酶法制备联合Plastein反应修饰牡蛎ACE抑制肽工艺优化

以牡蛎为原料,采用酶解联合Plastein反应修饰的方法,获得高活性血管紧张素转换酶(angiotensin converting enzyme,ACE)抑制肽。以ACE抑制率和水解度为指标,对比胃蛋白酶、木瓜蛋白酶、碱性蛋白酶、中性蛋白酶、胰蛋白酶这5种蛋白酶对牡蛎肉的酶解效果,筛选出木瓜蛋白酶最佳。通过单因素试验和正交试验对酶解工艺进行优化,得到最佳酶解工艺为料液比1∶8(g/m L)、加酶量2.0%、温度65℃、时间1.0 h、pH6.0,此条件下酶解产物的ACE抑制率可达到63.30%,在此基础上采用Plastein反应对酶解产物进行修饰,以游离氨基酸减少量和ACE抑制率为指标,考察反应过程中酶种类、底物质量分数、加酶量、时间和温度对修饰结果产生的影响。通过该反应的修饰,得到选用中性蛋白酶、底物质量分数40%、加酶量1.0%、温度30℃、时间2.5h、pH7.0时,ACE抑制率最高可达82.31%,比修饰前提高了19%。     

响应面法优化杏仁ACE抑制肽的酶解工艺研究

以杏仁蛋白粉为原料制备杏仁ACE抑制肽,研究pH、温度、底物浓度、酶底比对蛋白的水解度和水解产物的ACE抑制率的影响。在单因素试验基础上,选取对ACE抑制率有显著影响的四个因素:pH(X1)、温度(X2)、底物浓度(X3)和酶底比(X4),进行四因素三水平的响应面分析试验,经过优化得出最优酶解条件为:pH8.6,酶解温度51℃,底物浓度1.7%,酶底比1.8%,在此最优条件下ACE抑制率为78.30%,得到的杏仁蛋白肽分子量在2000Da以下。     

南瓜籽ACE抑制肽的Plastein反应修饰及分离鉴定

为进一步提升南瓜籽多肽的ACE抑制活性,利用Plastein反应对南瓜籽ACE抑制肽进行修饰,探究底物质量分数、反应温度、反应时间以及3种外源氨基酸添加量对ACE抑制率的影响。采用超滤和Sephadex G-25柱层析等分离修饰产物,并利用LC-MS/MS鉴定肽序列。结果表明：Plastein反应修饰的最佳条件为底物质量分数45%,反应温度20℃,反应时间3 h;分别添加亮氨酸、苯丙氨酸或甘氨酸均能显著提升修饰产物的ACE抑制率,其中添加0.5 mmol/g亮氨酸时,修饰产物的ACE抑制率最高,比修饰前提高了24.50百分点;经超滤和Sephadex G-25柱层析分离,获得ACE抑制率达89.61%的组分,经LC-MS/MS鉴定出76个肽段,固相合成其中4种多肽IFH、IFF、LAAF、DFHPR,其抑制ACE的IC₅₀分别为1.55、2.24、3.79 mmol/L和7.86 mmol/L。综上,Plastein反应修饰可显著改善南瓜籽ACE抑制肽的ACE抑制活性,经超滤和Sephadex G-25柱层析分离,可获得高ACE抑制活性的南瓜籽ACE抑制肽。     

胃蛋白酶水解甘薯蛋白制备血管紧张素转化酶抑制肽的研究

采用胃蛋白酶水解甘薯蛋白制备血管紧张素转化酶(ACE)抑制肽,通过四元二次回归正交旋转组合设计,考察底物浓度、酶与底物浓度比、pH值、温度对ACE抑制率的影响,并确定最优酶解工艺参数,最终建立了ACE抑制率与各影响因素的回归模型。在此基础上,确定了胃蛋白酶水解甘薯蛋白的最适条件为:底物浓度2.3%、酶与底物浓度比3.7%、pH2.3、温度37℃、时间8h,采用该优化工艺,得到ACE抑制率最大为78.37%的水解产物。为开发防治高血压的保健食品提供了理论依据。     

酶解蛋清蛋白制备ACE抑制肽的工艺研究

为获取酶解蛋清蛋白制备血管紧张素转化酶(ACE)抑制肽的工艺参数,研究4种蛋白酶酶解蛋清蛋白所得产物对ACE的抑制活性,筛选出胰蛋白酶作为制备蛋清蛋白ACE抑制肽的适宜用酶。运用响应曲面法研究酶解时间、底物浓度([S])和酶与底物质量比([E]/[S])对制备ACE抑制肽工艺的影响,建立以上3因素与ACE抑制率关系的数学模型。结果确定胰蛋白酶酶解蛋清蛋白制备ACE抑制肽的适宜酶解条件为酶解时间4.87h、[S]3.06%、[E]/[S]2.91%、酶解温度45℃、pH7.4,此条件下制备的蛋清蛋白酶解产物ACE抑制率达到50.73%。     

