时态约束下的频繁模式挖掘算法

时态数据是一类重要的数据信息.利用数据中包含的时间属性可以形象描述数据中潜在的变化规律,预测将来可能的发展趋势.本文提出一种时态频繁模式挖掘算法(TemFP).根据现有的时态查询函数,该算法给出一种用于存储频繁模式时态属性的双树结构(DB+-tree).利用包含DB+-tree的时态频繁模式树,使用户定义的时态规则快速查询成为可能.实验结果表明该算法是有效和可扩展的.     

FQM-tree:基于B~+树的时态索引

提出了一种基于B~+树的、针对有效时间区间的索引模式:FQM-tree(fast query map tree).FQM-tree将有效时间区间映射为一维空间上的点,对映射点建立索引;同时增加一个基于内存的辅助索引结构,最大程度地减少对无效节点的访问.该索引结构具有如下优点:首先,将时问区间映射为点,可以直接利用已有应用成熟的、被广泛支持索引结构(如B~+树),这就意味着可以在数据库中快速实现对时态索引的支持,而无需更改DBMS的内核;其次,基于内存的辅助索引结构可以直接定位叶节点,提高了时态查询效率;另外,由于当前B~+树仍是数据库中应用最成熟、最广泛的索引结构,因此借助B+树的基本结构研究时态索引,使得时态索引能够快速地得到具体应用,所以FQM-tree的研究具有广泛的应用价值.理论分析及大量的实验结果均表明,FQM-tree的查询性能优于传统的时态索引方法.     

基于时态数据类型的时态数据索引方法

在系统中引入时态数据类型，使得在关系数据库系统中能对时态数据信息进行方便有效的管理。该文给出了一个基于时态数据类型的时态索引方法：MAP21*3B+-Tree方法，通过对时态数据的各个域分别建立索引，实现双时态数据库的各种时态查询。     

基于结构摘要的时态索引技术

目前B+树仍是在商业数据库中应用最广泛的基本索引结构,为在现有数据库平台上对时态数据进行有效操作,有必要研究基于B+树的时态索引技术.研究了一种以B+树为基本存储结构、基于结构摘要的时态索引方法Cmap-tree.首先,引入基于内存的结构摘要,通过存储结点必要的结构摘要信息,有效地降低了时态操作过程中对无效结点的访问;其次,提出了时态矩阵的概念,并以时态矩阵为参考详细分析了各时态关系对应的结果集;然后,在结构摘要的基础上,详细讨论了Cmap-tree的时态插入、查询和更新算法.最后,通过仿真实验,对Cmap-tree的空间利用率、查询效率和更新效率等基本性能与现有时态索引方法进行了比较和分析.实验结果表明,Cmap-tree具有明显优势.     

一种有效的双时态索引技术

时态数据库中时间特征主要由有效时间和事务时间描述,论文扩充了4R索引的双时态数据,使其能处理有效时间初始值大于事务时间初始值的所有双时态数据,同时扩充了4R的查询功能使其不仅可以查询当前和历史数据,还可以查询将来的情况,并改进了相应的索引方法。     

支持预测查询和部分历史查询的移动对象索引方法

针对TPR*-tree隐含移动对象部分最近历史信息但不能提供历史信息查询的问题,将移动对象创建或更新时间引入到索引树中,提出一种既支持预测查询又支持部分历史信息查询的索引树Basic HTPR*-tree,为全时态查询奠定了坚实的基础.同时,为了支持移动对象的频繁更新,在Basic HTPR*-tree索引树基础上引入内存概要结构和Hash辅助索引结构,提出支持自底向上更新策略的HTPR*-tree索引结构.实验结果表明,HTPR*-tree更新性能优于TPR*-tree和Basic HTPR*-tree(TD_HTPR*-tree),预测查询性能仅仅稍逊于TPR*-tree.     

