皮燕麦壳粉的营养品质评价及混粉面团特性分析

皮燕麦壳是皮燕麦加工的主要副产物,含有丰富的膳食纤维,但其利用率较低。该文将皮燕麦壳通过微粉碎技术处理后应用于食品原料中,对其营养功能成分进行分析,并考察其与小麦粉混粉的面团特性。结果表明：皮燕麦壳以不可溶性膳食纤维为主,含量为55.84%,总膳食纤维、可溶性膳食纤维含量分别为75.74%、17.15%,其中β-葡聚糖含量为15.22%,蛋白质含量为5.63%,还含有多酚、黄酮及皂苷等活性成分;皮燕麦壳中维生素B2、维生素B6的含量分别为0.27、0.30 mg/100 g,矿物元素中铁、锰、锌、钠和镁含量较为丰富。皮燕麦壳中共检测到17种氨基酸,氨基酸总和占4.56%,其中含量最高的是谷氨酸（0.90%）;检测出6种脂肪酸、3种酯类,其中亚油酸相对含量高达42.09%。混粉面团粉质特性表现为随着皮燕麦壳粉比例增加,吸水率、面团形成时间和弱化度均增大,稳定时间逐渐缩短;面团拉伸特性表现为随着皮燕麦壳粉比例增加,拉伸阻力、最大拉伸阻力、延伸度、拉伸比值、拉伸能量均逐渐降低。由此表明皮燕麦壳可以通过微粉碎技术应用于食品加工中,且面团中皮燕麦壳粉的添加量不宜超过40%。     

添加不同粉碎处理香菇粉对面团流变学特性的影响

本实验以香菇为原材料,研究4 种不同粉碎处理香菇伞粉和柄粉对面团流变学特性的影响。结果表明：超微粉碎能显著提高香菇伞粉和柄粉中的可溶性膳食纤维含量。与对照组相比,混合面团的吸水率和弱化度升高,形成时间、稳定时间和粉质质量指数减少,使面团出品率上升,面筋筋力下降;香菇粉的添加量越大,对面团粉质特性的弱化程度越大;在相同添加量下,香菇粉的粒径越小,面团的形成时间和稳定时间越长。与对照面团的拉伸特性相比,混合面团的能量、延伸性下降,恒定变形拉伸阻力、拉伸比例上升,说明香菇粉的添加对于面团的拉伸特性有较强的负面作用。综合比较,添加0.25%纳米超微粉碎香菇粉的面团拉伸特性最优。     

直接粉碎法与回添法生产不同粒度全麦粉品质的比较研究

由超微粉碎机直接粉碎小麦和麸皮,通过激光粒度仪调控分别得到粒度为60目、80目、100目、120目的全麦粉和麸皮粉,其中,麸皮粉与小麦粉按3:7混合作为回添法生产的全麦粉,研究粒度对全麦粉品质的影响,同时对比直接粉碎法和回添法生产全麦粉的不同。结果表明:与回添法生产的全麦粉(RWWF)相比,直接粉碎法生产的全麦粉(EWWF)的湿面筋含量和降落数值更高,而水分含量、破损淀粉含量更低;EWWF面团的形成时间、稳定时间、粉质质量指数均低于RWWF面团,而弱化度及各项拉伸指标均高于RWWF面团;随着粒度的减小,EWWF白度、破损淀粉显著增大,水分含量、降落数值显著降低,灰分、湿面筋含量没有明显变化,而RWWF破损淀粉显著增大,水分含量、白度、湿面筋含量显著降低,降落数值变化不明显;2种加工方式生产的全麦粉吸水率增大,形成时间、稳定时间、粉质质量指数总体减小,弱化度变化规律不明显,其各项拉伸指标总体均先增大后减小。     