逆流超声辅助酶解法制备大米ACE抑制肽

研究逆流超声预处理大米蛋白对其碱性蛋白酶酶解制备血管紧张素转换酶(Angiotensin-I Converting Enzyme,ACE)抑制肽的影响。首先从米渣中提取大米蛋白,以ACE抑制率为主要指标,水解度为辅助指标,运用单因素逐级优化法对酶解反应的底物浓度、时间、温度、加酶量和pH进行参数优化,在此基础上筛选逆流超声模式的最佳超声参数。结果表明最佳酶解参数为底物浓度30 g/L、加酶量(E/S)7.5%、温度50 ℃、pH8.5和酶解时间60 min,此时酶解产物ACE抑制率为45.59%,水解度为21.49%。最佳超声参数为超声频率20 kHz、功率密度170 W/L、时间12.5 min。此时酶解液ACE抑制率达72.24%,水解度为21.64%,相较于未超声组ACE抑制率提高了57.42%,相较于传统超声组,ACE抑制率提高了11.36%。结果表明逆流超声波辅助酶解法能有效提高酶解效率、减少能耗、促进ACE抑制肽制备。     

耦合Plastein反应的大豆蛋白降压肽酶法制备技术

利用碱性蛋白酶酶解大豆分离蛋白,制备出水解度为16.6% 的大豆蛋白水解物,随后对水解物进行Plastein反应修饰。利用响应面分析优化修饰反应条件,得到适宜参数：底物质量分数45%、酶添加量275U/g 蛋白质、反应时间3～4h、温度30℃。制备修饰反应程度不同的9 种修饰产物并评价其体外ACE 抑制活性,发现修饰产物的IC50 值为0.64～1.30mg/mL,均小于大豆蛋白水解物IC50 值(1.45mg/mL)。排阻色谱分析结果确认,修饰产物中有更多的高分子质量肽段存在。结果显示,大豆蛋白的酶解以及耦合Plastein 反应修饰,是一种制备高ACE抑制活性大豆蛋白降压肽的新技术。     

酸枣仁ACE抑制肽酶解工艺优化

本试验以脱脂后的酸枣仁渣通过碱溶酸沉法提取得到的酸枣仁蛋白为研究对象,以血管紧张素转化酶(ACE)抑制率和水解度为指标,筛选复合酶种类,采用响应面分析法,以中性蛋白酶/碱性蛋白酶比例、pH、底物浓度、酶解温度、酶解时间为试验因素,优化酸枣仁ACE抑制肽最佳酶解工艺参数。结果表明:筛选出中性蛋白酶和碱性蛋白酶作为复合酶,最适酶添加量确定为6000 U/g,5个因素对ACE抑制率和水解度的影响由大到小的顺序为:酶解温度、酶解时间、pH、中性蛋白酶/碱性蛋白酶比例、底物浓度。通过拟合方程分析,得到酸枣仁ACE抑制肽酶解的最佳工艺条件为:中性蛋白酶/碱性蛋白酶比例为2.1:1、酶解温度为54 ℃,底物浓度为3.1%,pH为7.5,酶解时间为62 min。在此条件下,复合酶解酸枣仁蛋白酶解液的实际ACE抑制率和水解度分别为（79.46%±0.49%）和（31.45%±0.85%）,与理论值接近。制备得到酸枣仁ACE抑制肽与阳性对照组卡托普利对比,酸枣仁ACE抑制肽的ACE抑制率大小为（79.46%±0.49%）,与卡托普利的ACE抑制率偏差为（19.28%±0.12%）,证明酸枣仁ACE抑制肽具有显著降压效果。本研究证明了酸枣仁蛋白通过酶解有效得到ACE抑制肽并优化其酶解工艺,旨在为酸枣仁渣废物再利用提供参考方向和理论依据。     

杜仲翅果籽粕蛋白酶解制备ACE抑制肽的工艺优化

以杜仲翅果籽粕蛋白为原料,采用复合酶法酶解制备ACE抑制肽。考察pH值、酶用量、酶比例、底物质量分数、酶解时间、酶解温度对ACE抑制率和水解度的影响。在单因素试验基础上采用响应面法优化ACE抑制肽制备工艺。结果表明,ACE抑制肽酶解制备最佳条件为底物质量分数6%(m/V),pH 9.4,酶用量13 300U/g,酶比例(碱性蛋白酶∶胰蛋白酶)2∶1,酶解时间4.4h,酶解温度44℃。该条件下,ACE抑制率达67.91%。     

