DMDC联合Nisin对模拟果汁中肠膜状明串珠菌细胞膜功能的影响

本文研究了二甲基二碳酸盐(DMDC)和Nisin处理对模拟果汁中肠膜状明串珠菌的杀菌效果及其细胞膜功能的影响。结果表明:DMDC联合Nisin作用于该菌时的部分杀菌浓度指数为0.38,小于0.50,两者之间具有很好的协同杀菌作用。扫描电镜分析发现该菌经DMDC和Nisin处理后其细胞形态没有发生明显变化。该菌经DMDC处理后仅有个别菌体细胞的膜通透性出现增加,而该菌经Nisin处理后,约7%菌体细胞的膜通透性增加。Nisin处理虽能改变该菌的细胞膜通透性,增加胞外极性物质的摄入,但并不能明显促进胞内物质的流失,高浓度的DMDC处理能导致该菌溶液的紫外吸收值增加约60%。DMDC和Nisin两者对该菌细胞内物质的流失、细胞膜的通透性的增加和胞内p H的下降没有相互促进作用,但DMDC和Nisin的联合作用能促进该菌细胞内脱氢酶的进一步失活。     

超声波处理对生鲜鸡肉表面假单胞菌生物被膜的去污染作用

探讨了超声波处理、超声波与10%的磷酸三钠联合处理对生鲜鸡肉表面假单胞菌生物被膜的去污染效果。取生鲜鸡肉(约100 g)浸入20%双氧水浸泡后冲洗后,于无菌条件下去除表层肉,切成大小约为3 cm×3 cm×1 cm。将其无菌条件下浸入106 cfu/mL的假单胞菌菌悬液浸泡1min,30℃条件下培养24 h后放入无菌自封袋,置于超声波清洗仪(40 kHz,300 W)中处理不同时间,测定自封袋溶液中及生鲜肉表面的假单胞菌数目,并结合扫描电镜观察鸡肉表面假单胞菌生物被膜的去除程度。结果发现超声波处理单独作用30 min组鸡肉表面的假单胞菌数目降至最少,鸡肉表面的假单胞菌数目最多减少了0.80个对数;而超声波与10%的磷酸三钠联合处理时,最多可减少2.85个对数。并且扫描电镜观察到经10%的磷酸三钠处理的假单胞菌的大小与形态发生改变,部分假单胞菌表面有破损、内含物外渗。因此,超声波处理对假单胞菌生物被膜有去污染作用,与10%的磷酸三钠联合处理能增强超声波对假单胞菌生物被膜的去污染能力;且随着处理时间的延长对鸡肉表面的去污染效果也越明显,对假单胞菌生物被膜的剥离程度也逐渐增大。     

植物提取物对浅黄假单胞菌生物被膜的作用

本文研究具有抑菌效果的药食同源植物提取物对冷却肉中关键腐败菌——假单胞菌生物被膜的抑制、清除效果.从市售冷却肉中分离一株具有较强生物被膜形成能力的假单胞菌,经鉴定为浅黄假单胞菌8-4.采用结晶紫染色法观察蒲公英、金银花、丁香、肉桂、薄荷、桑叶等6种提取物对浅黄假单胞菌生物被膜的抑制和清除作用.结果表明:金银花提取物和蒲...     

