露人群(亚硝酸钠摄入量的P97.5)的亚硝酸钠摄入量为0.150 mg/kg BW/day,是ADI的2.1倍;各性别-年龄组人群的膳食亚硝酸钠平均摄入量均未超过ADI,但就各组高暴露人群而言,亚硝酸钠摄入量范围为0.124 8 ～0.275 0 mg/kg BW/day,是ADI的1.8～3.9倍;酱/咸菜是我国居民膳食亚硝酸钠摄入的主要来源,占总摄入量的61.9％.结论 我国全人群平均膳食亚硝酸钠摄入量处于安全水平,但高暴露人群摄入的亚硝酸钠具有较高的健康风险,需予以重点关注;调整饮食习惯和行为,改进食品加工工艺,最大限度地减少外源性亚硝酸盐的添加和内源性亚硝酸钠的产生是降低我国居民膳食亚硝酸钠摄入的有效手段.     

包书膜中邻苯二甲酸酯的暴露风险评价

对包书膜中的邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基己基)酯(DEHP)、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯(DBP)和邻苯二甲酸丁基苄酯(BBP)3种邻苯二甲酸酯的总和进行了风险分析。根据美国EPA推荐的人体暴露风险评价方法和GB/T22760—2008《消费品安全风险评估通则》的规定,对包书膜中邻苯二甲酸酯进行人体暴露风险评价。结果表明,包书膜中的邻苯二甲酸酯会对儿童的身体健康造成影响,且风险较大。     

Occurrence of phthalates in different food matrices: A systematic review of the main sources of contamination and potential risks

This systematic review aimed to investigate the occurrence of phthalates (phthalic acid esters [PAEs]) in different food matrices, as well as report the main sources of PAEs in food, the potential risks to the population, and the factors that influence its migration from food contact materials (FCMs) to food. Nineteen PAEs were identified, including di-(2-ehtylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), dibutyl-phthalate (DBP), benzylbutyl phthalate (BBP), diisononyl phthalate (DINP), and diisodecyl phthalate (DIDP) in fruits and vegetables, milk and dairy products, cereals, meat, fish, fat and oils, snacks, condiments and sauces, miscellaneous, and baby food. Fifty-seven values of PAEs were above the legal limits of countries. DEHP is the PAE with the highest incidence, with maximum concentrations above the specific migration limit (SML) for milk and dairy products, oils and fats, fish, cereals, condiments and sauces, meat, and fruits and vegetables. The risk of exceeding the tolerable daily intake (TDI) was high for DEHP and DBP in fish, fat and oils, cereals, and milk and dairy products for children and adults. Fat and oils are the most critical food for DEHP, DBP, BBP, and DINP. Comparing the estimated daily intake (EDI) with the TDI, there was a risk for “milk and dairy products” in adults and for “cereal and cereal products” in children concerning DEHP. “Cereal and cereal products” presented a risk in children and adults concerning DBP. The “fat and oils” category presented a risk in children and adults about DBP and DINP. Temperature, contact time between food and the FCM, fat percent, and acidity positively correlate with the PAE's migration. The contamination occurs in many steps of the production chain.     

An Efficient Assay for Simultaneous Quantification of Ethyl Carbamate and Phthalate Esters in Chinese Liquor by Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry

An efficient assay was developed by gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) for simultaneous quantifying of ethyl carbamate (EC) and phthalate esters (PAEs, dibutylphthalate (DBP) and di (2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP)) in Chinese liquor. Samples were directly detected using ethyl-d5 carbamate (D5-EC) and diisoamyl phthalate (DIPP) as internal standards without any pretreatment. The detection limits were 0.56, 0.70, and 1.13 μg/L for EC, DBP, and DEHP, respectively. The average recoveries were 97.0–104.0, 96.9–105.0, and 85.0–124.2% for EC, DBP, and DEHP with relative standard deviations of 0.5–1.3, 1.6–4.2, and 2.2–5.3%, respectively. The proposed method is suitable for routine analysis of EC and PAEs in liquor due to its shorter detection time and simple pretreatment. With assistance of the established method, the contents of EC, DBP, and DEHP in Chinese liquor during the distillation process were assayed and a higher level of EC was found in the head and tail of liquor distillation.     

