双螺杆挤压即食杂粮粉配方及工艺优化

为开发一种必需氨基酸含量均衡且估计血糖生成指数（estimated glycemic index,eGI）低的功能性即食杂粮粉,将薏仁、苦荞、燕麦、小米、绿豆、黑豆和鹰嘴豆粉单独挤压加工,以挤压后原料的eGI值为指标,将eGI值较低的燕麦、苦荞和黑豆确定为即食杂粮粉的目标原料。通过氨基酸评分原则确定苦荞、麦、黑豆的适宜配比为52∶35∶13（质量比）。通过单因素试验和正交试验,以水溶性指数为指标（water solubility index,WSI）确定杂粮粉的适宜挤压工艺参数为物料加水量14%,挤压温度120℃,螺杆转速360 r/min,此条件下杂粮粉的WSI为8.98%。     

五色豆类发酵乳的研制

将鲜牛乳与5种豆类食品,即绿豆、黄豆、白豆、红豆、黑豆组合,采用高效混菌发酵剂,研制一种高品质、营养全面、风味独特、经济适用的新型保健发酵乳.通过感官综合评定确定出最佳工艺条件.结果表明:5种豆子的最佳配比为35％∶35％∶20％∶5％∶5％;最佳豆奶比为2∶8;最佳发酵条件为加糖量6％,接种量3％,发酵温度42 ℃,发酵时间4h;最佳稳定剂组合:果胶0.09％,黄原胶0.10％,羧甲基纤维素钠0.08％.采用最佳工艺条件制备五色豆类发酵乳,并对成品进行感官综合评定和理化指标、微生物指标的检测.结果为:产品感官综合评定为优;脂肪质量分数4.0962 g/100 g,蛋白质质量分数4.9157 g/100 g,总糖为8.37％,酸度为94.294°T,钙质量分数121.67mg/100 g,钠质量分数80.79mg/100 g;乳酸菌数1.5×108 mL-1,未检测出大肠菌群和致病菌.     

复合谷物酸乳的研制

以小米、糯米、薏米、绿豆、黑豆为主要原料,磨浆后与牛奶进行混合调配、杀菌、接种,经保加利亚乳杆菌和嗜热链球菌发酵,研究复合谷物酸乳的最佳工艺条件。通过试验获得复合谷物酸乳的最佳工艺参数,即当小米、糯米、薏米、绿豆、黑豆配合最佳质量配比为2∶2∶2∶3∶1(质量比),谷物浆:牛乳体积比为1∶3(体积比),加糖量为5%,接种量为4%,制得的产品既有较好的消化吸收性,又有独特的风味和口感。     

双螺杆挤压复合方便粥配方优化及品质分析

为促进低值大米深加工综合利用及满足市场对营养方便速食粥的需求,本研究特开发研制高蛋白、高膳食纤维的方便粥.本实验采用D-最优混料设计研究碎米、大豆蛋白粉、藜麦、黑豆、燕麦、黑米6种原料的不同配比对方便粥感官及品质的影响.结果表明:方便粥主要混合原料最优配方为碎米粉50％、大豆蛋白粉14％、藜麦粉20％、燕麦粉5％、黑豆...     

薏米荞麦复合饮料的研制

以料水比、温度、加酶量为试验因素,以DE值为试验指标,确定了薏米水解的工艺参数;以料水比、温度、时间为试验因素,以可溶性固形物含量为试验指标,确定了荞麦浸提的工艺参数;以薏米汁、荞麦汁、果葡糖浆、柠檬酸、水为试验因素,以感官质量评价为试验指标,通过混料设计确定了饮料最佳配方;以瓜尔豆胶、黄原胶、海藻酸钠和单甘酯为试验因素,以饮料黏度、离心分离率、静置分层率为试验指标,采用正交试验确定了谷物饮料的最适稳定剂组成及其质量分数。结果表明:薏米水解工艺为,料水比(g∶mL)1∶10、温度50℃、加酶量0.006 g/g;荞麦浸提工艺为,料水比(g∶mL)1∶10、温度80℃、时间60 min;复合饮料配方为,薏米汁30%、荞麦汁5%、果葡糖浆5%、水60%;谷物饮料最适稳定剂组成及其质量分数为,瓜尔豆胶0.06%、黄原胶0.05%、海藻酸钠0.06%、单甘酯0.30%。     

大豆薏米复合饮料的研制

以大豆和薏米为主要原料,将大豆浸泡、打浆、煮沸制得豆浆,薏米进行浸泡、烘烤、糊化、液化、糖化制得薏米糖化液,将两者按一定比例混合后加入稳定剂,制得一种新型大豆薏米复合饮料。通过单因素分析和正交试验确定最佳实验方案。结果表明,大豆的最佳浸泡条件为豆水比1∶3,温度25℃,时间6h;薏米的最佳烘烤条件为温度160℃,时间60min;薏米的最佳液化条件为料水比1∶10,温度90℃,时间60min,加酶量为每克淀粉12u;薏米的最佳糖化条件为温度65℃,加酶量为500g干粉0.75g,时间60min;饮料配比的最佳条件为,薏米糖化液与大豆浆最佳混合比例为3∶1;饮料中稳定剂添加量为0.2‰黄原胶、0.15‰果胶和0.6‰单硬脂酸甘油酯,复配时得到的饮料口感与状态最佳。产品的可溶性固形物含量为10.6%,总糖含量为8%。     

