川昧发酵香肠的电子舌识别研究

该文采用α-ASTREE电子舌对不同发酵时间的川味香肠样品进行识别研究.通过对获得的电子舌传感器数据进行主成分分析和判别因子分析,结果表明电子舌可以有效区别不同发酵时间的川味香肠样品,尤其在判别因子分析中,仅第1、第2个判别因子的累计贡献率就达到99.992％,识别效果十分显著.     

基于电子舌技术的卷烟主流烟气味觉识别

为考察电子舌对不同卷烟烟气味觉的识别效果,利用电子舌系统检测了6个烤烟型和3个混合型卷烟样品主流烟气水处理液的味觉特征,并对其传感器响应信号进行了主成分分析( PCA)和判别因子分析( DFA).结果表明:①前2维主成分对卷烟品种的味觉识别贡献率达84.82％;②前2维DFA对卷烟品种的味觉识别贡献率达95.42％.结...     

电子舌快速检测食用植物油掺伪

目的应用法国Alpha M.O.S公司生产的传感器型味觉电子舌系统对3组不同程度掺伪的食用植物油进行掺伪检测。方法选取6种不同类型植物油,用20%的乙醇浸泡后超声,静置隔夜,将油脂中的味觉信息提取出来,由电子舌自动进样系统采集原始数据,所得样品数据用主成分分析法、判别因子法进行分析。结果 2种方法均能较好地检测区分不同的食用植物油样品,大部分的指纹分辨指数高于95分。此方法可以区分不同榨取工艺或不同产地的同种类油脂,可鉴别的掺伪检测限为0.1%。结论本实验鉴别精确度远大于常规的油脂检测方法,且具有较高的灵敏度,能够快速有效地鉴别不同种类食用植物油并区分不同掺杂比例的油脂样品。     

基于电子舌的微冻鲢鱼新鲜度识别研究

利用α-ASTREE电子舌对不同储藏期的微冻鲢鱼的新鲜度进行检测,采用AstreeⅡ软件对获取的数据信号进行主成分(PCA)分析和判别因子(DFA)分析。研究显示不同储藏期鲢鱼样品能够被电子舌有效区分,且鲢鱼鲜度差异的信号强度主要来源于传感器JB、HA、GA。比较而言,DFA法较之PCA法更加容易区分不同储藏期的鲢鱼样品。在判别因子分析中,仅前两个判别因子的累计贡献率就高达97.46%,识别效果显著。     

电子舌对啤酒的区分识别研究

采用电子舌对不同品牌的啤酒及其混合样品进行识别,对所获得的数据进行主成分分析、判别因子分析和偏最小二乘回归分析。结果表明：电子舌能够有效识别不同品牌的啤酒及不同品牌啤酒的混合样品;对不同品牌啤酒的混合样品建立了偏最小二乘回归分析预测模型,电子舌响应信号和啤酒混合比例之间有很好的相关性(相关系数为0.9436),偏最小二乘回归分析模型预测误差在1.43%～3.00%之间。证明电子舌可用于啤酒的识别。     

电子舌技术识别掺假腐肉香肠的研究

试验利用α-ASTREE电子舌系统对掺假腐肉香肠进行检测,获得电子舌传感器信号响应特征,采用主成分分析(PCA)、判别因子分析(DFA)和统计质量控制分析(SQC)进行分类辨别,建立定性和定量识别模型。研究表明,采用PCA和DFA分析法能有效对掺假腐肉香肠定性识别,采用SQC分析法,仅能对掺腐比例较高(60%以上)的香肠样品实现定量识别。结果表明:电子舌技术在掺假腐肉香肠的定性识别上具有应用潜力,可为肉制品的安全检测提供新的技术途径。     

电子舌对鸡汤和人工勾兑高汤及其混合样品的识别

运用电子舌对鸡汤与人工勾兑高汤及其混合样品进行识别,对所获得的数据进行主成分分析、判别因子分析和偏最小二乘回归分析。结果表明:电子舌能够有效识别鸡汤与各种人工勾兑的汤,以及其混合样品;对不同混合比例的鸡汤建立了偏最小二乘回归分析预测模型,电子舌响应信号和鸡汤混合比例之间有很好的相关性(相关系数为0.958 71),偏最小二乘回归分析模型预测误差在15%以内。证明电子舌可用于鸡汤与人工勾兑汤的识别。     

