保加利亚乳杆菌胞外多糖合成条件的优化及其在发酵乳中的应用研究

研究了不同碳源、氮源、碳氮比及发酵条件等因素对保加利亚乳杆菌Y5菌株产胞外多糖的影响。结果表明,以果糖为碳源时,胞外多糖的产量是55．46mg／L。显著高于用半乳糖作为碳源时的产量（29．59mg／L）;以鱼蛋白胨作为氮源为时,胞外多糖产量可达到46．89mg／L,明显高于用胰蛋白胨作为氮源时的产量（P〈0．01）;当碳氮比为2：1时,Y5菌株产生的胞外多糖最多,可这50．10g／L,显著高于碳氮比为1：2时的产量（P〈0．01）。培养温度为40℃,发酵时间为16h,初始pH值为6．0,葡萄糖添加量为2％的发酵条件是Y-5菌株产胞外多糖的最佳工艺条件,其胞外多糖水平可达105．36g／L。与采用ST和LB菌株的发酵乳相比,应用Y5菌株生产的发酵乳,其乳清析出量仅为7mL（P〈0．01）：冷藏30d后,Y5菌株制备的发酵乳仍能维持10^7mL^-1以上的活菌数,明显高于对照菌株的存活数量（P〈0．01）。     

保加利亚乳杆菌G6高产胞外多糖影响因素研究

研究保加利亚乳杆菌G6高产胞外多糖的影响因素。通过改变其营养基质和发酵条件,采用单因素试验和正交试验,确定出保加利亚乳杆菌G6高产胞外多糖的最佳工艺条件。结果表明:葡萄糖、蛋白胨和磷酸氢二钾为保加利亚乳杆菌G6高产胞外多糖的最适碳源、氮源和磷酸盐,当其质量浓度分别为30,10,3.0 g/L,而初始pH值为5.5,发酵温度为34℃,发酵时间36 h时,该菌株胞外多糖合成量为425.7 mg/L,比优化前提高了36.57%。验证实验结果表明,此工艺条件具有合理性和稳定性,并可为高产胞外多糖乳酸菌的开发和应用提供理论依据。     

一株融合菌株G23产胞外多糖的流变学特性

融合菌株G23是由植物乳杆菌C88和发酵乳杆菌F6通过原生质体融合获得的菌株.采用动态流变仪,在不同多糖质量浓度、温度、pH值务件下测定融合菌株G23所产生的胞外多糖的流变学性质.所产胞外多糖溶液是典型的非牛顿流体,胞外多糖质量浓度的增大可提高溶液体系的黏度.在10～80℃的较大温度范围内黏度变化较小,在所测温度范围内溶液黏度基本保持不变.在不同pH值条件下,胞外多糖溶液均表现为剪切力作用下黏度迅速下降趋势.胞外多糖加入脱脂乳溶液中能够明显的增加脱脂乳的黏度,且溶液的黏度下降变慢.在试验的频率范围内,随着胞外多糖溶液质量浓度的增加,对应的交叉频率的值相应变大,胶体特征越明显.     

产胞外多糖乳杆菌的菌种鉴定及其发酵条件优化

采用苯酚-硫酸法从45株乳酸菌中筛选得到1株产胞外多糖的乳酸菌NM18,对其进行形态特征观察为杆状细菌,通过16S rDNA基因序列分析对该菌株进行了菌种鉴定,PCR扩增得到1478 bp序列,PCR产物序列通过Blast软件在NCBI网站中进行同源性比较,通过MEGA 5.0软件绘制系统发育树,菌株NM18鉴定为植物乳杆菌。通过单因素试验和正交试验确定其最佳发酵条件:初始pH值6.5、发酵温度37℃、发酵时间34 h、最佳接种量1.5%,此条件下菌株NM18的胞外多糖合成量为206.8 mg/L,与基础培养基相比胞外多糖合成量提高15.2%。     

植物乳杆菌胞外多糖发酵条件的优化

目的：对植物乳杆菌胞外多糖的发酵条件进行优化。方法：采用Plackett-Burman法从影响植物乳杆菌胞外多糖(EPS)产量的14个因素中筛选出3个主要影响因素,然后通过响应面法探讨最优工艺参数。结果：影响植物乳杆菌胞外多糖产量的主要因素是蔗糖质量浓度、接种量以及发酵温度,其最佳条件为蔗糖质量浓度34g/L、接种量5%、发酵温度31℃,在此条件下发酵的植物乳杆菌胞外多糖产量达425.16mg/L。结论：应用Plackett-Burman设计和响应面法进行植物乳杆菌胞外多糖发酵条件的优化是可行的。     

