改进遗传算法在QoS组播路由选择中的研究

QoS组播路由的选择问题本质是从源节点至目的节点间找到满足QoS要求的传输路径,尽管现在有许多文献利用遗传算法对组播路由问题做了研究,但其组播路由费用都比较大,执行时间过长,并且编码难度都比较大,优化效率低。针对这些问题,文中提出了一种改进的遗传算法,该算法综合考虑了带宽约束、时延约束、时延抖动约束、丢包率约束以及路由费用等度量指标,在传统遗传算法的基础上,设计了一种基于应用层业务的自适度函数,改进了染色体编码方式,并且设计了自适应交叉函数与自适应变异函数等多种优化函数。通过仿真结果表明,该改进的遗传算法很大程度上降低了QoS组播路由的费用和执行时间,并且能快速地找到最优QoS组播路径。     

一种基于带宽和时延约束的分布式组播路由算法

针对已有分布式组播路由算法在寻找QoS路由时的低成功率问题,本文提出了一种新的基于带宽和时延约束的分布式组播路由算法-QDMR(QoS-based Distributed Multicast Routing).在为新组播成员搜索连接到组播树的可行路径时,QDMR算法使用RBMF(Reverse Best Metric Forwarding)转发算法代替RPF(Reverse Path Forwarding)转发算法,从而优先搜索满足带宽和时延约束要求的路径,然后才考虑代价的优化.模拟分析表明,QDMR提高了路由搜索的成功率,并且降低了协议开销.     

一种非精确状态下满足多QoS约束的 动态组播路由算法

提出了一种非精确状态下满足多QoS约束的动态组播路由算法——DMIQ,该算法采用改进的BF算法作为路径搜索算法,WFQ作为分组调度机制,链路延迟不确定且服从均匀分布,能在非精确状态且满足带宽、延迟抖动和丢包率约束的前提下确定具有最小跳数和开销的动态组播路由.仿真实验表明,DMIQ能在非精确状态且满足多QoS约束的前提下建立动态组播路由,在路由请求平均成功率、平均延迟和平均跳数等衡量指标下表现出良好的性能.     

MAODV路由协议的研究与仿真

组播通信有效地节约了网络资源,在资源受限的无线网络环境中引入组播有着非常重要的意义。本文分析了MAODV组播路由协议的路由机制,用NS2仿真分析了在不同组规模情况下网络的性能。仿真结果表明该组播协议减少了开销、降低了时延,可以有效地支持无线网络中的组播应用。     

基于IPv6的QoS控制组播路由机制

设计并实现了一种基于IPv6的QoS(quality of service)控制组播路由机制.基于启发式单播路由协议,修改了PIM-SSM协议与MLD协议,实现了IPv6下启发式源特定组播.为提供QoS控制,扩展了RSVP协议,设计了分层组播流量控制机制,基于博弈分析确定为用户预留的带宽量,优化网络提供方与用户方效用.开发了该机制的原型系统并进行了大量试验,结果表明该机制具有良好的性能,能够提供IPv6下的QoS控制组播路由.     

基于QoS的动态组播路由算法

在分析了网络中基于QoS的组播路由问题的基础上,本文提出了一种新的动态算法,并进行了实验和分析,文中构造的路由方案成功地解决了当网络中存在多个组播及组播节点动态变化情况下的QoS路由选择问题,此方案不仅保证了带宽,端到端延时和延时抖动,优化了路由树的代价,而且有效地控制了算法的复杂性并可适用于大规模的网络中。     

一种新的QoS保证的快速组播路由算法

提出了一种新的服务质量保证的组播路由算法。算法使用了一个修改的斯坦利树近似算法来构建时延有界的低代价组播树，再通过最小时延路径与其他尚不在组播树的组内节点连接，并消除环路。理论和仿真表明，新算法与其他一些时延有界组播路由算法一样有较好的性能。并且有较小的复杂度。     

一种新的QoS组播路由算法

针对现有的求解多约束QoS组播路由中存在的问题,结合BP神经网络局部搜索的优势和蚁群算法全局搜索的优势的特点,进行QoS组播路由算法的设计,提出了一种新型的NNAC算法。该算法通过BP神经网络寻找路径的更优解,改善了QoS组播路由路径寻找的方法。通过实验仿真表明,NNAC算法得到最优组播树的总延时为35,总代价费用为21,在完成150个度约束组播路由路径时,NNAC算法在进行最优组播树的寻找成功率上高于AC算法,同时该算法还克服了AC算法易陷入局部最小点的不足。     