一种基于时态中间件的高效双时态索引模型

当前的时态数据库中间件不支持包含事务时间和有效时间的双时态数据索引,通过使用适当的数据变换和查询变换,可将双时态数据转化为R树可索引的数据.基于4R技术,提出了作为时态中间件TimeDB组件的双时态索引模型B4Rindex.实验证明,利用该模型对双时态数据进行索引是高效的.     

基于不确定时态信息的索引技术

索引技术是时态数据库查询优化的重要方法之一。分析了时态数据库中的不确定时态信息以及基于不确定时态信息的索引技术,并详细讨论了能处理时间变元的改进的4R-tree索引技术的建立过程。     

时态XML索引技术

首先通过讨论时态XML查询数据模型TXQDM,提出了基于结点有效时间的前缀编码方案.以此为基础,引入TXQDM结点间的基于时态连通的等价关系和基于时态包含的拟序关系,建立了时态XML索引数据模型TXIDM,该模型的基本特征是具有二重嵌套的索引框架,适合于TXQDM这种不规则的具有较大随意性的树形结构情形.其次,在TXIDM框架内,讨论了相应时态查询算法,其中包括基于时态的路径查询和值查询,同时,还讨论了时态索引更新算法,其中包括插入和修改算法.最后,对于文中提出的模型TXIDM和时态索引操作算法进行了性能分析且设计了相应模拟实验.实验结果表明,基于TXIDM的时态查询与更新算法是可行的和有效的.     

RB+树——一种列存储数据的树型索引结构

索引技术是提高海量数据查询效率的关键技术之一.传统索引如B+树等在更新事务环境中具有较好的性能,然而在面向列存储的分析型数据仓库查询环境下,时间空间代价较大.根据列存储数据仓库查询环境的特点,提出一种新型树型索引--RB+树(reduced B+-tree).该索引对传统B+树结构进行了改进,并结合自底向上创建索引树的方法,使得索引的空间利用率、创建和查找效率得到显著的提高.进一步将RB+树应用于列存储数据仓库中,建立了行号索引、列值索引,特别地为解决星型模型中多表连接问题提出连接索引,有效地提高了列存储数据仓库中元组重构与多表连接的效率.在数据仓库基准数据集SSB上的实验验证了方法的有效性.     

Top-k queries on temporal data

The database community has devoted extensive amount of efforts to indexing and querying temporal data in the past decades. However, insufficient amount of attention has been paid to temporal ranking queries. More precisely, given any time instance t, the query asks for the top-k objects at time t with respect to some score attribute. Some generic indexing structures based on R-trees do support ranking queries on temporal data, but as they are not tailored for such queries, the performance is far from satisfactory. We present the Seb-tree, a simple indexing scheme that supports temporal ranking queries much more efficiently. The Seb-tree answers a top-k query for any time instance t in the optimal number of I/Os in expectation, namely, O(log_B \fracNB+\frackB){O\left({\rm log}_B\,\frac{N}{B}+\frac{k}{B}\right)} I/Os, where N is the size of the data set and B is the disk block size. The index has near-linear size (for constant and reasonable k _max values, where k _max is the maximum value for the possible values of the query parameter k), can be constructed in near-linear time, and also supports insertions and deletions without affecting its query performance guarantee. Most of all, the Seb-tree is especially appealing in practice due to its simplicity as it uses the B-tree as the only building block. Extensive experiments on a number of large data sets, show that the Seb-tree is more than an order of magnitude faster than the R-tree based indexes for temporal ranking queries.     

Indexing moving objects for directions and velocities queries

Moving object databases are required to support different types of queries with a large number of moving objects. New types of queries namely directions and velocity queries (DV queries), are to be supported and covered. The TPR-tree and its successors are efficient indexes that support spatio-temporal queries for moving objects. However, neither of them support the new DV queries. In this paper, we propose a new index for moving objects based on the TPR*-tree, named Direction and Velocity of TPR*-tree or DV-TPR*-tree, in order to build data a structure based on the spatial, direction and velocity domains. DV-TPR*-tree obtains an ideal distribution that supports and fulfils the new query types (DV queries). Extensive performance studies show that the query performance of DV-TPR*-tree outperforms the TPR-tree and its successors.     