河南植烟土壤6种邻苯二甲酸酯污染特征分析

  目的  探索邻苯二甲酸酯（PAEs）在河南植烟土壤中的污染状况。  方法  采集了7个县区203份耕层土壤样品,气相色谱质谱法分析了邻苯二甲酸二甲酯（DMP）、邻苯二甲酸正二丁酯（DBP）、邻苯二甲酸二（2-乙基己基）酯（DEHP）、邻苯二甲酸二乙酯（DEP）、邻苯二甲酸丁基苄酯（BBP）和邻苯二甲酸正二辛酯（DnOP）等6类PAEs含量。  结果  （1）河南植烟土壤PAEs污染物检出频率较高,以DBP、DEHP污染物为主,均值分别为0.348 mg/kg和0.131 mg/kg。参考美国土壤PAEs控制标准,河南植烟土壤DBP超标率达97.8%,DMP超标率为5.42%,6种单因子PAEs含量均未超过其治理标准。（2）不同县区之间土壤PAEs污染程度不同;相比卢氏县,豫中地区叶县、建安、郏县、襄县的植烟土壤DBP单因子及PAEs综合污染指数相对较高。（3）土壤DBP含量与土壤pH值呈显著负相关,与土壤蛋白含量呈极显著正相关。（4）与0~3年烤烟种植年限相比,种植4年后的植烟土壤DMP、DBP和PAEs总量显著升高。      

Phthalate Sample Preparation Methods and Analysis in Food and Food Packaging: a Review

A review on phthalate esters or phthalic acid esters (PAEs), chemicals of concern since a few decades ago that are widely used as plasticizers in food processing and packaging, is presented taking into account the background of such compounds, the metabolism, human exposure to PAEs, the sources and occurrence in food as well as the toxicological aspects and human health effects. In addition, 45 novel research articles that were published between 2002 and 2017 were identified and their results were tabulated showing the PAEs analysed, food matrix of PAEs, methods of sample preparation/extraction, methods of instrumental analysis and quantitation, percentage recovery and limit of detection (LOD) of the instrument for ease of comparison and referencing. In general, it was found that in the last 15 years, the number of PAEs analysed has increased from the commonly analysed 8 PAEs, namely dimethyl phthalate (DMP), diethyl phthalate (DEP), diisobutyl phthalate (DIBP), di-n-butyl phthalate (DBP), butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP), dicyclohexyl phthalate (DCHP), di-n-octyl phthalate (DNOP) and di-(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP) to as many as 23 PAEs. The methods of sample preparation have also progressed from the simple liquid-liquid extraction using organic solvents to solid-phase microextraction techniques to the more recent head-space or direct immersion solid-phase microextraction methods. Whereas for the analysis of PAEs, gas chromatography and liquid chromatography are still the preferred methods with improved LOD of analysis ranging from approximately 10 ppm for fatty foods to 1–60 ppt for water, juices and cooking oil samples.     

Concentrations of phthalates in bottled water under common storage conditions: Do they pose a health risk to children?

Of recent concern is the migration of phthalates from plastic products such as Polyethylene Terephthalate (PET) bottles into the water contain. These concerns should be addressed, especially considering the steady growth of the consumption of bottled water and the toxicological effects of phthalates. In this regard, special attention should be paid to children's consumption because of their particular susceptibility to the effects of phthalates.The aim of this study was to determine the concentrations of phthalates, including dibutyl phthalate (DBP), butyl benzyl phthalate (BBP) and bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate (DEHP), in bottled water and to estimate the health risk of endocrine disrupting chemicals due to water intake in children for the first time.Migration of phthalates was investigated in PET-bottled water under various storage conditions using gas chromatography–mass spectroscopy. A phthalate exposure assessment was performed to characterize their risk to the children's health via a calculated hazard quotient (HQ).It seems that increase in the temperature and the duration of storage affect phthalate migration, but the level of DEHP in bottled water was always very low and does not exceed 26.83% of the U.S. EPA maximum concentration limit (MCL). In particular, phthalate migration was not substantial at low temperatures (< 25 °C) and freezing conditions and the most abundant phthalate (DEHP) was not more than 10.6% MCL.The estimated child intake ranged from 0.01 μg/kg/day for BBP to 0.24 μg/kg/day for DEHP. Estimated phthalate intakes are generally in the safe range and exposure decreased with increasing age. Toxicological risk assessment of the maximum concentrations measured revealed a maximum HQ of 0.012 in the worst condition. Furthermore, a negligible carcinogenic risk of 6.5 × 10^− 7 for DEHP was observed. Consequently, risk evaluation showed that bottled water is safe for consumption by children.     

