生鲜农产品营养标签认知及消费意愿调查

目的 探讨消费者对生鲜农产品营养标签的认知和消费意愿,为推动生鲜农产品营养标签发展提供参考。方法 通过线上调查收集682份有效问卷,运用描述性统计和logistic回归分析消费者对生鲜农产品营养标签的认知、消费意愿及其影响因素。结果 电商平台是生鲜农产品销售的重要渠道,预包装和精美包装生鲜农产品需求正逐渐增长,超过75%的消费者购买食品时经常查看营养标签。88.9%的消费者期望生鲜农产品标识营养标签,并关注营养功能声称、糖含量、维生素和矿物质、植物化学物等内容,消费者偏好营养成分的定量标注方式和营养成分表的标示形式。不同身份和月收入的消费者对生鲜农产品营养标签消费意愿及溢价支付意愿存在显著差异（P<0.05）。整体上,有88.56%和91.94%的消费者对生鲜农产品营养标签具有不同程度的消费意愿和溢价支付意愿。结论 消费者对生鲜农产品营养信息有较强了解需求,期望生鲜农产品标示营养标签并愿意支付溢价,对推动生鲜农产品营养标签发展具有现实意义和市场潜力。     

我国特殊医学用途配方食品蛋白质原料使用状况分析

目的 探讨分析蛋白质原料在特殊医学用途配方食品中的使用状况，为特殊医学用途配方食品研发中蛋白质原料的选择、产品的注册管理及临床使用提供参考。方法 结合特殊医学用途配方食品的注册审评情况，从法规标准、蛋白质原料特征及其在不同类型特殊医学用途配方食品中的使用等进行汇总分析。结果 蛋白质在特殊医学用途配方食品中具有重要的营养作用，常用的原料包括乳清蛋白、酪蛋白、大豆分离蛋白、水解蛋白及氨基酸等。基于不同的适用人群，蛋白质在全营养配方食品、蛋白质组件及特定全营养配方食品中具有相应的使用要求和临床应用特点。结论 基于目前的注册审评情况及文献查询情况，针对蛋白质原料和人体对蛋白质营养需求的相关研究较为成熟，但针对蛋白质原料在特殊医学用途配方食品中使用的研究仍较为有限。建议进一步加强蛋白质原料在特殊医学用途配方食品中使用的基础研究、标准法规的完善以及上市后产品临床使用情况的数据收集等工作。     

2010—2020年中国大陆金黄色葡萄球菌及其肠毒素引起的食源性疾病暴发事件归因分析

目的 分析我国金黄色葡萄球菌及其肠毒素引起的食源性疾病暴发事件的流行病学特征。方法 收集整理2010—2020年国家食源性疾病暴发监测系统和文献检索的数据,对金黄色葡萄球菌及其肠毒素引起的暴发事件进行归因分析。结果 共纳入2010—2020年食源性疾病暴发事件703起（监测系统694起,文献数据9起）,单维度归因分析发现原因食品中肉类食品最高,占28.3%（199/703）,主要引发环节中因食品存储不当最高,占15.2%（107/703）,主要发生场所中餐饮服务场所最高,占85.2%（599/703）;多维度分析结果显示,华东地区各季节事件发生数均最多。除肉类食品外,我国华东和华南地区主要原因食品还有糕点类食品和米面食品,这两种食品多以存储不当而引发。发生在餐饮服务场所的暴发事件中肉类食品和米面食品主要是由于加工时污染致病因子引发,而糕点类食品主要是由于存储不当引发。结论 由金黄色葡萄球菌及其肠毒素引发的食源性疾病以肉类食品高发,应对餐饮服务场所、食品加工、储存等环节加强监管,降低发病风险。     

北京市3岁及以上居民肉类消费状况及影响因素研究

目的 调查北京市3岁及以上居民肉类消费状况及其影响因素,为开展相关食品营养和安全风险评估提供科学依据,促进全民健康。方法 本研究采用国家食品安全风险评估中心2020年开展的人群含反式脂肪酸食物消费状况调查项目中的肉类消费数据,共纳入北京市3岁及以上居民2 394人作为研究对象。采用食物频率法收集肉类消费数据,采用χ²检验和多因素Logistic回归分析调查对象各种肉类消费状况及其影响因素。结果 北京市3岁及以上居民肉类消费率为91.9%。其中,猪肉消费率为77.4%,牛肉消费率为50.6%,羊肉消费率为21.5%,禽肉消费率为23.0%。居民肉类消费模式受到年龄、民族、文化程度、职业和家庭月收入的显著影响（P<0.05）。多因素Logistic回归结果显示,猪肉消费的独立风险因素是民族,牛肉消费的独立风险因素包括民族、职业和家庭月收入,羊肉消费的独立风险因素包括年龄和家庭月收入,禽肉消费的独立风险因素是家庭月收入。结论 北京市居民肉类消费率较高,肉类品种日益丰富,膳食结构逐渐完善,但猪肉仍是居民主要肉类消费产品,应给予居民科学营养指导,有效提升全民健康水平。     