5种杂粮粉的粉质特性研究

对燕麦、青稞、苦荞、甜荞和藜麦的粉质特性进行了分析,包括破损淀粉及直链淀粉含量、粒径分布、面团流变学特性和水合特性。结果表明,苦荞粉的直链淀粉含量最高,为23.46%;燕麦和藜麦的破损淀粉含量均在20%以上;青稞的膳食纤维含量最高,为20.94%,且青稞粉的粒径最大(D_(50)=41.12μm)。青稞和燕麦的吸水率较高,回生值低,面团韧性强,糊化时间短,易蒸煮;苦荞的吸水率较小,面团形成时间和稳定时间较长,面团结合力强,糊化时间短,淀粉糊化特性和热稳定性较好,面团黏度较高;甜荞的糊化特性和糊化热稳定性较好,但吸水能力较差,回生值高。藜麦的吸水率较低,蛋白弱化程度大,糊化时间较长,面团流变学特性较差,不适于制作面条。燕麦的持水力和溶胀性最弱,但水溶性最低,说明其制品蒸煮损失最少;苦荞的持水力和溶胀性最佳,青稞和藜麦的次之;当温度为25,100℃时,甜荞的水溶性为5种杂粮中的最大值,预示其面制品的蒸煮损失最高。     

制粉方式对燕麦粉理化及面团特性的影响

以坝莜1号燕麦籽粒为原料,分别制粉获得炒制燕麦粉、燕麦片磨粉、超微燕麦粉3种燕麦面粉,并以实验室粉碎获得燕麦粉为对照,系统比较了不同处理获得燕麦粉的出粉率、理化指标以及面团特性。表明:炒制燕麦粉、燕麦片磨粉、超微燕麦粉的出粉率分别为79.4%、85.0%及95.0%。与对照燕麦粉相比,3种处理燕麦粉的脂肪含量均增加,而蛋白质含量、β-葡聚糖含量和灰分含量均减小。超微燕麦粉破损淀粉含量高;燕麦片磨粉色泽L值和a值最高,炒制燕麦粉的b值最大。峰值黏度、DSC热焓值从高到低依次为燕麦片磨粉、炒制燕麦粉和超微燕麦粉,且差异显著(P0.05)。扫描电镜观察发现燕麦片磨粉淀粉颗粒保留完整。3种燕麦粉的吸水率、峰值黏度、回生值、稳定时间都差异显著(P0.05),其中,炒制燕麦粉和超微燕麦粉吸水率高。总体而言,炒制燕麦粉各项指标较优。     

添加辣木叶粉对小麦粉面团品质的影响

考察不同粒径辣木叶粉对小麦面团品质的影响。采用普通粉碎、超微粉碎技术制备不同粒径的辣木叶粉,采用分光测色计、粉质仪、拉伸仪、黏度仪分析辣木叶粉对小麦面团品质的影响。结果显示添加5%辣木叶粉后,小麦粉的吸水率、糊化温度没有显著变化;形成时间、稳定时间均显著下降;45 min醒发后的最大拉伸阻力由234.9 BU下降至130 BU左右,延伸度下降;峰值黏度由531 BU显著下降至303～355 BU,回生值亦下降,衰减值上升。结果表明添加辣木叶粉一定程度减弱了小麦面团的面筋强度和淀粉黏性,但减弱了小麦粉面团的回生,超微粉碎可以减弱辣木叶粉对小麦粉面团的负面影响,研究为辣木叶粉在面制品行业的应用提供了理论参考。     

燕麦全粉对面团特性及馒头品质的影响

以不同比例(0%~50%)的燕麦全粉替代小麦面粉,通过粉质、拉伸、快速黏度分析、旋转流变、F3-发酵流变、面团p H值的测定及质构分析等手段研究了混合面团的流变学特性、发酵特性及馒头的质构品质。结果表明:随着燕麦全粉替代比例的增加,混合粉的湿面筋含量显著降低,面团的吸水率增大,形成时间和稳定时间先增大后减小,弱化度逐渐增大,最大拉伸阻力和拉伸比例先降低后升高,延伸度逐渐降低;混合粉的峰值黏度、回生值、糊化温度及面团的弹性、黏性模量都随燕麦全粉的加入而逐渐增大;面团的持气性逐渐降低,漏气时间提前;燕麦全粉的加入使面团的p H值增大,使酵母及乳酸菌等的代谢受到了影响;燕麦全粉的替代比例小于20%时,混合粉仍具有较好的加工特性,更高含量燕麦全粉的加入将会导致馒头的比容和弹性显著降低,硬度明显增大。     