茶多酚和葡萄籽提取物对假单胞菌抗生物被膜的抑制作用

研究茶多酚(TP)和葡萄籽提取物(GSE)对假单胞菌生物被膜形成的影响。采用结晶紫法、XTT法和银染法评价TP和GSE在不同质量浓度和不同添加时间下对假单胞菌抗生物被膜的作用。结果表明,2株铜绿假单胞菌能够形成被膜,其中1~3 d是快速形成期。随着作用质量浓度增加,TP和GSE对假单胞菌生长和生物被膜的抑制作用增强(P0.05),其MIC分别为1 mg/m L和2 mg/m L,在亚抑菌浓度仍表现明显的抗生物被膜作用(P0.05)。1/2 MIC TP和GSE在被膜形成初期的12 h添加能显著抑制被膜形成(P0.05),其中0 h添加效果最佳,抑制率为55%~67%;24 h后添加作用微弱,且TP和GSE不能清除成熟的生物被膜。TP和GSE处理组显著降低被膜菌的菌体活力(P0.05),并且处理组细菌胞外分泌物低于对照组。TP和GSE在亚抑菌浓度下表现出较强的抗铜绿假单胞菌生物被膜作用,主要通过影响假单胞菌初期的粘附。本研究为植物多酚在食品贮藏和保鲜的广泛应用提供理论基础。     

桃金娘果实花色苷提取物对两种假单胞菌生物被膜的抑制

为研究桃金娘果实花色苷提取物对隆德假单胞菌(Pseudomonas lundensis)和荧光假单胞菌(Pseudomonas fluorescens)生物被膜的抑制作用,采用肉汤稀释法测定了桃金娘果实花色苷提取物对两种假单胞菌的最小抑菌浓度和最小杀菌浓度,在亚抑菌浓度下采用结晶紫微孔板染色法测定了桃金娘果实花色苷提取物对两种假单胞菌的抑制作用和粘附情况。结果表明,桃金娘果实花色苷提取物对两种假单胞菌均有一定的抑制作用,对隆德假单胞菌和荧光假单胞菌的最小抑菌浓度分别为1500和1000 mg/mL,在500 mg/mL的亚抑菌浓度下,桃金娘果实花色苷提取物对隆德假单胞菌和荧光假单胞菌生物被膜具有显著抑制效果,能够显著降低两种假单胞菌在接触面上的粘附量(p<0.05)。桃金娘果实花色苷提取物具有开发为隆德假单胞菌和荧光假单胞菌生物被膜抑制剂的潜在价值。     

氯化钙对食品致腐荧光假单胞菌生物被膜形成的影响

研究氯化钙（CaCl2）对食品腐败株荧光假单胞菌（Pseudomonas fluorescens）生物被膜形成特征的影响。采用结晶紫法、菌体计数、苯酚-硫酸法、共聚焦扫描显微镜和实时荧光定量聚合酶链式反应（polymerase chain reaction,PCR）检测Ca2＋对荧光假单胞菌的生物被膜形成、多糖分泌、被膜结构及相关基因表达的影响。结果表明,0.1 mmol/L Ca2＋刺激荧光假单胞菌生物被膜,随着浓度增加被膜形成增强,其中1 mmol/L促进最明显,而高于10 mmol/L作用减弱,并且Ca2＋不影响浮游细菌生长;同时,0.1 mmol/L和1 mmol/L Ca2＋对胞外多糖、薄膜和泳动性均呈现促进效果,而高浓度下呈现抑制;共聚焦扫描显微镜观察荧光假单胞菌对照组、1 mmol/L和20 mmol/L Ca2＋处理组的成熟生物被膜厚度分别为20.0、40.0 μm和25.0 μm,其中添加1 mmol/L Ca2＋显著增加PF07被膜厚度、菌体和胞外聚合物分泌量,使被膜结构更致密;实时荧光定量PCR检测显示,1 mmol/L Ca2＋刺激菌体黏附素lapA、藻多糖alg、鞭毛flgA基因表达量增加3～4 倍,并且Ca2＋均显著刺激AHLs合成酶luxI基因的表达,提示Ca2＋影响生物被膜与群体感应密切相关。可见,食品介质中CaCl2通过影响菌体黏附行为、胞外分泌物、基因表达导致荧光假单胞菌生物被膜形成特征和结构的改变,该研究为复杂的食品介质中腐败菌生物被膜形成和黏附提供依据。     