一种改进的时延受限低代价光组播路由算法

针对光网络时延受限光组播路由计算复杂度高的问题,提出一种基于改进的和声搜索求解时延受限光组播路由的算法。论文通过引入自适应的和声记忆保留率及微调概率提高和声算法搜寻到全局最优光组播树的能力;算法设计了一个能够保持备选光组播树多样性的动态适应度函数以扩大光组播路由的搜索范围;同时,算法在初始化和声库时采用精英保留策略简化和声迭代过程。仿真结果表明,提出的改进算法能够求得代价更低的光组播路由,且算法在较大光网络规模下具有较好的收敛稳定性。     

基于遗传算法优化的QoS组播路由算法

QoS组播路由技术作为网络多媒体信息传输的一种核心技术,下一代网络中的QoS组播路由的优化算法已经成为目前研究的一个热点。针对QoS组播的网络模型,提出一种适用于下一代网络的组播路由算法能够更好的满足下一代网络的QoS组播需求显得尤为重要。本文讨论了遗传算法优化的QoS组播路由算法,最后探讨了下一代网络QoS组播路由算法的研究方向。     

Resolution Enhancement Technology:Integrated Process Solutions using OPC

DUV lithography, using the 248 nm wavelength, is a viable manufacturing option for devices with features at 130 nm and less. Given the low kl value of the lithography, integrated process development is a necessary method for achieving acceptable process latitude. The application of assist features for rule based OPC requires the simultaneous optimization of the mask, illumination optics and the resist.Described in this paper are the details involved in optimizing each of these aspects for line and space imaging.A reference pitch is first chosen to determine how the optics will be set. The ideal sigma setting is determined by a simple geometrically derived expression. The inner and outer machine settings are determined, in turn,with the simulation of a figure of merit. The maximum value of the response surface of this FOM occurs at the optimal sigma settings. Experimental confirmation of this is shown in the paper.Assist features are used to modify the aerial image of the more isolated images on the mask. The effect that the diffraction of the scattering bars (SBs) has on the image intensity distribution is explained. Rules for determining the size and placement of SBs are also given.Resist is optimized for use with off-axis illumination and assist features. A general explanation of the material' s effect is discussed along with the affect on the through-pitch bias. The paper culminates with the showing of the lithographic results from the fully optimized system.     

Cost-effective test solutions for smart card and other integrated flash applications

From its emergence in the late 1980s as a lower cost alternative to early EEPROM technologies, flash memory has evolved to higher densities and speedsand rapidly growing acceptance in mobile applications.In the process, flash memory devices have placed increased test requirements on manufacturers. Today, as flash device test grows in importance in China, manufacturers face growing pressure for reduced cost-oftest, increased throughput and greater return on investment for test equipment. At the same time, the move to integrated flash packages for contactless smart card applications adds a significant further challenge to manufacturers seeking rapid, low-cost test.     

An improved parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations

The parallel thinning algorithm with two subiterations is improved in this paper. By analyzing the notions of connected components and passes, a conclusion is drawn that the number of passes and the number of eight-connected components are equal. Then the expression of the number of eight-connected components is obtained which replaces the old one in the algorithm. And a reserving condition is proposed by experiments, which alleviates the excess deletion where a diagonal line and a beeline intersect. The experimental results demonstrate that the thinned curve is almost located in the middle of the original curve connectivelv with single pixel width and the processing speed is high.     

Theoretical analysis of the relationship between the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain in the optical-fiber sensors

The relation between the power of the Brillouin signal and the strain is one of the bases of the distributed fiber sensors of temperature and strain. The coefficient of the Bfillouin gain can be changed by the temperature and the strain that will affect the power of the Brillouin scattering. The relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is thought to be linear by many researchers. However, it is not always linear based on the theoretical analysis and numerical simulation. Therefore, errors will be caused if the relation between the change of the Brillouin gain coefficient and the strain is regarded as to be linear approximately for measuring the temperature and the strain. For this reason, the influence of the parameters on the Brillouin gain coefficient is proposed through theoretical analysis and numerical simulation.     