燕麦粉对面粉品质的影响研究

为了揭示燕麦粉对面粉品质的影响,就燕麦粉的添加量和颗粒度对面粉粉质、拉伸、白度、湿面筋含量、降落数值的影响进行了实验。实验结果表明,燕麦粉对面粉粉质和面团拉伸品质具有恶化作用,添加量越多,恶化作用越大,当颗粒度减小时,恶化作用减小。面粉白度随燕麦粉添加量的增加而略有下降,燕麦粉粒度对白度影响不大。面粉湿面筋含量随燕麦粉添加量的增加和粒度的下降而略有下降。面粉降落数值随燕麦粉添加量的增加和粒度的下降而增加。在面粉中少量添加颗粒度小的燕麦粉,对面粉品质影响较小。     

谷氨酰胺转氨酶对燕麦-小麦混合粉面团特性影响的研究

利用谷氨酰胺转氨酶和谷氨酰胺转氨酶与花生蛋白结合来改善燕麦-小麦混合粉(燕麦粉占30%)面团特性。结果表明,谷氨酰胺转氨酶显著降低了混合粉的面筋含量、弱化度和延伸性,延长了面团的形成时间和稳定时间,增加了面团的拉伸阻力。其中添加0.6%谷氨酰胺转氨酶混合粉制作的面团稳定时间最长,弱化度、延伸性最小。0.6%谷氨酰胺转氨酶与8%花生蛋白结合显著提高了混合粉的面筋含量,改善了混合粉的粉质特性和拉伸特性。     

低血糖指数原料与谷朊粉复配对面团流变学特性的影响

将不同量的低血糖指数（glycemic index,GI）原料（魔芋精粉、微晶纤维素、高直链玉米淀粉）与谷朊粉复配添加到小麦面粉中并混合均匀,研究其对面团粉质特性及拉伸特性的影响。结果表明：魔芋精粉有助于提高混合粉的综合指标,改善混合粉的粉质特性和拉伸特性;微晶纤维素使面团的粉质指标和拉伸指标下降,降低了面团的品质,其添加量应该控制在9%以内;高直链淀粉的加入使混合粉的粉质特性变差,其添加量为6%～9%时,面团的拉伸特性较好;谷朊粉能改善面团的粉质特性和拉伸特性,但添加量不宜过多,应控制在4%～6%之间。     

酶解改性对燕麦粉中淀粉含量及消化性的影响

为研究酶解对燕麦粉的淀粉含量和消化性的影响,本文采用双波长法测定天然燕麦粉、焙烤燕麦粉、酶解燕麦粉中直链淀粉、支链淀粉及总淀粉含量,并测定其快速消化淀粉、慢速消化淀粉和抗性淀粉含量以评价其消化性,利用红外光谱仪及电镜对其结构和颗粒形貌进行分析。结果表明,与天然燕麦粉相比,焙烤燕麦粉中直链淀粉、支链淀粉及总淀粉含量没有显著变化(p>0.05),但酶解改性燕麦粉变化极显著(p<0.01),分别下降了77.97%、43.55%、46.19%;焙烤燕麦粉中快速消化淀粉、慢速消化淀粉和抗性淀粉含量没有显著变化(p>0.05),但酶解改性燕麦粉变化极显著(p<0.01),分别下降了82.29%、57.06%、33.48%;经淀粉的红外光谱及1047/1022、1022/995 cm-1特征吸收比值没有显著变化(p>0.05)。经焙烤和酶解改性的燕麦粉中大淀粉颗粒表面出现较多的凹陷,而酶解改性后的淀粉中含有的小颗粒较少,且表面的凹陷程度不同。酶解改性极显著降低了燕麦粉的直链淀粉、支链淀粉、总淀粉、快速消化淀粉、慢速消化淀粉及抗性淀粉含量(p<0.01),会对燕麦粉加工性能及营养价值产生影响。     

燕麦面团流变学及加工特性研究

以燕麦粉为原料,以中强筋小麦粉为对照,研究燕麦粉与小麦粉不同配比混合粉的面团流变学特性和食品加工特性.结果认为,与小麦粉相比,燕麦蛋白质组分中清蛋白、醇溶蛋白含量较低,球蛋白含量高,谷蛋白含量稍低.燕麦粉峰值、最大、最终黏度均小于对照小麦粉.加入燕麦粉后,面团形成时间延长,稳定时间降低.用淀粉代替燕麦粉,同样添加量下面包及馒头比容、总评分降低,面条吸水率、总评分降低,失落率升高.当面粉取代量大于5%时,对混粉食品制作品质有显著影响.加入10%、25%、10%燕麦粉制作面条、馒头和面包是较为理想的配比.     