金银花和蒲公英提取物对肉源性假单胞菌生物被膜的清除作用

为明确金银花和蒲公英提取物对假单胞菌生物被膜的清除效果,采用单因素实验确定假单胞菌生物被膜的最佳培养温度、培养时间和固定方法;在此条件下,采用结晶紫法结合扫描电镜研究金银花和蒲公英提取物在不同质量浓度、不同添加时间下对肉源性假单胞菌生物被膜的清除作用。结果表明,30 ℃培养24 h生物被膜测定值最高。提取物对生物被膜的清除效果随质量浓度的增加而逐渐增强(P<0.05),在生物被膜形成0 h加入的清除效果显著强于在24 h加入的清除效果(P<0.05)。当提取物浓度高于最小抑菌浓度(MIC)时,主要通过抑制菌体生长而清除生物被膜;当低于最小抑菌浓度时,主要通过破坏生物被膜立体结构而清除生物被膜。提取物破坏假单胞菌生物被膜结构,使生物被膜形成孔洞,从而清除生物被膜。本研究证明金银花和蒲公英提取物能够清除假单胞菌生物被膜,对肉的保鲜具有潜在应用价值。     

Nisin与和厚朴酚联用对铜绿假单胞菌生物被膜的协同抑制作用

目的:铜绿假单胞菌生物被膜(BF)难以清除,是引起食品持续性污染的重要原因。Nisin作为一种天然食品防腐剂可抑制多种食源性致病菌,然而其对革兰氏阴性菌效果差。通过Nisin与和厚朴酚联用来增强对铜绿假单胞菌ATCC 9027生物被膜的抑制和清除能力,并探究其作用机制。方法:首先,筛选可抑制铜绿假单胞菌BF的中药成分及最小抑制浓度;然后评估Nisin与和厚朴酚联用对铜绿假单胞菌生物被膜的协同抑制作用及其效果随时间的变化,以及对BF结构、组成成分、相关基因表达的影响。结果:和厚朴酚对铜绿假单胞菌ATCC 9027生物被膜的抑制效果最强,选择其作为与Nisin联用的中药成分。Nisin与和厚朴酚的MBIC50分别为1 mg/mL和12.5 μg/mL。多个组合均有协同抑制作用,其中1.5625 μg/mL和厚朴酚与0.125 mg/mL Nisin对BF的协同抑制效果最佳,在18 h达到最高,并且二者联用显著影响BF结构,降低胞外多糖和eDNA的含量,同时BF相关基因lasR、pelA、algC、pqsA、lasI的表达量降低。结论:Nisin与和厚朴酚联用对铜绿假单胞菌ATCC9027生物被膜具有协同抑制作用,其可降低BF相关基因转录水平以减少EPS和eDNA的分泌,从而抑制和清除BF。本研究旨在为减少由铜绿假单胞菌生物被膜引起的食品安全问题提供解决策略。     

冷却猪肉及托盘表面细菌生物被膜分析和肉源荧光假单胞菌的鉴定与被膜研究

为研究冷却猪肉及其接触面中细菌生物被膜能力并探讨肉类特定腐败菌的生物被膜特征,分析了腐败的冷却肉和销售托盘表面的细菌生物被膜形成能力;利用形态学观察、16S r DNA分析和VITEK2微生物鉴定系统鉴定了冷却肉中一株生物被膜能力较强的荧光假单胞菌(Pseudomonas fluorescens);测定了该菌在培养基和猪肉浸提液中的生物被膜能力;用激光共聚焦和扫描电子显微镜观测了其生物被膜的结构特征。结果发现:冷却肉中及其销售托盘表面的细菌能够形成生物被膜的比例较高,37%和45%的细菌具有较强生物被膜形成能力。肉源性荧光假单胞菌能够在培养基和肉液中形成大量生物被膜,具有较强的生物被膜能力。显微成像结果表明荧光假单胞菌在培养6 h后有明显黏附,18 h后多糖分泌增多、菌体堆积并形成具有生物功能的立体生物被膜。这些特点可能有利于荧光假单胞菌在冷却肉表面黏附并成为优势腐败菌。     