基于电子鼻和电子舌技术对不同金银花酒的鉴别分析

为鉴别不同生产类型的金银花酒,该研究利用电子鼻和电子舌技术及二者拟合技术结合人工感官评价对金银花酒样品进行检测,对所测数据进行主成分分析（PCA）、判别因子分析（DFA）,分别从气味和滋味两方面进行评价鉴别。不同生产类型金银花酒样品在电子鼻、电子舌和二者拟合结果的主成分分析中第一主成分（PC1）与第二主成分（PC2）的贡献率之和分别达到了90.97%、90.91%、95.00%;电子鼻判别因子分析总贡献率为89.72%,佐证了主成分分析结果;滋味雷达图显示小曲酿造金银花酒在鲜味上的响应度明显高于大曲酿造和大曲配制的金银花酒,这与人工感官评价相一致;以上表明电子鼻、电子舌技术能够准确的鉴别不同生产类型的金银花酒样品,可用于今后对不同金银花酒的比较分析中。     

多频脉冲电子舌技术对不同品种蚝油辨识的分析

为探索多频脉冲电子舌技术对蚝油的辨识能力,以8种不同品牌的蚝油为研究对象,应用电子舌技术对蚝油样品进行检测,采用主成分分析(PCA)和判别因子分析(DFA)对蚝油的响应信号进行处理,同时应用定量描述法(QDA)对蚝油进行感官评定,结合Kruskal-Wallis方法对数据进行分析。结果表明:基于电子舌技术的PCA分析结果显示,前3个主成分共反映样品原本信息的91.20%。人工感官评定结果表明,鲜味有显著差异,但其他感官指标无显著差异。而多频脉冲电子舌技术可以辨别不同品牌蚝油样品,具有实际应用价值。     

气味指纹分析技术在植物油识别中的应用

利用电子鼻对不同来源以及不同品牌的植物油进行检测,得到电子鼻传感器的响应信号,采用主成分分析法(PCA)和判别因子分析法(DFA)等多元统计方法进行数据分析。结果表明:不同来源(海藻油、亚麻籽油、玉米油、葵花籽油)的植物油在风味上有一定差别,而不同品牌的植物油(福临门葵花籽油和多力葵花籽油、纯度不同的海藻油)在风味上没有明显的差异;在模式识别分析中,主成分分析和判别因子分析对于不同来源的植物油均具有良好的区分效果,指纹图能更好地反映不同类型传感器对植物油中挥发性物质响应信号的强弱。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Chlorohydrins of bisphenol A diglycidyl ether (BADGE) and of bisphenol F diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in canned foods and ready-to-drink coffees from the Japanese market

BADGE.2HCl and BFDGE.2HCl were determined in 28 samples of ready-to-drink canned coffee and 18 samples of canned vegetables (10 corn, 5 tomatoes and 3 others), all from the Japanese market. HPLC was used as the principal analytical method and GCMS for confirmation of relevant LC fractions. BADGE.2HCl was found to be present in one canned coffee and five samples of corn, BFDGE.2HCl in four samples of canned tomatoes and in one canned corn. No sample was found which exceeded the 1mg/kg limit of the EU for the BADGE chlorohydrins. However the highest concentration was found for the sum of BFDGE.2HCl and BFDGE.HCl.H₂O at a level of 1.5mg/kg. A Beilstein test confirmed that all cans containing foods contaminated with BADGE.2HCl or BFDGE.2HCl had at lest one part coated with a PVC organosol.     

European priorities for research to support legislation in the area of food contact materials and articles

A strong science base is required to underpin the planning and decision-making process involved in determining future European community legislation on materials and articles in contact with food. Significant progress has been made in the past 5 years in European funded work in this area, with many developments contributing to a much better understanding of the migration process, and better and simpler approaches to food control. In this paper this progress is reviewed against previously identified work-areas (identified in 1994) and conclusions are reached about future requirements for R&D to support legislation on food contact materials and articles over the next 5 or so years.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.