白酒中两种邻苯二甲酸酯类膳食暴露风险评估

对2013~2015年湖南省内超市、批发市场等白酒进行抽检,采用概率评估法对白酒中的两种邻苯二甲酸酯类[邻苯二甲酸二丁酯、邻苯二甲酸二(2-乙基)己酯]的膳食暴露进行风险评估。结果表明:湖南省的白酒邻苯二甲酸酯类膳食暴露总体上处于安全水平,但饮酒量在240g/d以上的成年饮酒者,DBP的高百分位(95%)暴露水平接近欧洲食品安全局(EFSA)制定的每日耐受摄入量值(TDI值),存在一定的暴露风险。     

气相色谱-质谱联用法直接测定植物油料中邻苯二甲酸酯类塑化剂

建立有机溶剂萃取、N-正丙基乙二胺（N-(n-propyl) ethylenediamine,PSA）玻璃固相萃取柱净化、内标法定量、气相色谱-质谱法直接测定植物油料中邻苯二甲酸二甲酯（dimethyl phthalate,DMP）、邻苯二甲酸二乙酯（diethyl phthalate,DEP）、邻苯二甲酸二异丁酯（di-iso-butyl phthalate,DIBP）、邻苯二甲酸二丁酯（dibutylphthalate,DBP）、邻苯二甲酸丁基苄基酯（butyl benzyl phthalate,BBP）、邻苯二甲酸二（2-乙基）己酯（di(2-ethtlhexyl) phthalate,DEHP）和邻苯二甲酸正辛酯（di-n-octyl phthalate,DNOP）7 种邻苯二甲酸酯的方法。该方法在0.01～2.0 mg/L范围内具有良好的线性关系,相关系数R2在0.999 8～1.000 0之间,仪器检出限（RSN=3）为0.01～0.02 μg/L,定量限（RSN=10）为0.03～0.06 μg/L。7 种目标物在0.1、0.5、1.0 mg/kg的加标水平下平均回收率为77.2%～98.8%,相对标准偏差为0.62%～9.37%（n=6）。采用本方法对不同种类、不同产地的76 个植物油料样品中7 种邻苯二甲酸酯类塑化剂含量进行测定。结果表明：所有受检植物油料样品中均检出DBP和DEHP,范围分别为（0.015±0.002）～（0.584±0.012） mg/kg和（0.085±0.006）～（2.334±0.016） mg/kg,检出率均为100%（76/76）;DIBP、DEP、DMP、BBP、DNOP检出率分别为98.7%（75/76）、64.5%（49/76）、63.2%（48/76）、32.9%（25/76）、5.3%（4/76）。17 个油料样品中DBP含量超出国家标准限量（≤0.3 mg/kg）,超标率为22.4%;1 个油料样品中DEHP含量超出国家标准限量（≤1.5 mg/kg）,超标率为1.3%。     

芝麻中塑化剂含量及其在制油过程中的迁移规律

通过对不同地区20?个芝麻样品中邻苯二甲酸酯（phthalatic acid esters,PAEs）组分含量的检测分析,以及芝麻中PAEs在制油过程向毛油中迁移规律研究,明确芝麻油生产中原料和制油工艺对芝麻油PAEs风险的影响,以便准确制定PAEs风险防范和控制技术,确保并提升芝麻油的品质安全。结果表明,20?个芝麻样品均不同程度检出PAEs,国标限量控制的邻苯二甲酸二丁酯（dibutyl phthalate,DBP）、邻苯二甲酸二（2-乙基）己酯（di(2-ethtlhexyl) phthalate,DEHP）、邻苯二甲酸二异壬酯（diisononyl ortho-phthalate,DINP）的检出率为100%,3 种组分和8 种塑化剂总含量（Σ8PAEs）分别为0.040～0.337、0.085～1.971、0.343～0.806?mg/kg和0.209～2.828?mg/kg,平均值分别为?0.137、0.560、0.559?mg/kg和1.165?mg/kg。对照国标DBP≤0.3?mg/kg、DEHP≤1.5?mg/kg、DINP≤9.0?mg/kg的限量指标,DEHP超标率为5%,DBP超标率为10%。芝麻原料中的PAEs随着制油过程向毛油中迁移富集,DBP、DEHP、DINP和Σ8PAEs在压榨毛油中的含量分别是芝麻中的1.16、1.03、1.11?倍和1.07?倍,在浸出毛油中的含量分别是芝麻中的1.49、1.27、1.24?倍和1.33?倍,脱皮芝麻毛油中PAEs含量比整籽芝麻毛油含量降低约20%,浸出毛油中PAEs含量约是压榨毛油1.2?倍。