鱼源荧光假单胞菌生物被膜形成和致腐表型的研究

荧光假单胞菌是养殖鱼类低温贮藏中的优势腐败菌。本研究比较分析5种荧光假单胞菌的生物被膜形成和腐败表型。采用结晶紫法、苯酚硫酸法、珠涡流法和荧光显微镜观察荧光假单胞菌的生物被膜形成和粘附能力,并测定细菌泳动性、蛋白酶活性、嗜铁素等致腐表型。结果表明,5株荧光假单胞菌在28℃LB肉汤中生长良好,经24 h培养后气-液界面上出现较厚的膜,在微孔板中生物被膜形成较快,其中鱼源PF01、PF06、PF07和PF10分离株在12 h含量最高,而标准菌株PFuk4在18 h最高。随着培养时间延长,细菌胞外多糖的含量逐步积累,在18～24 h达到最高,并较快粘附到不锈钢片表面,其中PF07的粘附量最高。5株荧光假单胞菌还具有较强的泳动性和蛋白酶活性,且均产嗜铁素。在PF07和PFuk4中还检测出短链高丝氨酸内酯(AHLs)活性,可能与其较高的被膜、粘附能力、泳动性及蛋白酶活性有关。本研究结果为从AHLs角度探究荧光假单胞菌的致腐机理打下良好的基础。     

不同培养条件及群体感应信号分子对蜂房哈夫尼亚菌生物被膜的影响

为研究蜂房哈夫尼亚菌(Hafnia alvei)Ha-01生物被膜形成的过程及不同培养条件(碳源、p H值、Na Cl质量分数、黏附材料)对其生物被膜形成的影响,采用超声波平板法及扫描电镜法研究不同培养条件下菌株Ha-01生物被膜活菌数及生长情况,并通过添加外源标准群体感应信号分子(N-酰基高丝氨酸内酯(N-acyl-homoserine lactones,AHLs))中的C6-HSL研究了AHLs与其生物被膜形成的关系。结果显示,菌株Ha-01生物被膜的形成与培养时间密切相关;在不同碳源的培养条件下形成生物被膜能力不同,其中在以木糖为培养基时形成量最大,达到7.51(lg(CFU/cm~2)),与在LB培养基中相比增加10.28%;在中性培养条件下更利于其生物被膜的形成,活菌数为7.77(lg(CFU/cm~2));在Na Cl质量分数为2%时,其生物被膜产生量最大,活菌数为7.18(lg(CFU/cm~2));在不同黏附材料上生物被膜形成能力从大到小依次为铝片、锌片、玻璃片,活菌数分别为7.22、6.48、6.11(lg(CFU/cm~2));且添加C6-HSL量越多,其生物被膜产生能力越强。研究表明,培养条件能够影响菌株Ha-01生物被膜形成,且AHLs可以调控其生物被膜形成。     

Microbiological quality of freshly shot game in Germany

In the framework of a project on the hygiene status of freshly shot game 289 samples were microbiologically analysed: 127 samples from wild boars, 95 from roe deer and 67 from red deer. The microbiological parameters evaluated were the mesophilic aerobic count (APC), which showed mean log10-counts of 2.6 cfu/cm² for roe deer, 2.9 cfu/cm² for red deer and 3.2 cfu/cm² for wild boars and the numbers of Enterobacteriaceae, which gave mean log10-values of 2.1 cfu/cm² for all three species with differing ranges. The concentrations of coagulase positive staphylococci were >2.0 log10 cfu/cm² between 3.2 and 6.3%, according to species. Listeria was found in 14 samples and three samples gave a positive result for Campylobacter. Salmonella was not found in any of the samples analysed.     