乳酸菌发酵对燕麦淀粉物化及热力学特性的影响

以燕麦粉为原料,分别利用植物乳杆菌(L.p)和旧金山乳杆菌(L.s)两种乳酸菌对其进行发酵,研究燕麦淀粉在发酵过程中各种物化及热力学特性的变化。结果表明：燕麦粉经过两种菌发酵后pH 值下降,且L.p 发酵的燕麦粉pH 值下降的速率和产酸量都大于L.s。但是到发酵后期,两种乳酸菌发酵的燕麦粉pH 值相近。发酵燕麦淀粉的溶解度和溶胀力都随着温度的升高而增加,在不同温度下,其溶胀力和溶解度在发酵过程中的变化趋势不同,经L.P 发酵的样品的溶胀力低于L.s,但溶解度大于经L.s 发酵的样品。快速黏度分析仪(RVA)和差示扫描量热仪(DSC)分析得到发酵过程中燕麦淀粉的变化：发酵后燕麦淀粉糊化过程中峰值黏度随着发酵时间的延长而降低,糊化起始温度提前,糊化所需时间延长,糊化焓升高,且L.s 发酵样品的糊化焓值高于L.p。发酵后燕麦淀粉的直链淀粉含量在发酵过程中呈上升趋势,L.p 发酵的样品的直链淀粉的含量高于L.s。     

脱脂对燕麦淀粉理化性质影响研究

研究了燕麦粉的脱脂条件和脱脂对燕麦淀粉性质的影响.结果表明:燕麦粉脱脂条件为料液比为1∶4,脱脂时间4h;燕麦淀粉经脱脂后粗脂肪和损伤淀粉含量分别降低81.3％、26.9％;燕麦破损淀粉含量由4.64％下降至3.63％;燕麦淀粉经脱脂透光率增加、沉降体积变小、冻融吸水率下降;经脱脂后燕麦淀粉溶解度下降,膨润力变高;经脱脂燕麦淀粉峰值黏度升高,谷值黏度基本不变,衰减值、最终黏度、回生值、糊化温度均有所下降.     

High-Protein Oat Flour Functionality Assessment in Bread and Sausage

The effectiveness of high-protein oat flour, a by-product of an oat starch process, was studied in bread baking and sausage processing. Its impact on sensory properties of products was assessed. High-protein oat flour enhanced water absorption and mixing stability of the dough. Some weakening of dough was found as indicated by a decrease in extensibility and resistance. Addition of oat flour increased loaf volume, enlarged grain size and darkened crumb color. It also caused some off-odors assessed as a decrease in “cleanness” of aroma. Sausages containing high-protein oat flour formed an external gel-like layer under the casing during processing, probably caused by the low pH of the flour. In sensory analyses the sausages were judged less firm and juicy than the control. The “cleanness” of odor and flavor of the sausages was distinctively diminished. Cereal products should be considered the primary products for utilization of high-protein oat flour.     

肌肉嫩度仪与质构仪对燕麦复合火腿肠测定的比较研究

以燕麦复合火腿肠(燕麦粉添加质量分数分别为0、8%、11%、14%、17%、20%,以猪肉+燕麦粉之和为100计)为研究对象,使用肌肉嫩度仪和质构仪对复合火腿肠分别进行嫩度和质构测定,并对两种仪器测定结果进行比较分析。嫩度测定结果表明:嫩度值随着燕麦粉添加量的增加而增大,添加量为14%时,嫩度值较为适中,火腿肠感官总体接受性较好。质构测定结果表明:燕麦粉添加量为14%时,与对照组相比硬度差异显著(P<0.05),添加量为17%和20%时,与对照组相比硬度差异极显著(P<0.01);咀嚼性随着燕麦粉添加量的增加而增加,添加量为14%和17%时,与对照组相比差异显著(P<0.05),添加量为20%时,与对照组相比差异极显著(P<0.01)。肌肉嫩度仪与质构仪测定结果之间相关性分析表明:嫩度值与质构仪测定的硬度、咀嚼性的相关性较好(r分别为0.980和0.984),与弹性及黏聚性之间的相关性不显著(r分别为-0.479和-0.700)。     