麻辣黑豆即食产品研制及工艺优化

探讨了以黑豆为原料制作即食麻辣黑豆的最佳工艺,研制出具有优良风味的黑豆即食产品。通过单因素试验、正交设计法和风味改良试验优化即食麻辣黑豆的加工工艺。试验结果表明:最佳工艺参数为黑豆浸泡吸水率60%,117℃高温熟化30min,黑豆与醋比例按2∶1,醋中食盐添加量2%,蜂蜜用量15%,辣椒粉用量1.5%,花椒油用量1.5%,腌制48h后真空包装,杀菌。     

双米低脂保健冰淇淋的开发研究

选取新鲜薏米和玉米为原料,以人造奶油代替部分乳脂,依据黏度、膨胀率和感官质量等作为评价指标,通过正交试验获得复合稳定剂的最佳配比为:即瓜尔豆胶:海藻酸钠:卡拉胶:单甘脂:蔗糖酯=6∶3.6∶4∶16∶1,乳化稳定剂添加量为0.4%。双米保健冰淇淋的最佳配方为:脱脂乳粉10%、薏米乳18%、玉米汁17%、人造奶油4.0%,产品质量最好。     

薏米粒径和谷朊粉添加量对薏米挂面品质的影响

以薏米粉和面粉为原料,混合制作薏米挂面,并以面条的蒸煮品质、感官评分、色泽和质构特性作为评价指标,研究了薏米细度和谷朊粉添加量对不同比例薏米挂面品质的影响,并对薏米添加量(X)和对应最佳品质挂面中的干面筋蛋白含量(Y)进行二次多项式拟合。结果表明,以100目薏米制作出的挂面综合品质最好,且随着薏米添加量的增加,谷朊粉的最适添加量也呈现增加的趋势,即制作10%、30%、50%、70%、80%(质量分数)的薏米挂面,对应谷朊粉的最适添加量分别为2%、6%、10%、14%、16%(质量分数);建立的二次多项式函数模型为Y=9. 695 8+0. 034 3X-1. 838 8×10-4X2(R2=0. 996 8)。分别制作含30%的高粱、燕麦、荞麦、绿豆、糙米、玉米等杂粮挂面,其干面筋蛋白含量实测值与预测值相对误差均小于5%,且挂面品质与对照组均无显著性差异,表明建立的模型能够用于杂粮面条的加工。     

营养无糖南瓜粥的研制

以南瓜为主要原料,添加薏以仁、莲子、黑豆、相思豆、红豆、燕麦、花生等功能性食品,添加蛋白糖来代替蔗糖,采用科学工艺技术制成方便即食无糖南瓜食品,营养丰富,风味突出,保质期达到6个月以上,是一种方便即食无糖食品.     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性

为研究低温带皮菜籽粕微粉的不同粒级部分的功能特性,以经低温脱脂的带皮菜籽粕为原料,经微粉碎后筛分成212~425μm、150~212μm和106~150μm的3个不同粒级的微粉样品,检测这些样品的吸水性、吸油性、乳化性和乳化稳定性、蛋白质体外消化率。结果表明:1 3个不同粒级的微粉样品之间的粗纤维含量存在显著差异,表明三者的结构组成成分有一定差异。23个微粉样品的乳化活性和乳化稳定性随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。33个微粉样品的蛋白质体外消化率随粒度级别的减小而显著增加(P0.01)。4不同粒级带皮菜籽粕微粉样品的吸水性与吸油性受其结构组成物质不同和粒度的双重影响,与粒度的相关性不明显。     

Microbiology of food taints

Fresh and processed foods are often spoilt by the presence of undesirable flavours and odours caused by microbial action. The aim of this paper is to review the current knowledge of microbiologically induced taints that occur in a wide range of foodstuffs, including meats, poultry, fish, crustaceans, milk, dairy products, fruits, vegetables, cereals and cereal products. Examples have been chosen where the compounds responsible for the taint have been identified and sufficient data obtained to demonstrate the involvement of microorganisms. However, in some cases the full identity of the causative organism may not have been elucidated. The types of microorganisms covered by this review include bacteria, fungi, yeasts, actinomycetes and cyanobacteria. Although cyanobacteria do not in general infect foods, their presence in aqueous systems and water supplies can lead to off-flavours in aquatic organisms and processed foodstuffs. Several examples of each of these processes are discussed. Wherever possible, the likely biosynthetic pathway used by the microorganism to produce the offending compound in a foodstuff is indicated.