姜黄素联合乙二胺四乙酸对荧光假单胞菌的光动力灭活作用

为探讨姜黄素对荧光假单胞菌的光动力灭活（photodynamic inactivation,PDI）作用,提高光动力杀菌效果,本研究以乙二胺四乙酸（ethylene diamine tetraacetic acid,EDTA）为协同剂,对PDI的应用条件进行优化,探讨姜黄素联合EDTA对荧光假单胞菌生物膜的PDI作用,并进一步将姜黄素联合EDTA应用于新鲜猪肉的保鲜。结果表明,与空白组相比,0.5%（质量分数,下同）EDTA与75 μmol/L 姜黄素经光照（功率密度200 mW/cm2、波长460 nm、光照时间20 min）,荧光假单胞菌的菌落数对数值减小了6.40（lg（CFU/mL））,玻璃及丙烯腈二乙烯丁二烯树脂（acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene,ABS）板表面生物膜中荧光假单胞菌菌落数对数值分别减小4.57、6.60（lg（CFU/mL））,均显著高于单独使用姜黄素组的灭活效果（P＜0.05）。新鲜猪肉经75 μmol/L姜黄素和0.5% EDTA处理并光照后（功率密度100 mW/cm2、波长460 nm、光照时间20 min）,与空白组相比,保存到第10天其表面荧光假单胞菌菌落数对数值减小3.05（lg（CFU/mL））,质量损失率为2.14%,色差ΔE随姜黄素浓度增加而增大;且处理后的猪肉随贮藏时间的延长pH值变化缓慢。说明PDI处理对猪肉的感官品质影响较小,能较好地维持猪肉pH值,对猪肉表面荧光假单胞菌有显著抑制作用。结论：姜黄素联合EDTA的PDI处理显著延长了猪肉的保鲜期,本研究可为光动力技术在食品杀菌及贮藏保鲜中的应用提供新的理论参考和技术支持。     

微酸性次氯酸水结合乳化剂酪蛋白酸钠对冷鲜肉主要腐败菌的杀菌作用

目的：研究微酸性次氯酸水（slightly acidic hypochlorous water,SAHW）对冷鲜肉主要腐败菌莓实假单胞菌（Pseudomonas fragi）及荧光假单胞菌（Pseudomonas fluorescens）的杀菌作用,提高其对冷鲜肉表面腐败菌的杀菌效果。方法：在研究50 mg/L的SAHW结合0.02%（质量分数,下同）酪蛋白酸钠稳定性（贮存过程中有效氯质量浓度及pH值变化）的基础上,测定SAHW结合0.02%酪蛋白酸钠处理后冷鲜肉体外及体内假单胞菌菌落总数。结果：避光封口贮存方式下的SAHW与酪蛋白酸钠混合液的稳定性最佳。在体外条件下,SAHW对P. fragi和P. fluorescens杀菌作用在不同质量浓度及作用时间下相较于混合液均更强,在SAHW质量浓度为50 mg/L时,SAHW及混合液对P. fragi的致死对数值分别为6.16(lg(CFU/mL))和2.26(lg(CFU/mL)),致死率分别为85.20%和31.26%。体内实验结果显示,50 mg/L SAHW与0.02%酪蛋白酸钠混合液对P. fragi及P. fluorescen...     

EVALUATION OF BACTERIOLOGICAL QUALITY IN SELECTED COMMERCIAL INFANT FORMULAS AVAILABLE IN POLAND AND EGYPT

One hundred samples of commercial infant formula bought in shops in the Poznan region (Poland) and Cairo region (Egypt) were investigated. Samples were analyzed for aerobic plate counts (APC), total Bacillus cereus (TBC), and incidences of Bacillus spp. and coliforms. The mean APC and TBC did not show any important variation with country, being practically the same in products bought in Poland and Egypt. All commercial infant formula analyzed immediately after opening were of satisfactory bacteriological quality, exhibiting APC lower than 10⁴ CFU g⁻¹ (mean 4.9 × 10²) and TBC lower than 10³ CFU g⁻¹ (mean 1.1 × 10²). However, 60% of the examined fruit juice and ready-to-feed infant formula presented TBC above the recommendation safety limit after storage at 22C for 72 h and at 35C for 48 h. In most cases the mean log APC and TBC were highest (P > 0.05) for fruit juice and ready-to-feed infant formula stored at elevated temperature (35 ± 1C).     