一种新的基于B~+树结构索引的XML元素的连接算法

该文通过对传统的NumberingSchema进行改进,并结合B+树提出了一种新的索引———B+树结构索引。在B+树结构索引的基础上提出了一种有效的连接算法,该算法通过削减不参加连接的元素来实现快速、有效的连接。     

Indexing XML documents for XPath query processing in external memory

Existing encoding schemes and index structures proposed for XML query processing primarily target the containment relationship, specifically the parent–child and ancestor–descendant relationship. The presence of preceding-sibling and following-sibling location steps in the XPath specification, which is the de facto query language for XML, makes the horizontal navigation, besides the vertical navigation, among nodes of XML documents a necessity for efficient evaluation of XML queries. Our work enhances the existing range-based and prefix-based encoding schemes such that all structural relationships between XML nodes can be determined from their codes alone. Furthermore, an external-memory index structure based on the traditional B+-tree, XL+-tree(XML Location+-tree), is introduced to index element sets such that all defined location steps in the XPath language, vertical and horizontal, top-down and bottom-up, can be processed efficiently. The XL+-trees under the range or prefix encoding scheme actually share the same structure; but various search operations upon them may be slightly different as a result of the richer information provided by the prefix encoding scheme. Finally, experiments are conducted to validate the efficiency of the XL+-tree approach. We compare the query performance of XL+-tree with that of R-tree, which is capable of handling comprehensive XPath location steps and has been empirically shown to outperform other indexing approaches.     

闪存环境下B+树索引重访

闪存容量的增大使在其上构建大型系统成为可能,如何构建闪存数据库也成为数据库的热点研究领域之一。索引结构是数据库中必不可少的结构之一,而B+树是最广泛使用的索引结构。这里对存储在闪存芯片模拟器及固态硬盘上的B+树性能进行了测试及分析。首先介绍了闪存的IO特点,并测试了固态硬盘的基本IO特性。接着,对B+树的插入和查询效率进行了详细地测试。测试发现节点大小,缓存大小,以及数据值的分布方式都会对B+树的性能带来很大影响。例如由于闪存的读取速度不对称,闪存的更新和查询操作最优块大小相差较大。这些测试结果为更好地在闪存上使用B+树索引,并进一步设计出更适合闪存的索引提供了指导。     

An efficient spatial access method for spatial images containing multiple non-overlapping features

In this paper we propose and analyze a new spatial access method, namely the S*-tree, for the efficient secondary memory encoding and manipulation of images containing multiple non-overlapping features (i.e., coloured images). The S*-tree is based on a non-straightforward and space efficient extension to coloured images of its precursor, namely the S⁺-tree, which was explicitly designed for binary images. To assess experimentally the qualities of the S*-tree, we test it against the HL-quadtree, a previous spatial access method for coloured images, which is known to be space and time efficient. Our experiments show that the S*-tree reaches up to a 75% of space saving, and performs constantly less I/O accesses than the HL-quadtree in solving classical window queries.     

A hybrid index for temporal big data

Temporal index provides an important way to accelerate query performance in temporal big data. However, the current temporal index cannot support the variety of queries very well, and it is hard to take account of the efficiency of query execution as well as the index construction and maintenance. In this paper, we propose a novel segmentation-based hybrid index B+-Tree, called SHB+- tree, for temporal big data. First, the temporal data in temporal table deposited is separated to fragments according to the time order. In each segment, the hybrid index is constructed by integrating the temporal index and the object index, and the temporal big data is shared by them. The performance of construction and maintenance is improved by employing the segmented storage strategy and bottom-up index construction approaches for every part of the hybrid index. The experimental results on benchmark data set verify the effectiveness and efficiency of the proposed method.