Development of gluten-free fresh egg pasta based on oat and teff flour

Due to increased awareness of consumers about the relationship between food and health as well as the requirements of people following a gluten-free diet, the production of cereal products from raw materials other than wheat is of interest. However, the elimination of the visco-elastic gluten protein represents a technological challenge. During this study, response surface methodology was applied to determine optimal formulations for the production of egg pasta from oat and teff flour. Wheat flour was used as a control. The resulting products were characterised regarding firmness and elasticity, stickiness and cooking loss. The results showed that the mechanical texture of oat and teff pasta was comparable to wheat pasta, however, elasticity was significantly reduced. Compositional analysis was carried out on flour raw materials as well as on the final pasta products, showing that regarding fibre and mineral content, oat and teff samples are nutritionally superior to wheat. In addition, the microstructure was investigated by means of scanning electron microscopy, allowing also the observation of structural changes occurring during cooking. Upon cooking, a distinct outer layer can be observed, resulting from protein denaturation and starch gelatinisation. This structural feature is clearly visible for cooked wheat pasta and but is less apparent for teff and oat pasta.     

Effects of high temperature,high humidity,and cold storage on structure and qualities of whole oat flour noodles during processing

Gelation and structure of oat starch significantly affect qualities of whole oat flour noodles. During extrusion, the structure of noodles is loose, resulting in high cooking loss and poor texture. Therefore, oat noodles were treated with high temperature, high humidity (HTH), and cold storage (CS), and their structure and qualities were analyzed. The results showed that compared with CS, HTH could reduce the cooking loss of noodles from 10.12% to 6.13%, increase the hardness (65.59 g) and chewiness (20.67) of noodles, and effectively improve the sensory quality of noodles. The change in texture and sensory of noodles was due to HTH by accelerating the retrogradation of starch in noodles, promoting the cross-linking of starch molecules to form an ordered structure, causing an increase in the ordered degree and crystallinity of starch and making the structure of noodles denser. It made the mobility of water in the noodles decrease, and more tightly bound water was transformed into weakly bound water and free water. HTH can be applied to industrial production of whole oat flour noodles. This study could effectively guide the production of high-quality whole oat flour noodles without any food additives.     

Laboratory‐scale Dry/Wet‐Milling Process for the Extraction of Starch and Gluten from Wheat

A laboratory‐scale process is presented for the manufacture of starch and gluten from wheat. Main feature of this process is that whole wheat kernels are crushed dry between smooth rolls prior to wet disintegration in excess water in such way that gluten formation is prevented and fibres can be removed by sieving. Centrifugation of the endosperm suspension yields a dough which can be separated into starch and gluten using an established batter process. The results suggest that starch recovery is increased in comparison to a conventional wheat flour process without a concomitant decrease in protein recovery. Although starch purification was omitted, a total starch with a low protein content is obtained. On the other hand, the protein content of the gluten fraction is rather low due to difficulties in removing the starch. Despite this, the effect on dough mechanical properties by the addition of gluten obtained from wet‐milled wheat is comparable to the effect of gluten from flour.     

燕麦粉脂质和蛋白质组分对抗性淀粉形成的影响

为明确原料组分对抗性淀粉形成的影响,以燕麦粉为原料,对其脂质和蛋白组分分别进行单一成分分离和层级分离,利用分离组分后的样品为原料制备抗性淀粉,分析并探讨了燕麦粉中脂质、清蛋白、球蛋白、醇溶蛋白、谷蛋白和残渣蛋白等组分对抗性淀粉形成的影响。研究结果表明:燕麦粉中脂质或醇溶蛋白的存在抑制抗性淀粉的形成,能显著降低抗性淀粉得率;清蛋白、球蛋白或残渣蛋白对抗性淀粉的形成均具有促进作用。在制备燕麦抗性淀粉相关制品时,可考虑对原料的成分进行适当脱除或重组以提高抗性淀粉得率。