Competitive interactions inside mixed-culture biofilms of Salmonella Typhimurium and cultivable indigenous microorganisms on lettuce enhance microbial resistance of their sessile cells to ultraviolet C (UV-C) irradiation

Salmonella Typhimurium (ST) is one of the leading causes of foodborne diseases in fresh produce, such as lettuce. Despite this, the role of the possible interactions between lettuce indigenous microorganisms and ST on their ability to form biofilm on lettuce and subsequently on the sensitivity of their sessile cells to ultraviolet C (UV-C) irradiation, remains relatively unexplored. Here, the interaction of a mixed-culture of ST and cultivable indigenous microorganisms (CIMs) was examined, as well as the efficacy of UV-C. Initially, the CIMs were isolated and cultured with ST at 15 °C either planktonically or left to form biofilms on stainless steel (SS) and lettuce leaves. Microbial growth, biofilm formation, and survival following UV-C treatment were monitored using traditional plate count methods while biofilm formation, production of extracellular polymeric substance (EPS), and stomatal colonization were also observed by field emission scanning electron microscopy (FESEM). Internalization strength, color, and texture were analyzed by standard methods. Results revealed that the mixed-culture of ST and CIMs presented significantly (p < 0.05) decreased biofilm formation on lettuce leaves compared to mono-cultures (i.e. ST or CIMs alone), which indicated competitive interaction between them, while no interactions were observed for biofilms on SS and for the planktonic cultures. It was also demonstrated that a mixed-culture biofilm on lettuce presented significantly higher resistance (p < 0.05) to UV-C treatment compared to mono-culture biofilms, but such an effect was not observed for biofilms formed on SS and for the planktonic cultures. The Weibull model fitted well to microbial inactivation curves with R² values that ranged from 0.90 to 0.97. Regarding the mixed-culture conditions, a UV-C fluency of 35 mJ/cm² was required to achieve a 5.0 log CFU/mL or cm² reduction in planktonic and biofilms on the SS for the mixed-culture, while 360 mJ/cm² was required to reduce biofilm cell number by approximately 2.0 log CFU/cm² on lettuce. Furthermore, FESEM analysis indicated higher EPS production, and greater stomatal colonization on lettuce mixed-cultures compared to mono-cultures. Finally, internalization strength was significantly higher (p < 0.05) for the mixed-culture on lettuce, thus supporting the notion that internalization in lettuce is a factor that contributes to microbial UV-C resistance. The absence of adverse effects of UV-C on the color and texture of the lettuce suggests it as an alternative means of eliminating ST.     

MICROBIOLOGICAL STATUS OF EGYPTIAN SALTED MEAT (BASTERMA) AND FRESH SAUSAGE

The microbiological quality of 125 samples of the most popular Egyptian meat products (75 Egyptian fresh sausage "EPS" and 50 basterma) was determined. The aerobic plate count (APC) and Lactobacillaceae count of basterma ranged from 1 × 10⁴ to 9 × 10⁶ CFU/g, respectively . Enterobacteriaceae, mold and yeast counts for basterma were similar (<1 × 10² CFU/g). Artificially contaminated slices of meat and garlic paste of basterma showed that the paste inhibited growth of Salmonella typhimurium. APC and Enterobacteriaceae counts of EFS ranged from 1.1 × 10⁴ to 1 × 10⁸ and from 1 × 10² to 1 × 10⁷ CFU/g, respectively. Nearly 26% and 29% of EFS were positive for Clostridium perfringens and coagulase-positive Staphylococcus aureus, respectively . Salmonella could not be detected in any examined samples. Bacteriologically, EFS might pose a potential health hazard, making it imperative to institute sanitary measures during its production and sale .; Accepted for Publication July 2, 1997     