Novel fiber-optical interferometer with miniaturized probe for in-hole measurements

Today, micro-system technology and the development of new MEMS （Micro-Electro-Mechanical Systems） are emerging rapidly. In order for this development to become a success in the long run, measurement systems have to ensure product quality. Most often, MEMS have to be tested by means of functionality or destructive tests. One reason for this is that there are no suitable systems or sensing probes available which can be used for the measurement of quasi inaccessible features like small holes or cavities. We present a measurement system that could be used for these kinds of measurements. The system combines a fiber optical, miniaturized sensing probe with low-coherence interferometry, so that absolute distance measurements with nanometer accuracy are possible.     

Study of waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers

This paper presents a new method to increase the waveguide coupling efficiency in hybrid silicon lasers. We find that the propagation constant of the InGaAsP emitting layer can be equal to that of the Si resonant layer through improving the design size of the InP waveguide. The coupling power achieves 42% of the total power in the hybrid lasers when the thickness of the bonding layer is 100 nm. Our result is very close to 50% of the total power reported by Intel when the thickness of the thin bonding layer is less than 5 nm. Therefore, our invariable coupling power technique is simpler than Intel＇s.     

Curved crystal spectrometer for the measurement of X-ray lines from laser-produced plasmas

In order to diagnose the laser-produced plasmas, a focusing curved crystal spectrometer has been developed for measuring the X-ray lines radiated from a laser-produced plasmas. The design is based on the fact that the ray emitted from a source located at one focus of an ellipse will converge on the other focus by the reflection of the elliptical surface. The focal length and the eccentricity of the ellipse are 1350 mm and 0.9586, respectively. The spectrometer can be used to measure the X- ray lines in the wavelength range of 0.2-0.37 nm, and a LiF crystal （200） （2d = 0.4027 nm） is used as dispersive element covering Bragg angle from 30° to 67.5°. The spectrometer was tested on Shengnang- Ⅱ which can deliver laser energy of 60-80 J/pulse and the laser wavelength is 0.35 μm. Photographs of spectra including the 1 s2p ^1P1-1s^2 ^1S0 resonance line（w）, the 1s2p ^3P2-1s^2 1S0 magnetic quadrupole line（x）, the 1s2p ^3P1-1 s^2 ^1S0 intercombination lines（y）, the 1 s2p ^3S~1-1 s^2 ^1S0 forbidden line（z） in helium-like Ti Ⅹ Ⅺ and the 1 s2s2p ^2P3/2-1 s622s ^2S1/2 line（q） in lithium-like Ti Ⅹ Ⅹhave been recorded with a X-ray CCD camera. The experimental result shows that the wavelength resolution（λ/△ 2） is above 1000 and the elliptical crystal spectrometer is suitable for X-ray spectroscopy.     

Preparation and Characterization of TaN ALD Precursors

High purity organic-tantalum precursors for thin film ALD TaN were synthesized and characterized.Vapor pressure and thermal stability of these precursors were studied.From the vapor pressure analysis,it was found that TBTEMT has a higher vapor pressure than any other published liquid TaN precursor,including TBTDET,TAITMATA,and IPTDET.Thermal stability of the alkyl groups on the precursors was investigated using a 1H NMR technique.The results indicated that the tertbutylimino group is the most stable group on TBTDET and TBTEMT as compared to the dialkylamido groups.Thermal stability of TaN precursors decreased in the following order:TBTDET ＞ PDMAT ＞ TBTEMT.In conclusion,precursor vapor pressure and thermal stability were tuned by making slight variations in the ligand sphere around the metal center.     

Electronic Structure of Semiconductor Nanocrystals

This paper reviews our recent development of the use of the large-scale pseudopotential method to calculate the electronic structure of semiconductor nanocrystals, such as quantum dots and wires, which often contain tens of thousands of atoms. The calculated size-dependent exciton energies and absorption spectra of quantum dots and wires are in good agreement with experiments. We show that the electronic structure of a nanocrystal can be tuned not only by its size,but also by its shape. Finally,we show that defect properties in quantum dots can be significantly different from those in bulk semiconductors.     

A rigorous proof of MIMO channel capacity’s increase with antenna number

It is well known that adding more antennas at the transmitter or at the receiver may offer larger channel capacity in the multiple-input multiple-output（MIMO） communication systems. In this letter, a simple proof is presented for the fact that the channel capacity increases with an increase in the number of receiving antennas. The proof is based on the famous capacity formula of Foschini and Gans with matrix theory.