玉米ACE抑制肽水解酶的筛选及酶解条件的优化

酶解玉米蛋白粉(蛋白含量为70%)制备血管紧张素转换酶(angiotensin converting enzyme,ACE)抑制肽,通过酶的筛选实验确定了AS.1398中性蛋白酶作为最佳水解酶,在此基础上,进行pH、温度、底物浓度、加酶量[E]∶[S]的单因素实验,并且确定4种因素的参数值进行L9(34)正交实验,采用体外检测ACE抑制率和肽得率为指标来确定最佳工艺条件。研究结果表明,选用AS.1398中性蛋白酶作为水解酶,水解时间在2h时,pH7.0,温度50℃,底物浓度5%,加酶量[E]∶[S]为1.5∶100,得到的最大ACE抑制率为85.65%,肽得率为58.64%。     

Reliable identification of grapevine rootstock varieties using RAPD PCR on woody samples

Since grapevine ( Vitis spp .) rootstock material is being traded increasingly as disbudded woody material a lack of distinctive morphological features on such material necessitates an alternative and reliable means of identification. Methods described here were developed for rapid and efficient extraction of DNA from woody samples rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides, and for subsequent identification of varieties by RAPD PCR. Using these methods, and with the application of only one selected RAPD primer, we were able to differentiate sixteen rootstock varieties, including the seven varieties most commonly used in Germany. Problems commonly encountered with reproducibility of RAPD patterns were avoided by choosing primers with a dinucleotide sequence and a high G/C content that allowed a rather high annealing temperature of 45°C. Methods described here should also be useful for other horticultural crops, especially those with woody tissues rich in phenolic compounds and polysaccharides.     

An internet compendium of analytical methods and spectroscopic information for monomers and additives used in food packaging plastics

An internet website (http://cpf.jrc.it/smt/) has been produced as a means of dissemination of methods of analysis and supporting spectroscopic information on monomers and additives used for food contact materials (principally packaging). The site which is aimed primarily at assisting food control laboratories in the European Union contains analytical information on monomers, starting substances and additives used in the manufacture of plastics materials. A searchable index is provided giving PM and CAS numbers for each of 255 substances. For each substance a data sheet gives regulatory information, chemical structures, physico-chemical information and background information on the use of the substance in particular plastics, and the food packaging applications. For monomers and starting substances (155 compounds) the infra-red and mass spectra are provided, and for additives (100 compounds); additionally proton NMR are available for about 50% of the entries. Where analytical methods have been developed for determining these substances as residual amounts in plastics or as trace amounts in food simulants these methods are also on the website. All information is provided in portable document file (PDF) format which means that high quality copies can be readily printed, using freely available Adobe Acrobat Reader software. The website will in future be maintained and up-dated by the European Commission's Joint Research Centre (JRC) as new substances are authorized for use by the European Commission (DG-ENTR formerly DGIII). Where analytical laboratories (food control or other) require reference substances these can be obtained free-ofcharge from a reference collection housed at the JRC and maintained in conjunction with this website compendium.     

Aroma characterization of various apricot varieties using headspace–solid phase microextraction combined with gas chromatography–mass spectrometry and gas chromatography–olfactometry

The characterization of the aromatic profile of several apricot cultivars with molecular tracers in order to obtain objective data concerning the aromatic quality of this fruit was undertaken using headspace–solid phase microextraction (HS–SPME). Six apricot cultivars were selected according to their organoleptic characteristics: Iranien, Orangered, Goldrich, Hargrand, Rouge du Roussillon and A4025. The aromatic intensity of these varieties measured by HS–SPME–Olfactometry were defined and classified according to the presence and the intensity of grassy, fruity and apricot like notes. In the six varieties, 23 common volatile compounds were identified by HS–SPME–GC–MS. Finally, 10 compounds, ethyl acetate, hexyl acetate, limonene, β-cyclocitral, γ-decalactone, 6-methyl-5-hepten-2-one, linalool, β-ionone, menthone and (E)-hexen-2-al were recognized by HS–SPME–GC–O as responsible of the aromatic notes involved in apricot aroma and considered as molecular tracers of apricot aromatic quality which could be utilized to discriminate apricot varieties.     

Tests of potential functional barriers for laminated multilayer food packages. Part I: Low molecular weight permeants

The advent of the functional barrier concept in food packaging has brought with it a requirement for fast tests of permeation through potential barrier materials. In such tests it would be convenient for both foodstuffs and materials below the functional barrier (sub-barrier materials) to be represented by standard simulants. By means of inverse gas chromatography, liquid paraffin spiked with appropriate permeants was considered as a potential simulant of sub-barrier materials based on polypropylene (PP) or similar polyolefins. Experiments were performed to characterize the kinetics of the permeation of low molecular weight model permeants (octene, toluene and isopropanol) from liquid paraffin, through a surrogate potential functional barrier (25 μm-thick oriented PP) into the food simulants olive oil and 3% (w/v) acetic acid. These permeation results were interpreted in terms of three permeation kinetic models regarding the solubility of a particular model permeant in the post-barrier medium (i.e. the food simulant). The results obtained justify the development and evaluation of liquid sub-barrier simulants that would allow flexible yet rigorous testing of new laminated multilayer packaging materials.     