Bactericidal activity of isothiocyanate against pathogens on fresh produce

The bactericidal activity of allyl and methyl isothiocyanate (AITC and MITC) was tested with a rifampicin-resistant strain of Salmonella Montevideo and streptomycin-resistant strains of Escherichia coil O157:H7 and Listeria monocytogenes Scott A. Iceberg lettuce inoculated with high (10(7) to 10(8) CFU/g) and low (10(3) to 10(4) CFU/g) concentrations of bacterial pathogens was treated with AITC and MITC in sealed containers at 4 degrees C for 4 days. AITC showed stronger bactericidal activity than MITC against E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella Montevideo, whereas MITC showed stronger activity against L. monocytogenes than E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella Montevideo. Up to 8-log reduction occurred with E. coli O157:H7 and Salmonella Montevideo on lettuce following treatment with vapor generated from 400 microl of AITC for 2 and 4 days, respectively. AITC was used to treat tomatoes inoculated with Salmonella Montevideo on stem scars and skin and apples inoculated with E. coli O157:H7 on stem scars. The bactericidal effect of AITC varied with bacteria species and exposure time. Salmonella Montevideo inoculated on tomato skin was more sensitive to AITC than that on stem scars. Treatment with vapor generated from 500 microl of AITC caused an 8-log reduction in bacteria on tomato skin but only a 5-log reduction on tomato stem scars. The bactericidal activity of AITC was weaker for E. coli O157:H7 on apple stem scars; only a 3-log reduction in bacteria occurred when 600 microl of AITC was used.     

Inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella in Apple Cider and Orange Juice Treated with Combinations of Ozone, Dimethyl Dicarbonate, and Hydrogen Peroxide

ABSTRACT: Inactivation of Escherichia coli O157:H7 and Salmonella in apple cider and orange juice treated with ozone in combination with antimicrobials was evaluated. E. coli O157:H7 or Salmonella was suspended in cider and orange juice, and ozone was pumped into juices (4°C) containing dimethyl dicarbonate (DMDC; 250 or 500 ppm) or hydrogen peroxide (300 or 600 ppm) for up to 90 min (study 1) or 60 min followed by 24-h storage at 4°C (study 2). Study 1: No combination of treatments resulted in a 5-log colony-forming units (CFU) /mL reduction of either pathogen. Study 2: All combinations of antimicrobials plus ozone treatments, followed by refrigerated storage, caused greater than a 5-log CFU/mL reduction, except ozone/DMDC (250 ppm) treatment in orange juice. Ozone treatment in combination with DMDC or hydrogen peroxide followed by refrigerated storage may provide an alternative to thermal pasteurization to meet the 5-log reduction standard in cider and orange juice.     

卤豆干生产过程微生物检测及安全控制

目的：确定卤豆干车间、设备及重要工序菌落总数污染情况,为保证卤豆干品质和安全控制提供理论依据。方法：根据GB4789.2-2010《食品微生物学检验 菌落总数测定》和大气微生物评级标准,对卤豆干车间空气、设备及重要工序进行菌落总数测定并评级。结果：豆腐制作车间空气菌落总数（3.98±0.14）（lg（CFU/m3））,生产设备接触面及操作人员的手菌落总数均高于4.50（lg（CFU/m2））;原料、泡豆、干豆腐和调味菌落总数分别为（6.21±0.49）、（7.28±1.30）、（5.54±0.28）、（7.32±0.30）（lg（CFU/g））,评级为污染至严重污染;熟浆、豆腐脑、卤前清洗和灭菌后的豆腐菌落总数为（2.48±0.07）、（2.47±0.16）、（3.01±0.15）、（2.11±0.30）（lg（CFU/g））,评级为清洁;Duncan’s新复极差法分析结果表明不同生产工序间菌落总数差异显著。结论：车间环境、生产设备及操作人员易对卤豆干造成二次污染;微生物分布与生产工序密切相关;原料、泡豆、烘烤和调味是影响卤豆干食品安全的关键工序;煮浆、豆腐脑、卤前清洗和灭菌是减少微生物污染的关键工序。