植物乳杆菌YW11生产胞外多糖的发酵条件研究

对实验室从西藏灵菇中筛选出的一株植物乳杆菌YW11发酵产胞外多糖的条件进行优化。首先通过单因素实验对发酵条件进行初步优化,然后利用二水平正交试验直观分析确定影响因素的主次顺序。以胞外多糖产量作为响应值,采用3因素3水平的响应面分析法,建立二次多项式回归方程的预测模型,从而确定植物乳杆菌YW11产胞外多糖的最优条件。单因素实验结果表明,发酵时间为18 h、碳源为乳糖(质量浓度为15 g/L)、氮源为大豆蛋白胨(质量浓度为15 g/L)、发酵温度为32℃、接种量为3%、p H值为6.0。直观分析确定影响植物乳杆菌YW11产胞外多糖主要发酵因素为大豆蛋白胨质量浓度、p H值、接种量,响应面法优化其较佳值为:大豆蛋白胨质量浓度为13.50 g/L,接种量为2.70%,p H值为6.27。验证实验表明,在优化的发酵条件下得到植物乳杆菌YW11胞外多糖产量为131.26 mg/L,与理论预测值(129.915 mg/L)相接近。     

高产胞外多糖的植物乳杆菌直投发酵菊芋泡菜的研究

采用自主研发的高产胞外多糖的植物乳杆菌直投式泡菜发酵剂制备菊芋泡菜,研究其发酵过程中泡菜液pH、总酸、活菌数、维生素C、氨基酸态氮和可溶性固形物含量的变化,同时探讨菊芋主要成分菊粉对植物乳杆菌生长的影响,并测定该菌胞外多糖的产量。结果表明,菊粉可促进植物乳杆菌的生长,37℃培养24 h,该菌胞外多糖产量高达471 mg/L。与自然发酵相比,直投发酵的菊芋泡菜各项指标均优于自然发酵,其泡菜液pH达到3.46、总酸含量达到0.36%,活菌数保持在4.3×108CFU/mL、维生素C含量为16.92%、氨基酸态氮含量为0.033%、可溶性固形物含量达到15%。得到的菊芋泡菜酸度适宜,呈诱人乳白色,活菌含量高,且富含植物乳杆菌胞外多糖,为老少皆宜的益生泡菜产品。     

植物乳杆菌YM-2菌株胞外多糖生物合成工艺优化

对从云南传统发酵豆豉分离得到的植物乳杆菌YM-2(Lactobacillus plantarum YM-2)菌株胞外多糖(exopolysaccharide,EPS)生物合成条件进行优化。首先对培养基成分中的碳源、氮源种类进行筛选;然后利用单因素试验分析碳源含量、氮源含量、培养时间以及培养温度对EPS产量的影响;最后采用Box-Behnken法进行四因素三水平响应面分析以确定其最优工艺条件。结果表明,植物乳杆菌YM-2菌株生物合成EPS最佳条件为碳源(葡萄糖)含量30 g/L、氮源(酵母粉)含量30 g/L、培养时间30.05 h、培养温度36.36℃,在此工艺条件下,植物乳杆菌YM-2 EPS产量为257.362 mg/L。     

Cellulomonas sp.GJT07产果聚糖的发酵工艺研究

以Cellulomonassp.GJT07作为发酵菌株,对其胞外多糖的发酵工艺进行了研究,考察了不同碳源、氮源、培养基初始pH、发酵温度、通气量等因素对菌种产糖的影响,建立和优化了胞外多糖摇瓶发酵培养基配方、发酵工艺及发酵条件,胞外多糖实际产量达15 g/L。研究了发酵过程中菌体生物量、pH值、产物多糖积累量的动态变化。多糖组成分析实验表明,该菌株所产胞外多糖为果聚糖。     

乳酸乳杆菌胞外多糖的发酵条件优化

对乳酸乳杆菌发酵生产胞外多糖的发酵条件进行了优化。在确定Elliker培养基为最适培养基的基础上,利用Plackett-Burman试验设计,筛选出对胞外多糖产量有显著影响的因素,即酵母粉、发酵时间、初始pH值,然后针对这3个关键因子,用单因子试验及中心组合试验优化得到最佳发酵条件。结果表明:当酵母粉为17.35 g/L,初始pH 5.85,发酵时间23.18 h时,乳酸乳杆菌胞外多糖实际产量可达3.910 g/L。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.     

Influence des ions sur le pouvoir hydratant de l'ure e: e tude sur peau de porc ex vivo

This study deals with the influence of ions (NaCl and MgSO4) in a W/O emulsion containing 10% urea. Moisturization kinetics are assessed by corneometry on pig skin ex vivo. The formula's influence on urea penetration is measured by infrared spectrometry with an ATR device and the stripping method. Corneometry and spectroscopy were chosen to record simultaneously the hydratation levels and urea localization into superficial cell layers. Urea crystallization after evaporation of emulsions and aqueous solutions is described. Results show that urea does not hydrate nor penetrate when applied to the skin through an aqueous gel. In a W/O emulsion, sodium chloride increases the ability of urea to moisturize without improving penetration. In vitro urea crystallization is disturbed by sodium chloride or magnesium sulphate for solutions and emulsions. This stabilization by ions is correlated with good moisturization values. The stabilization of urea in the solute state provided by ions increases its water epidermal binding capacity without enhancing penetration.