Textural Properties of Cold-set Gels Induced from Heat-denatured Whey Protein Isolates

A 9% whey protein (WP) isolate solution at pH 7.0 was heat-denatured at 80°C for 30 min. Size-exclusion HPLC showed that native WP formed soluble aggregates after heat-treatment. Additions of CaCl2 (10–40 mM), NaCl (50–400 mM) or glucono-delta-lactone (GDL, 0.4–2.0%, w/v) or hydrolysis by a protease from Bacillus licheniformis caused gelation of the denatured solution at 45°C. Textural parameters, hardness, adhesiveness, and cohesiveness of the gels so formed changed markedly with concentration of added salts or pH by added GDL. Maximum gel hardness occurred at 200 mM NaCl or pH 4.7. Increasing CaCl2 concentration continuously increased gel hardness. Generally, GDL-induced gels were harder than salt-induced gels, and much harder than the protease-induced gel.     

Occurrence of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) in fish canned in oil

The levels of bisphenol-F-diglycidyl ether (BFDGE) were quantified as part of a European survey on the migration of residues of epoxy resins into oil from canned fish. The contents of BFDGE in cans, lids and fish collected from all 15 Member States of the European Union and Switzerland were analysed in 382 samples. Cans and lids were separately extracted with acetonitrile. The extraction from fish was carried out with hexane followed by re-extraction with acetonitrile. The analysis was performed by reverse phase HPL C with fluorescence detection. BFDGE could be detected in 12% of the fish, 24% of the cans and 18% of the lids. Only 3% of the fish contained BFDGE in concentrations considerably above 1mg/kg. In addition to the presented data, a comparison was made with the levels of BADGE (bisphenol-A-diglycidyl ether)analysed in the same products in the context of a previous study.     

Analysis of benzo[a]pyrene in spiked fatty foods by second derivative synchronous spectrofluorimetry after microwave-assisted treatment of samples

A simple, rapid and inexpensive method has been developed for the determination of benzo[a     

The development of reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel. II: Certification study

This paper describes the second part of a project undertaken to develop certified mussel reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins. In the first part two interlaboratory studies were undertaken to investigate the performance of the analytical methodology for several PSP toxins, in particular saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in lyophilized mussels, and to set criteria for the acceptance of results to be applied during the certification exercise. Fifteen laboratories participated in this certification study and were asked to measure saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin in rehydrated lyophilized mussel material and in a saxitoxin-enriched mussel material. The participants were allowed to use a method of their choice but with an extraction procedure to be strictly followed. The study included extra experiments to verify the detection limits for both saxitoxin and decarbamoyl-saxitoxin. Most participants (13 of 15) were able to meet all the criteria set for the certification study. Results for saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of <0.07 mg/kg in the rehydrated lyophilized mussels. Results obtained for decarbamoyl-saxitoxin.2HCl yielded a certified mass fraction of 1.59+/-0.20 mg/kg. The results for saxitoxin.2HCl in enriched blank mussel yielded a certified mass fraction of 0.48 +/- 0.06 mg/kg. These certified reference materials for paralytic shellfish poisoning toxins in lyophilized mussel material are the first available for laboratories to test their method for accuracy and performance.     

Contribution of European research to risk analysis

The European Commission's, Quality of Life Research Programme, Key Action 1—Health, Food & Nutrition is mission-oriented and aims, amongst other things, at providing a healthy, safe and high-quality food supply leading to reinforced consumer confidence in the safety of European food. Its objectives also include the enhancing of the competitiveness of the European food supply. Key Action 1 is currently supporting a number of different types of European collaborative projects in the area of risk analysis. The objectives of these projects range from the development and validation of prevention strategies including the reduction of consumers risks; development and validation of new modelling approaches; harmonization of risk assessment principles, methodologies, and terminology; standardization of methods and systems used for the safety evaluation of transgenic food; providing of tools for the evaluation of human viral contamination of shellfish and quality control; new methodologies for assessing the potential of unintended effects of genetically modified (genetically modified) foods; development of a risk assessment model for Cryptosporidium parvum related to the food and water industries; to the development of a communication platform for genetically modified organism, producers, retailers, regulatory authorities and consumer groups to improve safety assessment procedures, risk management strategies and risk communication; development and validation of new methods for safety testing of transgenic food; evaluation of the safety and efficacy of iron supplementation in pregnant women; evaluation of the potential cancer-preventing activity of pro- and pre-biotic ('synbiotic') combinations in human volunteers. An overview of these projects is presented here.