2018—2020年广州市白云区食源性疾病流行病学特征分析

目的 了解2018—2020年广州市白云区食源性疾病流行病学特征,为当地制定有针对性的防控措施提供科学依据。方法 采用描述性流行病学方法分析2018—2020年广州市白云区监测医院报告的1 226例食源性疾病病例数据,描述其流行病学及临床特征,并对就诊及时率的影响因素进行Logistic回归分析。结果 2018—2020年白云区食源性疾病病例男性为567例（46.25%,567/1 226）、女性659例（53.75%,659/1 226）,病例年龄主要集中在21~30岁（37.19%,456/1 226）病例职业以公务员、企事业单位人员为主,6-10月为就诊高峰期,发生场所以家庭为主（41.80%,754/1 804）,食品加工及包装方式以餐饮服务业居多,可疑暴露食品种类以肉及肉制品为主。多因素Logistic回归分析显示高龄,医院级别高,呕吐次数多与病例就诊及时性呈正相关,腹泻、腹泻次数多呈负相关。结论 白云区食源性疾病高温季节高发,家庭和餐饮服务机构为高危场所,重点关注肉及其制品的卫生状况,应进一步针对性做好食品安全监管和宣传教育,预防控制食源性疾病的发生与流行。     

2011—2020年中国食源性疾病流行病学分析

目的 分析2011—2020年全国食源性疾病事件发生规律，为制定预防措施提供依据。方法 对2011—2020年全国食源性疾病暴发事件数据进行描述性流行病学分析。结果 2011—2020年食源性疾病暴发事件34 558起，发病人数259 481人；事件高发于6~9月（60.82%）。致病因素以有毒动植物及蘑菇中毒（43.56%）、不明原因（35.49%）和微生物（16.42%）为主，其中菌类及其制品导致的事件数占比（18.33%）与死亡人数占比（52.69%）最高。暴露场所主要在餐饮服务单位（49.31%）和家庭（46.68%），且暴发于家庭的年均增长率最高（33.66%）。结论 近10年我国食源性疾病主要致病因素是有毒动植物及毒蘑菇，集中于菌类及其制品；事件高发于6~9月，暴露场所以餐饮服务单位和家庭为主，且倾向于家庭。     

QuEChERS-气相色谱—串联质谱法测定茶叶中水胺硫磷农药残留的不确定度评定

目的：探索影响茶叶中水胺硫磷检测结果测量不确定度的主要原因。方法：根据GB 23200.113—2018《食品安全国家标准植物源性食品中208种农药及其代谢物残留量的测定气相色谱—质谱联用法》的要求，采用气相色谱—质谱法对茶叶中水胺硫磷残留量进行测定，并通过建立数学模型，分析茶叶中水胺硫磷残留量测定过程中的各种影响因素，包括样品称量、体积引入、标准溶液校准、测量重复性、回收率等进行分析评定。结果：当茶叶中水胺硫磷残留量为0.050 mg/kg时，扩展不确定度为0.007 mg/kg，测定结果表示为ω=(0.050±0.007) mg/kg，k=2。结论：该方法主要不确定度来源为标准溶液校准及回收率。     

特殊医学用途配方食品产品配方研发注册常见问题及解决建议研究

目的 通过探讨分析特殊医学用途配方食品产品配方研发注册存在的问题及解决建议，为该类产品研发、注册管理、临床使用等提供参考。方法 从产品注册申请和技术审评的角度，对特殊医学用途配方食品的含义和组成要求、研发设计原则及重点内容、注册申请材料关注重点等进行分析总结。结果 特殊医学用途配方食品的产品配方设计应以标准和法规为基础，整体观是产品配方设计的重点，临床使用是产品配方设计的主导，同时应关注注册申请材料的完整性和统一性。结论 产品配方设计是特殊医学用途配方食品研发的重中之重，应关注其科学性、合理性和临床适用性，相关部门也应进一步完善相关标准法规。     

基于战略坐标图的我国食品安全风险研究热点分析

目的 通过分析我囯食品安全风险相关文献的基本情况,揭示其研究领域的热点、现状以及发展趋势,为之后的研究奠定理论基础。方法 本文以中国知网（CNKI）、万方和维普收录的与食品安全风险相关的文献为数据源,通过对高频关键词进行共词分析、因子分析、聚类分析和战略坐标分析等方法,确定研究主题情况。结果 通过运用SPSS26.0对选取出的85个高频关键词进行聚类分析,目前我囯食品安全风险研究形成了9个主流研究热点,分别为：食品污染及相关风险监测、蔬菜农药残留的健康风险、转基因食品及相关法律监管、风险防范预警、消费者对风险感知的影响因素、食品供应链质量安全的风险分析、食品安全国家标准、食品安全风险监管、安全检测保障。结论 食品安全风险研究领域目前较为成熟的研究热点是食品安全风险监管,理论研究多集中于我国食品安全监管的目标、职能、制度和技术方面,需加强对监管部门相关食品安全标准的宣贯和培训,以便提高基层食品安全监管治理能力;蔬菜农药残留和风险防范预警作为新兴研究主题在未来较有发展潜力,后续研究需解决目前存在的基层相关监测条件缺乏的现状,尽快对风险预警体系进行建设改进。     

我国食品用消毒剂风险评估方法的建立及其应用研究

目的 以禽屠宰加工用过氧乙酸消毒剂为模式物,建立食品用消毒剂的安全性评估方法。方法 参考国际组织关于食品用消毒剂的风险评估方法,综合考虑消毒剂对人体的健康影响、消毒效果和耐药性,建立适用于我国的食品用消毒剂风险评估方法。使用建立的评估方法,对用于禽屠宰环节胴体消毒的过氧乙酸消毒剂进行安全性评估。结果 过氧乙酸消毒剂在设定使用情形下,其成分过氧乙酸、乙酸、过氧化氢、羟基乙叉二膦酸以及消毒副产物和反应产物对人体的健康风险无需优先关注。对比现有资料,未发现使用过氧乙酸消毒剂会导致杀菌剂消毒效果下降和/或与细菌出现抗微生物耐药有关。结论 本研究建立了我国食品用消毒剂风险评估方法,可为后续开展食品用消毒剂新品种安全性评估提供方法学基础。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.